mojtaba khalifeh

Due to the ravages of the Mongol invasion and the long interval of a thousand years, only a few works have remained from the painting of the Seljuk period (590-429 AH).Varqa and Golshah is a romantic poem written by Ayyuqi, a poet of the Ghaznavid period. A manuscript of this verse belonging to the 6th century of the Hijri has been preserved in the Topkapi Museum in Istanbul. The artist of these paintings is Muhammad Khoei, and it seems that the version was drawn somewhere in Azerbaijan in the last years of the 6th century and during the collapse of the Seljuk dynasty (590-429 AH) in Iran. This period of Iran's history coincides with chaos, the formation of Atabaks local governments and endless conflicts. With the death of Sultan Masoud (529-547 AH), the last relatively powerful Sultan of the Seljuk dynasty, Emirs, who had the title of Atabek, emerged as the only influential group in the structure of the Seljuk government. Their first goal was to bring the princes under their tutelage to the throne. Atabak's first goal was to put his prince on the throne. These political conflicts caused chaos in especially the western regions of Iran. This article follows a sociological and historical analysis of the paintings of that poetry book. Since there is no information about the artist of the paintings of Varqa and Gulshah, Muhammad Khoei, the time when these paintings were created should be taken into consideration. This paper seeks to find the intention of the artist and the relationship between the style of the paintings and the historical and social situation of that era. Every artist is influenced by external factors in his life whether he likes it or not, while the artist benefits from the previous arts and the legacy left for him. In this research, the paintings of Varqa and Golshah will be examined with the approach of interpretive sociology and with the help of some principles proposed in the intentional hermeneutic method. Hermeneutics is searching for the understanding of the text, here the paintings are considered as the text. Here, the principles mentioned in Skinner's intentional hermeneutic method are used. According to Skinner, understanding the text involves understanding what meaning they intend to convey and how this meaning is intended to be interpreted. Skinner emphasizes the intention in the text. The intention in the text does not mean only what is in the mind of the agent or the author of the work, but to understand the intention, the actions of the author should be examined in the broader context of life and its specific social conditions. Skinner believes that the main duty of the interpreter is to prove the meaning of the text, and this meaning cannot be obtained by reading the text alone rather, to reach it, you have to go beyond or below the literary level of the text. As a result, knowing the political and social contexts along with knowing the author's intentions in Skinner's methodology can be considered. Skinner's method has three steps: Author's texts and works, Context reconstruction and Understanding the author's ideas. The artist of the paintings was influenced by the Manichaean and Sassanid schools of art, and in addition, he was influenced by the state of society and life, and displayed signs of the social changes of his time. At this time, the Iranian society had chosen the oriental face of the Turks as a symbol of beauty for more than a century. And this issue is clearly seen in Persian literature, especially poetry in these centuries. In addition there are some inconsistencies between the text and the image, which makes it important to analyze the artist's intention for such images. This issue can be examined in two cases. The first is in the images of hand-to-hand battles. While the poet presents an epic description of the battles and the bravery of the heroes of the story, the painter tried to increase the violence of the images by enlarging the bloody scenes. Another inconsistency is about the description of the position of a tribe. The artist has drawn a picture of a city with Iranian characteristics, a picture with details that shows the urban life and various jobs in Iran. From this, we can conclude that although in general, the images are dependent on the text, but the artist has tried to show the appearance of Iranian cities and the violent state of Iranian society. These inconsistencies in the images show the intention of the painter and this has had a great impact on the paintings.

Legitimacy has always been one of the most important goals of governments. The upcoming research endeavors to clarify the issue of legitimacy in the era of the Mughal patriarchs (Ilkhans) during the two periods of their political life. In this research, numismatic evidences have been used to conduct a comparative study of the basis and the issue of legitimacy in two stages of "Muslim" and "non-Muslim" Ilkhans. The data on the coins is considered a suitable tool for measuring historical information. The article is responding to the question of how to explain the process of legitimization of "non-Muslim" and "Muslim" rulers of the Ilkhanid era based on numismatic evidence. It uses the method of “historical explanation” and the precise references to the coins. This study proposes the claim that the use of Qur’anic verses and narrations in the non-Muslim age of Ilkhans on coins was widespread, and this is a sign of the Mongol rulers' attention to the religion of the subjugated people, and seeking legitimacy through that. The findings of the research show that the most prominent and important Islamic pattern common in the coins of the "non-Muslim" age of Ilkhans, especially the time of Halaku khan, is verse 26 of Surah Al-Imran, where the verse "Opponents of Governments" can also be mentioned. After the Ilkhans became "Muslims", this particular verse has been used more cautiously and exclusively in Iraq for some reasons. This has shown the necessity of the legitimacy of the Muslim patriarchs (Ilkhans) in this important region of the caliphate based on this verse. In general, the use of this verse in the Muslim period is very limited compared to the "non-Muslim" period.

Scribe women in the Abbasid era were active in various political, social, and cultural fields. Analyzing Iraq scribe women, specifically Baghdad, in the fourth era of the Abbasid caliphate (448-656 AH), the present study seeks to answer the question of what was their roles in cultural changes and the development of Islamic sciences and culture. This study has used a historical research method based on the descriptive-analytical method. Findings indicate that scribe and calligrapher women had a special position in this period. They played a greater role in the development of Islamic sciences and culture, especially religious and narrative science such as ḥadīth, preaching, sermon, and jurisprudence (Fiqh) and many scholars and celebrities attended their classes. Scribe women let students narrate ḥadīth so that some of them became part of the Baghdad military instructors later. Some women were experts in calligraphy and trained famous students in this field. Because of their beautiful handwriting, they wrote Amali of various scholars for others and earned a living in this way. Also, scribe and calligrapher women influenced the court of the Abbasid Caliphate and wrote letters and Tawqi‘ of them. They taught calligraphy to the courts. Some of the scribe women wrote Diwan of great poets or wrote poetry themselves and in this way helped the development of Arabic poetry and literature. The importance and sanctity of the Holy Qur'an encouraged scribe women to transcribe, illuminate and interpret the Qur'an on a large scale. Some Shīʿa scribe women also played an effective role in the publication and promotion of Shiite sciences during this period.

The Danialiya Sect, led by Sheikh Daniel, is one of the most important Sufi Sects in the Garmsirat province of Fars. Its focal point is in khonj which is one of the caravan rest areas on the way to Shiraz towards Lar and Hormuz, witnessed the formation of intellectual centers. By borrowing from the ideas of Sheikh Abu Is’haq Kazeruni (352-462 AH), the founder of the Kazeruniyah sects, so far no independent research has been done on the personality of the founder and original sources about this sect. The present article, in a descriptive-analytical way, tries to answer the question of How did the Danialiya sects as a Suffid sect effected Socio-political of Garmsirat of Fars In the Middle Ages? The findings of this study indicates that the Danialiyah sect has played a direct and continuous role in the development of urbanization through the construction of Khanqahs and mosques by the dervishes in Khonj. In addition, at the court of the kings of Hormuz, the Danish dervishes played an active role in the conflict with the kings of Kish, and also causing the Development of a network of intellectual relations in the post-coastal areas of the Persian Gulf, through cultural contacts with other sects, including the "Qatali" and the "Shamsiyah".

Gardīzī is one of the last historians of the first Ghaznavid period. His biography is vague and unknown and Zayn al-Akhbār is his only historical work. This article seeks to examine Gardīzī approach as well as method in  his historiography. Gardīzī has written Zayn al-Akhbār as a general history and possibly influenced by Abu Rihan's works, he  have paid special attention to social themes and devoted parts of his book to recognizing ethnic groups and representing different cultures. There is also a kind of religious tolerance can be found in his work, however, he is not completely neutral in some narrations. He has a less fanatical among the historians of this era in looking at different religions. Sometimes he has explained, analyzed and criticized, even superficially and as a result, he has chosen a moderate rational and narrative approach. Gardīzī's weakness is his excessive adherence to abridgment.

Despite the increasing supply of green products and the repeated advertisements and claims made by the manufacturers towards producing environmental-friendly products, as well as positive individual and societal attitudes towards these products, there is considerable concern among consumers regarding the validity and truthfullness of the manufacturers’ claims. Consumers' uncertainty leads to negative judgment about the products, thereby reducing the intention to purchase green products. Green skepticism is therefore an important factor affecting green shopping, but only limited research (especially in Iran) has been conducted to investigate its effect on green shopping intention and shopping behavior. Hence, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of green skepticism on green purchase intention and green shopping behavior so as to examine the mediating role of influential variables in this process such as environmental considerations, objective knowledge, subjective knowledge, individual attitudes and social attitudes.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in nature and in ternms of method. A library-study approach was used to collect data within the related literature and to review the background of the subject and a questionnaire was used to collect the required field data. Statistical population includes customers who are familiar with green products and have used them. The study was conducted in August 2018 and in Shiraz, Iran. In order to collect field data, 90 questionnaires (360 questionnaires in total) were distributed in each cluster (different regions of Shiraz) and finally 304 completed questionnaires were collected. From among the collected questionnaires, only 240 questionnaires were valid for data analysis.

The results of this study indicate that the research model constructs have high integrated reliability index. Green skepticism is reported to have significantly negative (directly and indirectly) effects on green shopping behaviors. In this regard, the role of environmental considerations on individual and social attitudes was not approved.

The results showed that if consumers' beliefs about green advertising and environmental claims of the producers of green products decline and they perceive that such advertising are misleading or only profitable for the producers, their willingness to buy such products will decrease. In addition, green skepticism has a negative effect on mental knowledge and mental knowledge directly affects green purchase intention. Since consumers tend to be overly self-confident and value their information and knowledge more than they really are, the higher their level of information and actual knowledge, the higher their self-esteem and appreciation of their true intelligence will be. Consumers' increasing concern for environmental issues will also increase their efforts to become more aware of the subject (as far as possible). Another research finding is the impact of objective environmental knowledge on environmental considerations. Consumers who have higher environmental mental knowledge have emotionally desirable personality and consider it as an advantage for themselves. On the other hand, they also feel more valued socially and they place a higher value and position for themselves in the community, making them more likely to adapt their purchasing attitudes to obtain more social approval by purchasing environmental-friendly products. Consumers who have high environmental concerns are pushing their consumer behavior towards green products as much as possible, preferring the purchase and consumption of green and organic products over other products, and even strive to develop environmental-friendly behaviors including the production of recycled products and the reduction of environmental pollution.

Al-Birouni's abilities in natural sciences have also affected his historian character. Among his several works, Al-Athar Al-Bakiyah and Tahkik Ma Li-l-Hind are the two most important books written by new method of historiography. Since Birouni has been one of few scholars of experimental sciences who has seriously practiced historiography, analysis of various aspects of his historiography is necessary. So, the main aim of the present research is to survey Birouni's attitudes to historiography and to show characteristics of his method. In brief, analyzing and investigating Birouni's books, his social, critical-explanatory, and theological approaches to historiography have been studied. Birouni, away from politicizing, has represented the social and cultural aspects of history. In addition, he has introduced critique approach to historiography by his prominence attention to rationality and experience.

Designing supply chain network system is one of the basic issues in supply chain management. In supply chain, financial flows exist like physical flows. The purpose of this study is to design a four level supply chain network considering holistic and systems thinking, which was conducted in three stages. The first stage, deals with tactical and strategic level of decision making –unlike previous studies- has considered both financial and operational considerations and has integrated the financial and operational dimensions by mathematical modeling. In the second stage, the mathematical model was optimized according to the company’s value and besides that, this new approach has been evaluated and compared with traditional approaches that only focus on minimizing the loss or maximizing the profit. In the third stage the value of the company and change in its equity, as two objectives of the companies are optimized simultaneously and compromised using fuzzy goal programming. Sensitivity analysis on main parameters was conducted. GAMS and CPLEX solver were used as software for mathematical modeling. Results indicated on the importance role of financial approach and integration of financial and operational approach in chain purposes and obtaining sustainable competitive advantage. In addition, results clearly revealed the deficiencies of traditional approaches that disregard financial view and holistic and integrated approach to the supply chain.

Financial performance measurement has been known as an important tool for assessing and guiding strategies, projects, and strategic decisions of organizations. Since assessment of financial performance is multidimensional, dynamic, and time-dependent, system dynamics approach is used in this study. Considering a 15-year horizon, this study, using this approach and application Vensim DSS software models and simulates the performance of the financial system of a sand and gravel firm (private joint stock company) which is going to increase its productive capacity. The main purpose of this study is to assess and analyze the investment project for increasing productive capacity and its cost effectiveness. On the other hand, receivable and payable accounts are analyzed and assessed to improve the performance of the financial system. The results suggest that increasing the productive capacity is affordable project. Further, aggressive and moderate scenarios for management of receivable and payable accounts in current situation and conservative and moderate scenarios in increasing productive capacity situation lead to an increase in the financial system variables. Financial experts can use this model as a tool for supporting the company’s development programs and for managing the performance of its financial system.

The purpose of this study is to -by designing a four echelons supply chain network and considering system and holistic thinking- regard financial and operational considerations -unlike previous studies- in strategic and tactical levels of decision-making and present integrated approach in mathematical modeling. In addition, unlike other studies that only consider profit in the models, the objective of the model is to optimize change in equity and compare with maximizing profit. GAMS and CPLEX solver are used as software for mathematical modeling. Results are indicated of the importance role of financial approach and integration of financial and operational approach in chain purposes and obtaining sustainable competitive advantage. Also, sensitivity analysis on main parameters is done to show the validity and robostness of the model.

Financing is the main problem of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and of course their main financing source is bank facilities in our economy. Thus, the purpose of this study is to consider the dynamic interactions of effective variables and also internal and external problems in financing via heuristic approach and by using system dynamics method. Research systemic model and causal variables – with regards to the literature review and Khodabakhshian et al (2013) study- are developed, modeled, simulated and analyzed by this approach and applying Vensim DSS software. The overall results of this study shows, increasing ease of access to loans and business plan quality can increase privatization rate, banks financial resources and lending to SMEs and decrease corruption. It also shows, increasing the revenue and SME's cash flows will follow increasing loan repayment probability and decreasing bad debts.

This study is based on Mousavi and Setoudeh (2013) that simulates stock price behavior of national Iranian copper industrial companies in Iran stock exchange. This paper provides the possibility of analyzing stock price fluctuations and forecasting intrinsic stock price from internal and external viewpoints. For modeling stock behavior, some internal and external factors are identified and the relation between different variables is shown by causal diagrams using system dynamics approach. The financial variables are considered in three groups of pricing, price, and debt financing. Research model is simulated and analyzed by this approach and by using the Vensim DSS software. The overall results indicate that stock supply has important effect on stock price, and debt financing has positive impact on stock’s intrinsic value.

Customers play an important role in successful organizations. Then, taking into consideration the demands and the needs of customers and also implementing innovation in products and services is so important. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of entrepreneurial orientation, market orientation, learning orientation and human resource efforts on innovation and customer value in Iran 4-star and 5-star hotels. In order to achieve this goal, managers of these hotels were considered as the population of the study and a sample of 82 managers was selected. The data were collected by standard questioner and were analyzed using Structural Equation modeling, Partial Least Square method and PLS software (version 2). The results showed that there is a positive relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and human resources efforts with innovation and customer value, and also, there is a negative relationship between market orientation and innovation and its relationship with the customer value was not confirmed. The Relationship between learning orientation and innovation was rejected and its relationship with customer value was positive and significant.

One of the main issues that many stocks investors face it in capital market is the decision making about buying shares and also predicting the future states of stocks during different time periods. The purpose of this study is to identify the criteria with high impact in evaluating and selecting of stocks and also predicting probable future states of stocks. For this, this research using fuzzy DEMATEL technique and gathering expert's opinions through interviews and questionnaire. This study also predicts probable future states of stocks for three big companies from stock exchange basic metal group by using Markov chain process and collecting historical data. The results shows that "earning per share", "return of equity" and "stock price" are three criteria that have the highest effect on buying and selecting stocks and also predictive power for future stocks states and decision making about them are items that are obtained by Markov chain process.

Financing of companies investments are usually done by some various financing tools that each of them have their own specifications. In Iran, most of these tools are limited to loans and common stocks. This study considers and simulates the role of financial leverage on intrinsic value and stock price of national Iranian copper industries company via heuristic approach and by using system dynamics method and the relations of financial and capital market data. Research systemic model has been simulated and analyzed by this approach and applying Vensim DSS software. The overall results shows, increase of financial leverage has little role on company value however increase of equity has an influential role on the decrease of stock expected return rate and increase of company value; so that at the end of study horizon capital cost rate decrease till seven percent and at the late of the period the stock price will experience close to eight thousand rial.

Competitiveness level of countries is one of an important index that contains most of the micro and macro economy variables. Thus the main purpose of this study is to design a heuristic model of Global Competitiveness Index in the frame of two-stage DEA and evaluate the efficiency of this index –regards to the 1404 Vision Document- for 40 Asia and North Africa countries from 2010-2011 till 2014-2015. The data collected from the World Economic Forum reports and analyzed by using two-stage DEA and WIN QSB software. The results show that efficiency growth of Global Competitiveness Index does not have an appropriate trend and achieving the goals of 1404 Vision Document require to set reference units that are obtained from this study, as the benchmarks of Iran.

The purpose of this study is to consider and modeling E-Commerce variables based on FAHP, FTOPSIS and Possibility Theory to create a new approach in decision-making techniques. Thus, modeling Market Orientations and Innovation Orientation indicators as the E-Satisfaction factors and Fulfillment & Reliability, Responsiveness and Security indicators as the E-Trust factors is done for selected banks. Data collected from customers and experts via distributing questionnaires and the data were analyzed by FAHP, FTOPSIS and Possibility Theory techniques. The results show that E-Satisfaction, Innovation Orientation and Security are the important indicators in E-Loyalty and Mellat Bank takes the highest rank in covering these indicators.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of sales promotion mix elements and CRM on brand equity dimensions and also how these dimensions are inter-related. Regarding research methods، this study is a descriptive survey. The population of this study was selected from consumers of food industry and detergent and health care industry. To collect the data، 240 questioners were distributed. The results showed that CRM and immaterial promotions have great influence on increasing brand equity. Also brand awareness of consumers is a key dimension that is considered as a lever or reference on this inter-related condition and causes brand loyalty. Finally، it should be noted that the results of this study can help the marketing managers to improve the quality of their decisions.

With the outbreak of World War I, Sunni and Shiite Olema's issued fatwas to encourage Muslims to engage in the war against Russia and England. Muslims reacted differently, including in Sistan and Qayenat where the government and the religious leaders - considering the conditions of eastern Iran and the influence of the British in the region - adopted different policies toward such fatwas. Reactions to fatwas in Afghanistan had impact in the eastern part of Iran. Passage of German agent Nydermier's mission on the way to Afghanistan made it difficult for the conservative governor, Showkat ol-Molk II to observe impartiality, a stance that made the British angry. He sent an ambassador to Herat who was effective in stabilizing relations between Iran and Afghanistan. The reason for religious decrees in Iraq, the reaction of Qayenat and Sistan's Olema to issuing jihad Fatwas, the reaction of Shokat al-Molk II and the British consulate in Sistan and Qayenat are all discussed in this paper.

Nowadays psychological and mental activities on brand loyalty are very important on transaction volume and incomes'' companies. So the purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of psychological processes of brand identity and brand personality on traditional brand loyalty model (perceived value، satisfaction & trust) and also mediation role of brand personality between brand identity and this model. Regarding research methods، this study uses descriptive survey method. The population of this study is selected from banking، and cosmetics-health industry consumers. Data is collected from 198 questioners that are distributed via online services. The results show that unique specification of product of a special brand causes brand is identified by consumer and perceived value goes up. Following this process consumer trust increases and leads to higher brand loyalty. Finally the mediation role of brand personality is played by the effect of brand identity on traditional brand loyalty model. At last should be noted that the results of this study have an important role on the decision making of marketing manager of company and organizations and causes that they consider these psychological items from the beginning of creating brand loyalty process.

National identity (NI) is one of the most important and dominant issues in every society. It is one of the most important and essential issues due to its role in national unity and solidarity. Educational system, having the most national manpower could take considerable and effective steps to reinforce and deepen NI. Many previous research showed that there has not been sufficient attention on NI in curriculum and school textbooks. On the other hand, books, dissertations, papers and research have not been used the same components for studying national identity. The main aim of this research was identifying the components of national identity in curriculum based on grounded theory method. For this purpose, 43 books, 44 dissertations and thesis and the interview with 9 prominent expertises in the field of national identity were chosen as data. Then the data were analyzed using the grounded theory method. The results showed 6 main components and 19 subcomponents for Iranian national identity. These components were presented in a theoretical model based on grounded theory. The main components were: territory (country), language, culture, history, religion and symbol.

About the first half of 5th A.D., the Bani Qaisar kings of Kish succeeded in establishing a local government in Kish Island. In addition, in the late of 5th and the early of 6th centuries A.H., they had the intention of extending their influence all over the Persian Gulf, specially in Bahrein Islands, in the southern coast of the Persian Gulf. Since the year of 469 A.H., the local governments rose to power in Bahrein region, who, because of their founder name, Amir Abdullah b. Ali al-Oyuni, were known as Oyunid rulers. They ruled two centuries (469-636A.H.), on some regions such as al-Ahasa, Qatif and Awal. In the late of 5th century or the early of 6th century A.H., they arranged some attacks from Kish to Bahrein and finally the Oyunid rulers had to obey them. This study aims to investigate political and economic relations between the Bani Qaisar kings of Kish and Oyunid rulers of Bahrein and analysis the outcomes of this relationships. So by using descriptive-analytical method and primary sources, it has been indicated that Oyunid rulers of Bahrein obeyed Bani Qaisar kings of Kish both economically and politically.

Faith and religion have always been a determining and effective factor in Eastern to societies, especially Iran. The southern Caspian Sea lands, especially Tabaristan, due to geographical features, were among parts which have always had various and distinctive religions. Conversion to Islam has had a different procedure in Tabaristan compared with other parts of Iran. This conversion was a gradual in this area, whereas in most other areas the conversion of high classes groups followed the conversion of subordinate ones. Islam growth in Tabaristan, under the influence of native culture and political geography of this area appeared in the form of Zeydid Shiite from ancient Zoroastrian, Judaism, Islam (Sunnite, Zeydid Shiite, Imami Shiite and Ismailit). Bavandid of Espahbadiye's realm during 466-606 A.H. has been affected by this religious diversity and contact. This study aims to considering religious status in Bavandids realm.

During the fifth and sixth centuries A.H, the Persian Gulf faced a recession in its commerce; instead, the centrality of the international maritime trade was transferred to the Red Sea and Mediterranean region at the time. Emergence of the Kish Island, as a significant trade area in the Persian Gulf region goes back to the mid-sixth century A.H. Efforts made by a local tribe known as Bani Qaysar made Kish, for the first time, the most strategic trade area in the Persian Gulf while also restored the centrality of maritime trade to the Persian Gulf after two decades. This article tries to go through the emergence of Kish in the sixth century and the role of Bani Qaysar kings in this respect. The study takes the advantage of the Persian and Arabic documents of the said period as well as two invaluable documents relating to the set of documents of Geniza.

Ottoman government did not have political presence in Mashhad during Qajar''s period but has found some supporters such as Caucasians Turks beginning of the World War I، when the alliance of Islamic world was presented. After the Ottoman''s defeated and formation of Turk National Great parliament، the relationship of new government with Iran and Afghanistan increased. So Mashhad was one of the relation centers of these three Islamic governments. By the establishments of Afghanistan''s consult in the late Qajar''s period، turkey established it''s Shahbandari in Mashhad in 1341. The entrance of Mohammad Sami Beig caused important steps in Islamic world alliance for flattering istar and moonj flag. So practical actions were performed for the alliance of Iran، turkey and Afghanistan and the conditions became better for their alliance in Reza shah period. Sami Beig''s operation and England and Russia''s reaction is another subject that has not been considered yet. In this article، the reasons of Shahbandari''s establishment، Sami Beig''s operation in different fields such as giving speech in imam Reza'' s holy shrine، visiting schools، meeting with journalists، holding Friday pray and Fetr''s pray، participating in mourning، encouraging and supporting English policies'' opponents and the relationship with Afghanistan''s consult will be investigated.