rasoul afsari

Due to its proximity to major sources of dust (the deserts of Iraq, Syria and Saudi Arabia) in the west, Iran has always faced dust storms and their sequences. Moreover, the Tigris and Euphrates basin (TEB) is considered one of the main centers of dust in the region. Hence, it can lead to adverse environmental, social and economic consequences, especially in the dry areas of southwestern Iran, and cause problems in human activities. Thus, identifying and evaluating different dimensions of this phenomenon is of vital importance. Accordingly, the aim of the current study is to investigate the temporal and spatial patterns of dust distribution in the southwest of Iran and to identify its relationship with the trend of surface water changes in the TEB. In this regard, the JRC Landsat dataset was used to monitor surface water changes and an integrated approach based on visual interpretation and assessment of aerosol optical depth (AOD) of MODIS images was used, and the processing was done on the platform of Google Earth Engine (GEE). The findings have shown that the occurrence of dust was largely correlated with the temporal pattern of surface water, and there was a negative correlation of 0.412. Accordingly, with the beginning of the decreasing trend of water in 2008, which has reduced its area to about 8199 km2, the dust storm has intensified and the highest annual frequency of dust has been observed with 2612 cases. Therefore, the role of water changes has been highlighted in this context.

Today, reducing the risk of natural and man-made disasters by using passive defenses and increasing the resilience of cities have become the goals of many cities. With the synergy between the two concepts of urban resilience and passive urban defense, cities are strengthened to a large extent against man-made and natural crises. The aim of the current research is to analyze the resilience indicators in the blocks of the Tehran metropolis according to the passive defense approach. The current research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. The collection of information for the extraction of indicators has been done with the library and documentary methods. Then the layers related to 92 urban resilience indicators with a passive defense approach were collected using Tehran Municipality data, Open Street Map website, Google Earth website, and statistical blocks of the Tehran metropolis in 2015 and pre-processed and prepared in Arc GIS software. The IHWP model was used in Arc GIS software to analyze the indicators. The indicators rating questionnaire in the IHWP model process has been completed by 25 experts. The results of the IHWP model have shown that 9.62% of the total area of the Tehran metropolis has very low resilience, 17.09% has low resilience, 27.24% has medium resilience, 30.46% has high resilience and 15.58% has very high resilience. The inner and central parts of Tehran have a higher level of resilience and the outer and peripheral parts, especially in the west and east of the metropolis, have a lower level of resilience. Finally, solutions for improving urban resilience with a passive defense approach in the Tehran metropolis have been presented.

Surface water is the most important source of water from planetary water resources, which covers 71% of the earth's surface and is vital for the survival of human and ecological systems. However, during recent decades, due to the combined effects of climate change and human activities, the water balance of lakes has changed. In this regard, surface water changes as one of the most important resources of the earth are very important in local, regional and global planning. Accordingly, one of the prime regions within the Middle East is the Tigris and Euphrates Basin (TEB) which has undergone tremendous changes in the past decades due to matters of global warming and climate change, drought, desertification, and population growth or human-related activities. Nevertheless, much attention has not been paid to the pattern of changes in water areas and understanding the potential effects of various environmental factors. Therefore, in the present research, the time series of surface water changes in this basin has been evaluated in relation to the impact of various environmental factors.*

The conventional methods of monitoring water bodies are very expensive and time-consuming due to their special characteristics. Hence, remote sensing (RS) techniques have facilitated water bodies change analysis, where the required maps can be retrieved at any time and spatial scales at unprecedented speed and extent. In this regard, the time series of environmental parameters have been extracted using various GEE products. The time period studied in the research is a long-term period from 2001 to 2021 and the analyses have been done in two phases and in total using 252 months of data in the form of a composite time series. Our data are extracted from products such as FLDAS, TerraClimate, MOD13Q1.061, MYD17A3HGF.061, WorldPop and JRC 1.4. The main goal of this framework was to analyze the trend of TEB surface water changes and determine its correlation with the temporal changes of various environmental factors.*

The results showed that lakes and wetlands have witnessed various changes during the period of 2001-2021. In this regard, the area of Hamrin and Razzazah lakes has gradually decreased. In other words, the area of Lake Hamrin in northeastern Iraq has decreased from 157.98 square kilometers in 2001 to 107.63 square kilometers in 2011 and 37.05 square kilometers in 2021. In addition, the area of Razzazah lake in Karbala province has decreased from 1260 square kilometers in 2001 to 440.04 square kilometers in 2021. Furthermore, Qadisiyah, Tarthar, Habbaniyah lakes and Horul-Azim wetlands have had different trends in different years. The results show that the average surface water area of the region in the period of 2001-2021 was about 9287.58 square kilometers and in 9 years of this period, the values were higher than the average and in the other 13 years, the values were lower than the long-term average. According to the analysis, the surface water area of the region was at its lowest level (8199.52 square kilometers) in 2010 and at its highest level (11424.76 square kilometers) in 2021. In addition, the time-varying trend of water changes in the region has been observed. In general, the linear trend model has indicated a general increasing trend in this time period. Our findings show that due to the ever-increasing expansion of urbanization and the growth of urban areas, the population has an exponential trend that has always increased from the beginning to the end of the period. The evaluation of temperature values has indicated that the air temperature suddenly became abnormal after a relatively stable trend. The beginning of this trend was in 2010, when the maximum temperature reached 28.55 degrees Celsius and the minimum temperature reached 14.11 degrees Celsius, and the average temperature increased to 21.4 degrees Celsius. In the meantime, according to the trend governing the topography of the basin, precipitation did not have a significant effect on the mentioned changes, and instead, evapotranspiration played an important role. In other words, water areas and evapotranspiration have a negative correlation, and the increase in evapotranspiration is associated with the decrease in water area. Moreover, the results have shown that other environmental parameters such as vegetation, soil texture and wind speed did not have a significant effect on the water level changes in the region and did not have a significant relationship in this regard. Therefore, it should be said that climate changes considered as the most important factors in the process of increasing or decreasing the water level in the TEB.*

Based on the research methodology and the results obtained, it can be said that the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform can provide researchers and decision makers with valuable tools in the field of water level monitoring. In the case of time series, the volume of data is very large, which increases the data processing time and its computational load and from this point of view, continuous monitoring of water bodies in the TEB in the context of this platform is very important, taking into account the annual changes and environmental conditions. On the other hand, the efficiency of the various products of GEE has made the desired processes to be performed with maximum accuracy and speed without the need for special hardware and software prerequisites. In general, the GEE platform enables the proposed research framework to be used to monitor and analyze surface water changes at different spatial and temporal scales. Nevertheless, due to the large scale of the study in the current research, it is suggested that in the next research, a case study of each of the water bodies in the TEB will be conducted and monthly and seasonal time series data should be used to analyze the trends of changes and factors involved in this field.*Keywords: Surface water, change assessment, Tigris and Euphrates, time-series data, GEE.**

This research identifies and explains urban resilience indicators in the form of physical-infrastructural, environmental, social-cultural, economic, and institutional-management resilience in Tehran. An effort is made to determine the most important and most influential indicators of urban resilience with the approach of passive defense in Tehran so that the managers of this metropolis while being aware of the indicators affecting the resilience of the city, can plan and perform executive actions to improve the resilience indicators in this metropolis in order to achieve the goals of passive urban defense. The importance of the current research is in increasing knowledge and filling the scientific weakness in the field of identifying and explaining urban resilience indicators at the level of urban spaces with the passive defense approach, as well as theoretical development in the field of combining the two issues of urban resilience and urban passive defense. Therefore, the current research aims to identify and explain the indicators of urban resilience in the metropolitan areas of Tehran according to the passive defense approach. Thus, the current research seeks to answer these questions:-What are the most critical urban resilience indicators concerning thepassive defense approach in Tehran metropolitan areas?-What is the prioritization of indicators that are effective on urban resilience in the metropolitan areas of Tehran according to the passive defense approach?

The current research is of applied type in terms of purpose, descriptive-analytical in terms of nature, and mixed type (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of research method. The statistical population of the research to explain the indicators of urban resilience with a passive defense approach are urban science experts, including university professors, graduates, and doctoral students in the fields of geography and urban planning, urban planning, civil engineering, and passive defense who have the necessary knowledge and expertise both theoretically and empirically in connection with Tehran. Sampling experts and elites use a judgmental and available method, including scientific experience, willingness, and ability to participate in research. In this study, the number of samples was considered to be 25 people. The data related to the theoretical foundations of the research were prepared in a library and documentary manner, and surveying experts extracted the raw data of the research. The validity of the researcher-made questionnaire has been confirmed through interviews with professors and experts. The reliability of the questionnaire was also measured by Cronbach's alpha method, which was 0.998. The method of data analysis in the current research includes two qualitative-quantitative stages. The qualitative stage includes identifying and extracting urban resilience indicators with a passive defense approach through the examination of the theoretical foundations as well as the background of the research. In the quantitative stage, by performing the fuzzy DEMATEL technique with the participation of urban science experts, including university professors, graduates, and doctoral students as panel members, the impact and effectiveness as well as the importance of urban resilience indicators with the passive defense approach in Tehran are explained in Excel software.

According to the results, 160 urban resilience indicators have been identified with the passive defense approach in Tehran. Based on the results of fuzzy DEMATEL model, the indicators of distance from faults, distance from airports, distance from power plants, distance from rivers, distance from refineries, distance from mines, distance from green and public open spaces, distance from warehouses and food silos, distance from medical centers and household density in the residential unit have been identified as 10 indicators with the highest impact value (cause) and indicators of the percentage of buildings with resistant facades, the percentage of residential units with bathrooms, the distance from public toilets, the ratio of the number of trash cans to the population, the percentage of residential units with sewage disposal systems, the percentage of buildings with non-resistant facades, the percentage of residential units with services health, the percentage of households with cars, the percentage of residential units with piped water, and the percentage of residential units with fixed telephones have been identified as 10 indicators with the highest impact value (disabled). Also, the indicators of distance from faults with a value of 2.021, distance from power plants with a value of 2.013, distance from airports with a value of 1.982, distance from rivers with a value of 1.914 and distance from green and open spaces general with a value of 1.870 have been identified as the most important indicators of urban resilience with a passive defense approach in Tehran. The research results presented here differ from those mentioned in the background. The previous studies only examined a few urban resilience indicators using a passive defense approach. In contrast, this research comprehensively investigated all the indicators of urban resilience using the same approach, and a new finding was discovered, indicating the superiority of this study.

According to the research results, managers and planners of the Tehran should pay attention to the indicators of urban resilience with the passive defense approach that has been identified and explained in the current research for any measures to prepare the city to deal with natural and manufactured crises and the basis of all their executive plans and decisions should be to improve the mentioned indicators.

Borders often face multiple external threats. So that relying on military security and strengthening defense foundations alone is not enough to prevent border challenges. While examining this issue can become a starting point for newscientific research. The aim of the present research is to analyze the relationship between the indicators of border security and the components of holy defense in Khoda Afarin border city. The current research method is descriptive-analytical and the type of research is practical in nature. The data collection method is library and survey. The statistical population of the research includes experts, officials and border residents of Khodaafrin city. The size of the statistical sample was determined as 384 people based on the population of the city and through Klein's rule and Cochran's test. The sampling method is quota. Data processing was done according to the objectives and nature of the questions through t-test, correlation analysis and multivariate regression. The results show that the indicators related to "border security" are in good condition at the level of Khodaafrin region. Also, the components of holy defense at the level of Khodaafrin region, based on the opinion of the respondents, indicate that all the items are above average and effective measures have been taken in order to promote the values of holy defense. Finally, despite the fact that the livelihood and welfare level of the border dwellers in the region is not very favorable, a positive correlation can be seen between the "components of sacred defense" and "border security".

Evaluation and quantification of the quality of urban life is one of the important and key prerequisites in urban planning and development. The purpose of this study is to provide a strategy based on a multi-criteria decision-making system to evaluate the quality of urban life. For this purpose, 8 environmental criteria and 6 infrastructure criteria were used. The weight of the effective criteria was calculated based on the opinion of experts using the BWM. Then, the OWA method was exerted to produce urban life quality maps in different mental scenarios. Finally, the spatial distribution of the population in different classes of quality of urban life was evaluated. Among the infrastructural and environmental criteria, population density and air pollution had the most significant impact on the quality of urban life. The quality of urban life maps in different scenarios showed that with the increase in the degree of optimism, the area of the classes with high and very high quality of urban life increases, and with the decrease of the degree of optimism, the area of the classes with high and very high quality of urban life decreases. The results of this study showed that a high percentage of the population in the urban environment lives in conditions of low quality of urban life, which indicates the necessity of evaluating the current state of the quality of urban life and planning to improve the existing state.

The growth of cities since the beginning of the 20th century, the exponential increase of the urban population, the inappropriate and disorganized physical growth, and the quantitative approach to urban planning and neighborhoods have changed the culture of neighborhoods, inter-neighborhood migrations, and dissatisfaction with the quality of urban environments, which has been accompanied by the loss of identity and sense of belonging among residents. Therefore, to deal with such a trend, an approach called the quality of urban life has been proposed to create a desirable urban life. This approach is based on the belief that urban places, as part of human identity, also form an emotional bond between people and their surroundings. Therefore, paying attention to the quality of urban life can create a sense of belonging and identity in citizens towards the urban environment. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the quality of urban life in District 2 of Tehran by insisting on risk in decision-making. To achieve this goal, a risk-based expert system based on a geographic information system will be used. This system's ability is flexible in creating a wide range of scenarios (very optimistic to very pessimistic).

The spatial data in this study includes satellite-based data, location-based field data, and spatial layers collected from related organizations. The research method in this study includes five steps. In the first stage, using past studies and experts' opinions, effective criteria for the quality of urban life were identified, and a spatial database of these data was created. In the second stage, due to the different sources of the collected data, the pre-processing operation was done on the data first. Then, according to the type of criterion, a map of the criteria was prepared using spatial analysis in GIS. Normalization of the criteria map, calculation of weight, and importance of criteria and sequential weights were done in the third stage. In the fourth step, using the ordered weighted averaging method, quality of urban life maps was prepared in different decision-making scenarios for environmental and infrastructure dimensions. Also, at this stage, the final quality of urban life maps was prepared by combining the two considered dimensions. Finally, in the fifth stage, an assessment of population distribution in urban quality of life classes was done.

In this study, in the environmental dimension, air pollution, discomfort index, and vegetation cover criteria had the highest weight, and elevation, distance from stream network, and distance from fault had the lowest weight. Also, in terms of infrastructure, population density and distance from the road network have the most weight, and the criteria of distance from industrial areas and medical centers have the least weight. The visual evaluation of the quality of urban life maps in the environmental dimension shows that the eastern and central half of the studied area has a better quality of urban life than other regions. This is due to the adjustment of the urban microclimate in accordance with the increase of vegetation, reduction of air pollution, and improvement of the condition of discomfort index towards the eastern and central parts, directly affecting other environmental indicators. Regarding infrastructural criteria, the areas located north of the study area have the worst quality of urban life, and most areas with very low quality of urban life are located in these areas. However, the central parts of the studied region have a more favorable quality of urban life than other parts. The road network infrastructure, subway stations, medical centers, and parks are more concentrated in these areas than in others.
The combination of urban life quality maps in environmental and infrastructure dimensions showed that with the increase in the degree of optimism, the area of the areas located in the high and very high quality of urban life class increases, and the area of the areas located in the low and very low quality of urban life class decreases. So, the very low, low, medium, high, and very high quality of urban life in the very pessimistic scenario was 11.84, 20.07, 11.17, 3.73, and 1.58 km2, respectively. In a very optimistic scenario, these values would reach 3.46, 6.42, 13.79, 15.78, and 8.96 km2.

From an environmental point of view, air pollution and distance from the fault criteria, respectively, have the most and the least impact on modeling the quality of urban life. Also, in terms of infrastructure, the population density criterion has the most impact, and the distance from industrial areas criterion has the least impact in modeling the quality of urban life. The central and eastern regions of the studied region have better urban life quality conditions than other regions. With the increase in the degree of optimism, the area of the areas located in the class of high and very high quality of urban life increases, and the area of the areas located in the class of low and very low quality of urban life decreases. In the very pessimistic, pessimistic, intermediate, optimistic, and very optimistic scenarios, respectively, 5.31, 7.94, 10.24, 14.66, and 24.73 square kilometers of the studied area have suitable urban life quality conditions (high and very high class). In a very pessimistic state, 650,963 and 9,162 thousand people of the study area population are located in areas with unsuitable (low and very low class) and suitable (high and very high) quality of urban life, respectively. The results of this study can be useful for managers and planners to implement plans and programs to improve the quality of urban life.

 Vulnerability assessment is one of the prerequisites of risk analysis in natural disaster management. Meanwhile, one of the sensitive and important uses in urban areas is military centers, which prepare vulnerability maps due to natural hazards and identify military centers at risk, leading to more optimal measures in times of crisis. . Therefore, the purpose of this study is to prepare maps of vulnerability caused by earthquakes and floods in order to identify military centers exposed to damage in different decision-making scenarios. To achieve this goal, first, the effective criteria for evaluating earthquake and flood vulnerability were placed in three groups: exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity. Using the opinions of experts and the hierarchical analysis process model, the importance of each of the criteria was determined. Fuzzy functions and ordered weighted average method model have been used respectively to normalize the criteria map and prepare vulnerability maps in different scenarios. Also, the situation of military centers against natural hazards was evaluated. The results showed that the number of vulnerable military centers increases with the increase in the degree of ORness. The earthquake (flood) vulnerability maps showed that in ORness=0, out of a total of 37 military centers, 2 and 0 in the class with very high and high vulnerability, respectively, but in ORness=1, 20 and 32 centers in the class with Vulnerability was very high.

  The element of security and providing peace in the society is the most important element for the progress, development and flourishing of the talents of a society, and social development and creativity will be impossible in the absence of the security of the place. Also, one of the main components contributing to the vitality of urban spaces is to enhance the security component in it. The present research aims to comprehensively assess the various dimensions of security in informal settlements and examine the views of two groups of residents of these areas and external observers.

To achieve this goal, three generations of crime prevention approach through spaces’ design have been used. The first generation has 5 components and 44 indicators; the second generation has 4 components and 22 indicators; and the third generation has 4 components and 13 indicators. For this purpose, a questionnaire was designed for all these components and their indicators, and the reliability and validity of all components and indicators were measured and implemented in the target areas, which included the informal settlements of Nasim Shahr. The sample size in the first and the second group were 394 and 25, respectively.

The results of the research indicated that there is a significant difference between the opinions of internal residents and external observers regarding security in the under study area in most of the research indicators, in such a way that the dominant opinion of the residents indicates the favorable security situation and the dominant opinion of the observers evokes the unfavorable security situation in these areas.

The results of this research show the different views of the two groups - observers and residents- regarding the security component in the informal settlement areas of Nasim Shahr and  in general, in the informal settlement areas.

Due to its nature, water resources, in addition to giving life to a land and its creatures, can be the source of differences between countries and nations with common resources and cause great losses. In this regard, a new field of research called hydro politics has been created that surveys these issues. Considering the climate situation of the Middle East and the widespread limitation of water resources in this region, the purpose of this study is to investigate the hydro political situation of Iran's joint watersheds with neighbors with emphasis on the Tigris and Euphrates, especially the Arvandrud River. Using the descriptive-analytical method, first, the resources were reviewed systematically, and then the situation of water resources in the area was identified and studied using spatial analysis. Surveys were conducted on three large scales in the Tigris and Euphrates basins, the middle scale in the Karkheh and Karun basins, and the local scale in the Arvandrud River joint area. Studies have shown that the hydro political situation in the region will become tenser with the control of water by upstream countries and due to the very high population growth and water consumption in Iraq. Also, due to Iraq's limited access to open waters and its very small and unsuitable coastline for maritime transport, there is a potential for tension in the region in the future

Flood risk is a multidimensional concept related to uncertainty and complexity. In urban areas, flood risk assessment is still challenging because flood risk analysis is usually not conducted in the combination of social and economic impacts, but exclusively in assessing economic damages that can be measured financially. Flood management involves reducing the effects and risks, but eliminating the effects and risks is almost impossible. The reason for this is our financial limitations and limited knowledge of us humans. One of the ways to reduce the effects of risks is resilience. Based on this, the main goal of this research is to identify the spatial distribution of the state of strength in the districts of the first district of Tehran. Therefore, to achieve the goal, the fuzzy method was used in GIS software. The results of the final index of resilience show that the first region, especially the south and the centre, had the best conditions. Areas 4 and 5 also had suitable conditions in their vicinity, but in comparison with the area, their area was less than one level in the category with suitable conditions. In general, these three regions (1, 4 and 5) formed a continuous pole. After District 1, District 6 had the best situation. Unlike area 1, the influence area of this area does not form a continuous area in other areas and only includes the area of area 6. Also, in general, the western areas (2, 3, 7 and 8) were somewhat worse than the eastern areas

In recent years, the security stability of border areas has become a dynamic and multi-functional reality of the international and national policy system. In the meantime, stable and strategic security in order to improve the quality of life of border residents and the realization of balanced border development has an undeniable role; Therefore, the aim of this research is to explain sustainable security strategies in border urban areas with a focus on the border city of Khodaafrin. The present research method is descriptive analysis and the type of research is applied in nature. The data collection method is library and survey. The statistical population of the research includes experts, officials and border residents of Khodaafarin city. The size of the statistical sample based on the population of the city and according to the table of “Karjesi and Morgan” was determined equal to “250” people. The sampling method was in the form of a quota, and a simple random method was used within the quota. Data processing was done through structural equation model in SmartPls software. The results show that the path coefficients (based on t-statistics) were significant in all the variables, with the highest significance in geographical, social, political, economic, environmental, institutional and military variables with coefficients of 4.430, 3.580, 3/326, 2/360, 2/185, 2/045. In general, the perception of sustainable security and its strategies in Khodaafarin city is significantly tied to the issue of “geography”, “economy” and “politics” and coincides with the characteristics of the mentioned categories; As the coefficient of importance of geographical, economic and political indicators was calculated as “0.368”, “0.461” and “0.364”.

The growing importance and simultaneously, the emergence of passive defense and the dispersion and lack of information in this area on the one hand and the vital importance of the transportation network in times of humanitarian crises such as war and natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes are highly vulnerable. On the other hand, the need to provide a comprehensive model and method for identifying the threat potential in this network with a passive defense approach is obvious. This study aims to present a model using GIS and decision-making techniques with a passive defense approach to identify and evaluate the potential threat in the road transport network. For this purpose, 13 criteria were identified in three categories: natural, human, and transportation, and their causal relationships were evaluated by the DEMATEL method. Then, to generate potential threat maps, they were weighed by the network analysis process method and evaluated in GIS using fuzzy logic, weighted linear combination method, kernel density estimation, and hot spot function. The results showed that the most important criteria were the density of road network with 0.141, stairs with 0.133, the presence of rails with 0.124 and location relative to cities with 0.104. Also, the results of fuzzy methods and weighted linear composition identified the threat potential range in the range of 0.21 to 0.87. The hot spot function also showed that urban areas and areas where the network has a high density are among the threatening hot spots. Based on the research results, it was suggested that in the new planning for the development of the transportation network, the principles of passive defense be used in the design of the network, especially bridges.

The vulnerability appraisal is one of the prerequisites of risk analysis in disaster management. Vulnerability to earthquake, especially in urban areas, has increased over years due to the existence of complex urban structures and rapid development. In order to take preemptive measures and reduce the damages of earthquake, the determination of vulnerable areas and implementation of necessary measures seem inevitable. Accordingly, the present study set out to examine the vulnerability of Tehran urban blocks via a location-base model. To attain this objective, first the criteria effective on the evaluation of earthquake vulnerability were divided into three groups, namely exposure, sensitivity, and adaptation capability (16 location criteria in general). Using the expert opinions and network analysis model, the importance of each of the criteria was determined. Fuzzy functions and ordered weighted averaging method were used to normalize the criteria map and develop vulnerability maps under various scenarios. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of the criteria was carried out. The results showed that vulnerable population density and average slope were the criteria with the most and least importance, respectively. The vulnerability maps demonstrated that the areas to the north of the area under study are in the vulnerable class under all scenarios. The stability and dependability of the output results were assessed using sensitivity analysis. The results indicated that changing the weight of the criteria does not have a significant effect on the model outputs, a finding that clearly proves the stability of the model.

In this study, the aim is to apply the concept of passive defense to manage the road transport network using the experiences of the sacred defense (1359-1368). The research method is library and survey, and the framework of strategic analysis tools is used. To achieve the goal, first, the road transport network and its components are surveyed, and sufficient information is gathered to achieve awareness of the existing threats to various parts. Different threats to the transportation network are identified based on the sacred defense experiences and used in multiple strategies. Then, by spatial analysis of the network threat potential and using the method of strategic analysis tools, its various aspects and general condition are evaluated. The opinions of 15 experts are used to weigh the matrices. Then some strategies are presented and prioritized based on different aspects of this system with a passive defense approach, for planning a sustainable road transport network. The results show that internal factors scored 1.77 and external factors scored 2.62, hence based on the position evaluation matrix and strategic action, the position of the transportation system is evaluated as conservative. Also, based on the prioritization of strategies with the quantitative matrix method of strategic planning, the first strategy (cooperation and joint program-executions with policy-making and executive organizations in the field of passive defense) with a weight of 4.56 and the second strategy (budgeting for project development and passive defense plans in road transport) with a weight of 4.43 are the most important strategies.

the main question of this study is what are the indicators and criterions affecting spatial security and what and how is the process of formation and development of spatial security in informal settlements. The method of the present research is descriptive-analytical and the methodological approach is based on a mixed-method (quantitative and qualitative). We conducted this research in this way: In the first section of this research, by examining the theoretical literature, library and Internet resources such as scientific databases, specialized journals related to the field of security and informal housing, and research projects conducted by related organizations, we were able to identify and survey the effective criterions and indicators that are influential to the formation of spatial security (location based security). Then; in order to make a connection and sequence between dimensions and indicators, the structural model was presented and the stages of formation were explained using the interpretive structural equations approach. The results of the integrated spatial security model were classified and graded into four main levels, in which the principles of urban design and environmental design identified as the most influential factors. In the next section, according to the results of the interpretive model and the opinion of experts, the process of formation and transformation of spatial security in informal settlements was identified in four stages, respectively; The primary maturity of security (producing security), the secondary maturity of security (monitoring and protection of security), the security of occupation and finally the stage of complete maturity of security.

There is no component more important to the development, prosperity and flourishing of a society's talents than the element of security and peace in society. Without spatial security, social development and creativity wouldn’t be possible. Exploring the concept and indicators of societal security as a useful tool for public policy and decision-making in urban affairs is an inevitable necessity. Describing and explaining the societal security of the urban system in the future can reduce the occurrence of a variety of societal anomalies. This study investigates and formulates the dimensions explaining the societal security of the Iranian urban system from a futuristic perspective. Descriptive-analytical method, exploratory factor analysis and network analysis were used In order to find an answer to the question that which definition and indexing system is more suitable for explaining societal security in the urban system of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In order to conduct this research we first searched library sources and specialized journals related to security and research projects carried out by related organizations and studied them. Then, by analyzing the studies and refining and clarifying them, the main general indicators were specified. Based on the findings of the research, the main components/dimensions for measuring societal security in Iran's urban system includes economic, social, cultural, political, life and honor security, religious and Islamic, environmental and spatial dimensions. These findings are based on the applied indicators and components used in urban settlements. Finally, based on the integration of factor analysis and network analysis prioritization of the components and indicators in the future urban system was achieved.

Organizational architecture, as the process of conceiving the method of organizing the organization, has turned into a strategic discussion, in previous decades. NAJA, as an organization offering a distinctive definition of authority in the Islamic Republic of Iran, is in need of a coherent organizational architecture as a roadmap. The present study aims to discuss and analyze the paradigms and theories of organizational architecture and, eventually, to present a strategic model for the future architecture of NAJA. The present study uses a descriptive-analytical methodology and is a practical study. Data was obtained using questionnaires. Using Cochran’s formula, a sample size of 80 was determined. In the study, first major universal frameworks of organizational architecture are investigated, then using SOAR model, the internal and external environments of the organization are analyzed. In this regard, NAJA’s strategic planning is presented as a SOAR model, and after identifying its strengths and opportunities, AHP is used to rate them. The findings of the study show that having the Ayatollah Khamenei as the Commander-in-Chief and the guidance provided by his holiness, having a high level of social capital and mobilizing the masses in line with NAJA’s various missions were rated as the first, second and third priorities, respectively. In the following, several suggestions in three areas were made and in the end, the practical framework of NAJA’s organizational architecture is presented.

IntroductionThe consequences of the industrial revolution, urbanism, development of routes and transportation networks, international relations, usage of new technologies, and the pursuant increased leisure time and security, all have led to the ever-growing expansion of tourism and have placed it at the center of humans’ attention. However, the expansion of tourism in developing countries necessitates meticulous, effective planning to lessen its negative effect as much as possible. To this end, a major approach in planning, in general, and in tourism planning, in particular, is that of sustainable development. Hence, in the present study, regardless of the prevalence of various tourism approaches such as economic, geographical, mass-oriented, etc., the approach of sustainable development in tourism is considered. The aim was to study and analyze the role of tourism in various aspects of Maragheh’s sustainable regional development and to rate the factors affecting it, using the opinion of experts, elites, and locals.
Theoretical FrameworkVarious points of view have considered diverse effects and consequences of tourism in different regions. Some have emphasized its economic effects, while others have highlighted its social effects. Expansion of tourism in a region can have numerous results and outcomes in different sectors, from various aspects. The analysis of the effects of tourism from various viewpoints, as a collective whole and in line with sustainable regional development, has been materialized in economic, socio-cultural, environmental, and political aspects producing a multifaceted approach.
MethodologyUsing a descriptive-analytical approach and utilizing the new method of F-ANP, the present study investigates the role of tourism and rates its influential factors in sustainable regional development. The data was gathered through library method (using Persian, non-Persian books, and magazines), field study, and questionnaires. Questionnaires were distributed among four groups of locals, authorities, specialists, and experts (university professors). Using Cochran’s formula, a sample size of 384 people for a confidence level of 95 percent with an estimation error of 0.05 percent was chosen. In the end, in order to increase the accuracy of the study, 400 questionnaires were prepared. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, following the initial analyses and assessments and comparisons with the previous literature, the questionnaire was revised and its validity was confirmed by the specialists and experts. To assess the reliability, questionnaire’s Cronbach's alpha was measured. To analyze the data and test the hypotheses, regression analysis and t-test in SPSS were used. Moreover, to rate the factors from the perspective of elites, specialists and locals F-ANP was utilized.
Findings and DiscussionThe findings indicated that the development of tourism has been influential in the socio-cultural development of Maragheh County, and a linear relationship between the two variables of development of tourism and socio-cultural development was confirmed (the linear regression for tourism and social development showed that a one-unit increase in the independent variable changes the dependent variable by 0.56 units). From an economic perspective, tourism has had a positive effect on the county and the development of tourism has improved the economic situation of the region (a beta of 0.36 confirmed the significance of the relationship between the two variables). From an environmental perspective, contrary to expectation, not only hasn’t tourism resulted in destruction, but the findings indicated that it has increased sensitivity to the environment and that the development of tourism has led to the preservation and recovery of the resources (the coefficient of determination for the two variables is 43 percent, meaning that development of tourism predicts 43 percent of the variation in the dependent variable, i.e., environment). A higher-than-three mean in the t-test also confirms this relationship. Synthesis of the findings of factor analysis and F-ANP for rating the factors shows that improved quality of the environment, expansion of health facilities and welfare services, increased sensitivity to the environment, increased income, improved infrastructure, and increased value of the lands, respectively, are major influential factors prompted by the development of tourism in Maragheh County from the perspective of specialists, experts, and locals alike.
Conclusions and SuggestionsThe findings of the study can help policy makers in the adoption of targeted policies, with the goal of improving regional development. The study investigated the role of tourism in the sustainable development of Maragheh and found that development of tourism has influenced all three aspects of sustainable development in the region. Furthermore, considering the results of the analyses, and in order to amplify the influence of tourism on the sustainable development of the region, we put forward several suggestions to address this issue of paramount importance from several aspects: first, creation of a website or a blog to introduce tourist attractions of the region; second, training a specific group of skilled and trained people to advertise the county's showplaces, particularly to visiting tourists. Accommodations (hotels and inns) and amenities are among the other problems which necessitate a good relationship between the private and public sectors, so that individual, institutional, and non-governmental cooperatives’ investments can be used to establish the required accommodations and amenities for tourists and attract more visitors.