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Lignocellulosic material is important in ruminant rations and because of its cost-effectiveness and effect on optimum rumen performance and its health included in ruminant rations. Although these compounds can be fermentable by many rumen microbes, the presence of proteins, fibers and other edible source nutrients in the feces shows that the rumen ecosystem does not have high efficacy for digestion. Thats way, it seems necessary, the manipulation of the rumen to increase of this performance. Therefore, this study was carried out with the aim of the Investigation of optimization growth of cellulolytic bacteria isolated from gastrointestinal tract of Arabian horse and the effect of transferring to the rumen fluid on the in vitro parameters of gas production and digestibility of wheat straw.

This research was conducted in vitro based on a completely randomized design. The cellulolytic bacteria isolated from the gastrointestinal tract include Paenibacillus polymyxa L11, Paenibacillus polymyxa L12, Enterobacter cloacae L2, and Escherichia coli Z2. At first, optimization of temperature and pH for growth and production of the enzymes of these bacteria was carried out at two temperatures of 25 and 39 ° C and three pHs of 2.5, 7.5 and 6.2. In the next step, these bacteria were transferred to the rumen fluid and gas production parameters and in vitro digestibility of wheat straw were investigated using gas production techniques and two step digestion, respectively. For this purpose, rumen fluid was taken from four sheep. In both methods, rumen fluid was inoculated with bacteria and incubated with wheat straw.

The results showed that Paenibacillus polymyxa L12 had the best growth at 39 ° C and pH 5.2 and had the highest enzyme activity at 39 ° C, pH 5.7 and 24 hours. The optimum temperature and pH for growth of Paenibacillus polymyxa L11 and Enterobacter cloacae L2 were 39 ° C and 6.2. These two bacteria exhibited the highest enzymatic activity at 39° C and pH 6.2, at 24 and 48 hours, respectively. Escherichia coli Z2 showed the highest growth at 39 ° C and pH 6.2, but the most enzymatic activity of this bacterium was 39 ° C, pH 5.2 and 48 hours. The isolates reduced the gas production of wheat straw, increased truly degraded organic matter, microbial biomass and microbial biomass efficiency (P<0.05). The highest and lowest potential of gas production was allocated to control and Z2 treatments, respectively. The lowest and highest amount of truly degraded organic matter was related to the control and L11 treatment, respectively. There was no significant difference between partitioning factor, microbial biomass and microbial biomass efficiency of bacterial treatments (P> 0.05), but they were metergent fiber. The control had the least digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber. There was no significant difference for digestibility of acid detergent fiber among L12, L2 and Z2 treatments and control (P> 0.05).

Generally, temperature and pH had an effect on the growth and production of enzymes of isolates. All isolates grew at a temperature of 39 ° C, which is the optimal temperature of the rumen, better than 25 ° C and had more enzymatic activity at 39 ° C. These bacteria were able to improve rumen fermentation and in vitro digestibility of wheat straw. In the bacterial treatments, the fermentation pathway went towards producing less gas and more microbial protein, and the digestibility of nutrients in these treatments increased.

Due to the increasing number of immigrations worldwide, the immigrants’ health assessment is a major issue especially in the working children of immigrants. In the current study, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections were tested in working children of Afghan immigrants in Iran. The current cross sectional study was conducted on working children of Afghan immigrants in Sarasiab (Tehran province) and Agh-Tappeh (Alborz province) supporting centers for HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen), HCVAb (hepatitis C virus antibody), and HIVAb (HIV antibody) using rapid diagnostic test. For each child, a questionnaire including demographics, life style, and risky behaviors items was filled. In the current study, 339 (54% male) working children of Afghan immigrants with mean ± SD age of 12.83 ± 2.83 years were tested. Two (0.59%; 95% confidence interval (Cl) = 0.16% - 2.13%) of the children were positive for HBsAg, while none were positive for HCVAb and HIVAb (0%, 95% Cl = 0% - 1.12%). The implementation of neonatal HBV vaccination and prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HBV should be considered in Afghan immigrants in Iran.

This study was performed with objective of predicting land cover change in the east of Mazandaran Province (Neka and Behshahr counties), using Artificial Neural Network in the GIS environment. Landsat imagery belonging to the years 1987 and 2001 was used for change detection. Then, using Multilayer Perceptron neural network transition potentials was implemented for 7 sub-models and finally, land cover change modeling for 2006 with 1987-2001 calibration period and by Markov Chain and hard prediction was run. The accuracy of the assessment model was determined by using the Null Successes, Hits, False Alarms, and Misses. Finally, land cover change prediction was done for 2015. The result showed that during 1987–2001, respectively, 1964 and 1197 ha from forest and orchard were reduced, and 1182 and 1978 ha agriculture and residential were added. The results showed high accuracy (67-89%) in all the sub-models. Total error prediction model was 9.98%. Furthermore, the prediction results showed that forest areas will be reduced and residential, agriculture and orchard will be increased in 2015 compared with 2006.

Oxidative stability of oils and fats was affected by various factors such as oxygen, light, heat, metal ions and enzyme. The use of synthetic antioxidant for preventing oxidative deterioration, despite of having high performance, due to the possibility of toxicity and carcinogenicity, has been under questioned. The aim of this study was to optimize the thermal stability of soybean oil by the addition of thymus daenensis Celakessential oil. In this study soybean oil was treated under various conditions of frying temperature (150, 170 and 190 °C), frying time (0, 6 and 12 h) and thymus daenensis Celak essential oil concentrations (0, 400 and 800 ppm) and different quality attributes of samples such as the acid value, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid, polar compounds and conjugated dien value were studied. Results showed that Thymus essential oil due to ontaining diffrent phenolic compounds increased the thermal stability of soybean oil significantly (p<0.05). The results of the acidic value, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid and polar compounds in fried oil samples for 12 hours at 190 ° C showed that the addition of essential oil of thyme oil keeps the quality of fried oil after 12 hours frying at 190 °C. This study shows that essential oils can be a good alternative for synthetic antioxidants.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a significant cause of chronic liver disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Introduction of HCV direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) revolutionized the treatment of hepatitis C in patients with HIV/HCV co-infection. In this study, we systematically reviewed the treatment of chronic HCV infection in patients with HIV/HCV co-infection. In this systematic review, electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science were comprehensively searched using appropriate strategies containing all related keywords of “HCV”, “HIV” and “DAA”. Studies assessed the effectiveness of interferon-free HCV antiviral therapies in patients with HIV/HCV co-infection were evaluated for inclusion in the systematic review. After the screening of 728 records, we included 33 articles in our study, and seven different HCV antiviral regimens were evaluated. Ten studies for sofosbuvir plus simeprevir (SVR ranged from 72.2% to 100%), eight studies for sofosbuvir plus ribavirin (SVR ranged from 51.6% to 91.6%), 12 studies for sofosbuvir/ledipasvir (SVR ranged from 88.8% to 100%), eight studies for sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir (SVR ranged between 84.6% and 100%), two studies for grazoprevir/elbasvir (SVR ranged from 86.6% to 96.5%), six studies for ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir plus dasabuvir (SVR ranged from 90.6% to 100%), and just one study for sofosbuvir/velpatasvir with 95.2% SVR rate. This study found that treatment of HCV infection with DAAs can result in high SVR rate in patients with HIV/HCV co-infection.

The aim of present experiment was to find the appropriate amount of post-harvested bean by-products (bean residues) in diet of finishing lambs, when was replaced with corn silage or wheat straw in the diet. In this experiment, to determine the nutritional value of bean residues, its chemical composition was measured by standard methods. Then, nine experimental rations were selected as treatment, in which 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 percent residues of beans were replaced with wheat straw or corn silage. The method of gas production and two-stage digestion was used to determine digestibility and fermentation of these diets. The protein and fat concentrations of bean residues, wheat straw and corn silage used in the present experiment were 6.9, 3.6 and 7.4, and 0.9, 1.8 and 0.3 percent, respectively. Replacing 75 and 100 percent residues of beans with wheat straw and all replacement levels with corn silage, resulted in a significant increase in gas production. The rate of gas production during the replacement of 75% and 100% of the bean residues with corn silage or 25 and 50% with wheat straws were increased compared to the control. The microbial biomass production efficiency was the highest and significantly different with control diet (65 vs. 60.5%, respectively) when replacement of 100% bean residues with wheat straw was done. The replacement of bean residues did not affect the digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber. Therefore, the 75 and 100% replacement of the bean residues with wheat straw or 25 and 50% with corn silage showed the best result and could be recommended for use in lambs finishing feeding.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate different levels of Salvia mirzayanii essential oil on performance, blood and immunity parameters of broiler chickens under heat stress condition. Completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 150, 300 and 450 ppm of Salvia mirzayanii essential oil) was used for 42 days. Broilers were under heat stress conditions from 22 days of age. Increasing levels of essential oil in the diet significantly decreased feed intake in comparison with the control at the starter period. But level of 450 ppm essential oil had the highest feed intake during grower period and total of experiment. Feed conversion ratio significantly decreased by increasing levels of essential oil compared with the control. Triglyceride and LDL cholesterol concentration were significantly decreased at the level of 450 ppm essential oil. Percentage of heterophile, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L) decreased, and percentages of lymphocyte and monocyte increased by increasing levels of essential oil at 21 days of age (P

This experiment was conducted to investigate effect of replacing alfalfa with subabul pod (0, 9 and 18 % of DM) on digestibility, in vitro fermentation and ruminal degradability in fistulated cow and buffalo. Fermentation of experimental diets was determined by gas production, digestibility by tilly and terry and degradability by in situ (4 replicates per diet) and the data were analyzed by split plot design. Digestibility of dry mater, NDF and ADF of diets containing different levels of subabul pod were not different in cow and buffalo (P>0.05). But potential of gas production in diets containing subabul pod was lower than control diet (P0.05). Cell wall degradability was greatest for control treatment (in buffalo 23.9 % and cow 35.9 %, respectively) and the lowest value was for diet containing 18 % subabul pod (in buffalo 64.1% and cow 64.3%, respectively) (P0.05). According the result, replacement of alfalfa hay with subabul pod in cow and buffalo diet, didn’t affect in vitro digestibility and gas production parameters, but improved in situ ruminal degradability. Therefore, it seems 50 % subabul pod can be used instead of alfalfa in cow and buffalo nutrition.

The dry and semi-arid climates and the deficiency of rainfall in Iran have led to increasing the nutrition cost, which will be affected the incomes of animal farmers. In recent decades, demand for livestock products (like meat and milk) has grown because of population growth and economic progress. In order to reduce feed costs, in many countries, crop residues are used as agricultural by-product in feeding of farm animal, including mung bean straw. Mung bean is a plant that has been cultivated in the arid and semi-arid regions of Iran and elsewhere in the Middle East. This plant is important because of the ability to stabilize nitrogen in the soil, to strengthen and prevent its erosion. Most of the nutrition studies that have been done in relation to mung beans have been more focused on mushy seed, but few studies have been conducted on mung bean straw. Therefore, the present experiment was conducted to study the effects of replacing mung bean straw with wheat straw or corn silage on digestibility, rumen fermentation and protozoa population in Arabic lambs.
Material and The present experiment was conducted in two steps. The first step was to determine the appropriate level of replacing the mung bean straw with wheat straw or corn silage in the diet using a gas production technique. In the second step, by examining the results of the first stage of the experiment, some levels of replacing mung bean straw instead of wheat straw and corn silage were selected and digestion and metabolism of diets were investigated. After determining the appropriate level of replacing mung bean straw with wheat straw and corn silage in diet, 16 lambs fed with selected diets from first step. The experimental diets included: diet without mung bean straw (control ration), 100% replacing of mung bean straw with wheat straw (ration 1), 25 and 50% replacing of mung bean straw instead of corn silage (rations 2 and 3 respectively) were fed in a completely randomized design. In order to estimate blood and ruminal fermentation parameters, and protozoa population count at the end of the experiment, rumen fluid and blood was taken from the lambs 3 and 4 h after the morning feeding, respectively.
Mung bean straw had a higher crude protein and crude fats than wheat straw and more crude fat than corn silage. While the crude protein content of corn silage was higher than mung bean straw. Although no statistical analysis was performed, protein content, NDF, ADF, ME mung bean and corn silage had a slight difference, but differences were considerable with wheat straw. Wheat straw had the highest amount of NDF, ADF and lignin and the lowest amount of crude fat and ME. Mung bean straw had the highest amount of fat. In one experiment, mung bean straw had 88.20% dry matter, 9.70% crude protein, 26.56% crude fiber, 2.39% crude fat and 11.43% ash in dry matter base (Khatik et al. 2007), the data of present experiment was closely same with them. Based on the results of chemical analysis, wheat straw or corn silage were detected as a suitable replacement for mung bean straw in diet. In the first step of study, replacing mung bean straw with wheat straw in the diets, for all levels (25 to 100%) increased the potential of gas production (GP) compared to control (P0.05). Only the rumen fluid pH in the diet 3 had significant difference with control and was the lowest amount (P Therefore, due to proper price and abundance of mung bean straw in some regions of the Iran included Khuzestan province, we can recommend using it as replacement for wheat straw or low-grain corn silage in feeding of sheep.

Siris (Albizia lebbeck) belongs to fabaceae family and is native to Africa, Asia, some areas of America and Australia. It is planted in Khuzestan, Bushehr, Fars and Hormozgan provinces in Iran. Siris leaf, flower and pod are valuable for ruminants. Therefore, this experiment carried out to survey gas production, in vitro digestibility and protozoa population in one-humped camel fed with diets containing Albizia lebbeck as replacement for alfalfa even to 100 percent.
Material and In this trial, Albizia lebbeck leaves were collected from Mollasani of Ahwaz. Four Arabian dromedary camels about five years old and 300±25 kg weight were selected and fed about one month with a diet 60 percent bagasse 40 percent alfalfa (diet without Albizia lebbeck) and a diet containing Albizia lebbeck (100 percent as replacement of alfalfa) with two replicates. At the end of experiment, rumen fluid was taken from fistulated camels fed with experimental diets and protozoa population, gas production and in vitro digestibility was determined.
According to results, no protozoa were found in the rumen fluid of camels fed with experimental diets. Significant difference in the gas production potential and rate of camels fed with experimental diets was observed (P0.05). Dry matter digestibility and neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of bagasse in camels fed with Albizia lebbeck and without Albizia lebbeck treatments was not difference (P>0.05). Also dry matter digestibility of soybean meal in camels fed with Albizia lebbeck and without Albizia lebbeck treatments was different (P Based on these results, any protozoa in the rumen fluid of camels fed with control and Albizia lebbeck diets was not found. With replacing 100 percent Albizia lebbeck leaf instead of alfalfa, gas production potential in the camels fed with experimental diet were higher in compared to the control diet. Digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid of bagasse in animals had no significant difference. Therefore, Albizia lebbeck can be used in one humped camel diet.

Since milk and its products constitute an important part of human diet in many parts of the world; effective procedures should be applied to improve quality and quantity of milk production, quality of its composition and milk hygiene and to minimize milk pollutants. This study aimed to determine concentration of lead and cadmium in milk and some dairy products of Hamadan markets and compare with international standard levels.
In the present cross-sectional study, 190 samples of raw cow milk, raw sheep milk, raw goat milk, yogurt and white cheese (made from cow milk) produced in dairy product manufacturing centers of Hamadan province were collected during 2013-2014. Lead and cadmium residues in the samples were examined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy.
In the present study, lead levels were not higher than the licensed level and in all samples cadmium were within standard ranges. Among dairy products, the highest and lowest average concentration of lead were found in white cheese (0.325 ppm) and yogurt (0.136 ppm); respectively. In raw milk samples the highest average concentrations of lead and cadmium were found in goat raw milk with 0.223 ppm and 0.006 ppm; respectively.
Comparing lead and cadmium concentrations in the samples with Codex (2000) standard revealed that average lead and cadmium levels are lower than the permissible levels. The average lead in any of the samples was not higher than the allowable concentration and cadmium amount was within the permissible range for all the samples.

During 2009-10, wheat fields in eight provinces of Iran including Tehran, Esfahan, Ardabil, Golestan, Mazandaran, Markazi, Qazvin and Zanjan were surveyed and samples were collected from plants showing crown rot disease symptoms. Fusarium species were identified based on morphological features and molecular markers (SCAR). Twelve Fusarium species including F. culmorum, F. pseudograminearum, F. equiseti, F. nygamai, F. proliferatum, F. oxysporum, F. solani, F. pseudonygamai, F. sambucinum, F. acuminatum, F. lateritium and F. verticillioides were identified. F. culmorum was the dominant species and had the highest (32%) frequency, followed by F. pseudograminearum (18%). Genetic diversity of 64 representative isolates of F. culmorum was studied using eight Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers. There was a high level (0.81) of genetic diversity within the total population, where 89% of the variability was distributed within populations and 11% among populations. Number of alleles was between 7 to 22. In addition, there was significant difference among isolates in their aggressiveness. Isolates with a high level of aggressiveness from different geographical areas can be used for screening resistance to F. culmorum.

Carbohydrates are the main source of energy for rumen microorganisms, and comprise about 60 to 70 percent of ruminant animal feed. Excessive consumption of starchy carbohydrates leads to increased acute and chronic acidosis in animals. Partial replacement starches with neutral detergent soluble fiber or fat In addition to the energy supply of animals have no problems using starch. The study was conducted due to, the impact of microbial fermentation by rumen bacteria on environmental sustainability.
Eight dual-flow continuous culture fermenters (1750 ml) in a factorial design (2×2) based on randomized complete block were used in three replicated periods of 10 d (7 d of adaptation and 3 d for sampling) to study effects of carbohydrate sources (starch form barely grain versus neutral detergent fiber form sugar beet pulp) with and without canola seed on apparent digestibility, volatile fatty acids profile, nitrogen metabolism and microbial fermentation efficiency. Diets had a 10 to 90 forage to concentrate ratio. The treatments were; 1) 64% barley grain 2) 62% barley grain plus 7% canola seed 3) 36% sugar beet pulp 28% barley grain, 4) 36% sugar beet pulp and 26% barley grain plus 7% canola seed.
Partial replacement of barley grain with sugar beet pulp significantly increased NDF and ADF apparent digestibility and crude protein degradation, ammonia and bacterial synthesis. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, NDF, ADF and the concentration of ammonia nitrogen, ammonia and bacterial synthesis reduced significantly by adding canola seeds to diets (P Partial replacement of barley grain sugar beet pulp increased acetate, butyrate, propionate concentration and acetate to propionate ratio and reduce isobutyrate concentration. Adding canola seeds carbohydrate sources had not a significant effect on the concentration of total and individual volatile fatty acids. The overall results showed that partial replacement of starch with neutral detergent soluble fibre can improve the digestibility of neutral detergent fiber and the production of acetate and butyrate in the rumen. Addition canola seed to carbohydrate sources decreased significantly, rumen the digestibility of nutrients, the production of acetate, ammonia nitrogen and protein production in continuous culture system.

We quantified the distribution, abundance and assemblage structure of macrofauna at 22 stations in Gorgan bay, seasonally in 2012-2013. Also, depth, temperature, salinity, DO, TOM and sediment particle size were measured in each station. The highest concentration of TOM was measured near the western littoral zone (10.22) while the mouth part and north-eastern area was characterized by the lowest values (2.65 % and 4.69). A total of 31658 individuals belonging to 12 families and 14 species were identified. Polychaeta with 3 species was the most dominant group in terms of abundance. The four most abundant taxa making up 85% of all specimens were Streblospio gynobranchiata, Tubificidae, Hediste diversicolor and Abra segmentum. The maximum density (7,893 ind/m2) was obtained at station 1 while the minimum (1,777 ind/m2) was observed at station 16. The western area was characterized by the highest species diversity (H', 1.94) and the stations 10, 8 and 7 were characterized by the lowest diversity indices (H', 0.72, 0.77 and 0.87, respectively). The PCA showed that water parameters with more temporary variations had a greater significance in explaining the system variability, and a not marked but evident difference between the two parts of Gorgan Bay was observed and supported by nmMDS test. So Gorgan Bay presents transitional macrobenthic assemblages that are spatially distributed along substrate gradients but it seems that the coastal ecosystem of the south Caspian Sea and mouth-eastern part of Gorgan Bay is very dynamic and some species are forming a metapopulation toward western sites.

In this experiment eight 1,600 mL dual-flow continuous culture fermenters were used to measure the fermentation pattern of cultivable and pasture forages in camel. Two adult camels were used as rumen inocula donors. Fermenters were fed with 120 g of DM/d in 3 equal portions at 08:00, 16:00, and 24:00 h. The trial contained two treatments of four replicate each in a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted (DM basis) of alfalfa hay (40%) and wheat straw (60%) as the cultivable forages, and Atriplex L. (80%), Suaeda F. (10%), and Seidlitzia R. (10%) as the pasture forages. Digestibility coefficients of DM, NDF and ADF were significantly smaller (P

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aim to transform our world, and each goal has specific targets to be achieved by 2030. For the goals to be achieved, everyone needs to do their part: governments, academia, the private sector and all people. This paper summarizes the main evidence-based recommendations made by excellent academics and scholars who discussed their experiences and views during the conference to respond to the challenges of sustainable health development.
To contribute to exploring to the academia's role in reaching SDGs, the 1st International Conference on Sustainable Health Development was held at Tehran University of Medical Sciences, on 24-25 April 2016, in Tehran, Iran.
In line with Goal 3 of SDGs: "ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages", the conference discussed various aspects of Universal Health Coverage (UHC), as well as Global Action Plans for prevention and control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), and explained the special role of academic public health institutes in education, research and service provision in the two above-mentioned areas.
To fulfill the requirements of SDGs, modern approaches to funding, education, teaching, research priority setting and advocacy, which in turn need novel strategies in collaboration and constructive partnerships among academic public health institutes from low, middle and high-income countries, are essential.

Aims: The beneficial effects of physical activities on migraine indices, i. e. frequency, duration, and intensity of the attacks, have been proved by different studies. Despite the fact, it is required to notice the sport characteristics, such as intensity, duration, repetition, and type of the sport, to investigate the beneficial effects of the physical activities on migraine treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the Moderate Intensity Aerobic (MIA) exercises on the migraine indices and quality of life in women with migraine.
In the controlled random semi-experimental study, 20 non-athlete women with migraine were studied in Kermanshah in 2015. The subjects were divided into two groups including control and MIA groups (n=10 per group). 8-weak MIA exercises (13-15 Borg RPE Scale) consisted of three 40-minute sessions a weak. The migraine indices of the subjects (frequency, duration, and intensity) were measured one month before and after the exercises. In addition, the quality of life and the aerobic power of the subjects were assessed 48 hours before and after the exercises. Data was analyzed by SPSS 21 software using ANCOVA, LSD post-hoc, and independent T tests.
Findings: MIA exercises resulted in significant reductions in the intensity, frequency, and duration of headache attacks, as well as an increase in the aerobic power (p MIA exercises lead to a reduction in the migraine headache, as well as an improvement in the quality of life and aerobic readiness, in the women with migraine.

The Gorgan Bay is an important ecosystem receiving discharge from their tributaries. In this study, concentration of Pb, Zn, Ni, Fe, Al, Cu and As was seasonally determined at 22 sampling points during 2012-2013.Sediment samples were collected using a Van Veen grab. The levels of heavy metals were determined by ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry) and AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer). The percentages of sand, silt, clay and TOM (Total Organic Matter) in the sediment samples were determined (44.4± 15, 53.4 ± 14, and 2.2± 2.2 and 7.2% ± 1.6, respectively). The results showed that range of Al, As, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn in the sediment samples were 0.4-2%, 2.6- 8.6 ppm, 8.1-12.4 ppm, 0.9 – 1.2 % , 11.5-16.8 ppm, 5.9-13.6 ppm and 21.8-28.8 ppm, respectively. In spring, both Al and Ni were higher than the guideline level. In the event that arsenic was exceeds the guidelines in summer. In general, according to the results of EF (Enrichment Factor) and PLI (Pollution Load Index) can be concluded, Gorgan Bay is low risk and not contaminated. According to the results of the nmMDS (non-metric Multidimensional Scaling), PCA (Principal Components Analysis) and the map of distribution of heavy metals, it seems Gorgan Bay are divided into two separate zones (the eastern and the western parts).

The use of prebiotic compounds to stimulate growth of probiotics in dairy products has been important subject in recent years. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of oat and rice bran on Lactobacillus acidophilus survivability and increase nutritional value of low-fat yogurt.
In this study, different amounts of oat and rice bran (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2%) were added to low-fat milk and after pasteurization, commercial yogurt culture starter within 1% concentration of 2 McFarland turbidity of Lactobacillus acidophilus was added. After incubation, the number of Lactobacillus acidophilus were counted on MRS-Bile agar. Sensory assessment of the treatment was done by five-point Hedonic scale method.
The results showed that in 1.2 % of oat bran and rice bran concentration, number of Lactobacillus acidophilus were 7.7 log and 7.57 log respectively in day 0 of storage. Whereas, in the control group, 7.2 log and 7.25 log were observed, respectively. Also during the storage period, decreasing in the number of Lactobacillus acidophilus was significantly lower than control group (P≤0.05). So in the 28th day of storage, the number of bacteria in all treatments containing oat and rice bran were higher than 107cfu/gr but in the control group, its number was lower than this amount. The increase of oat and rice bran concentration lead to significant decrease in the taste and flavor scores of final product (P It was observed that oat and rice bran have prebiotic effects on Lactobacillus acidophilus in low-fat yogurt and could be added to this functional product in order to improve survivability of Lactobacillus acidophilus during the storage time.

Oxidative lime pretreatment can be an effective method for treatment of lignocellulosic biomass in ruminant nutrition.
The aim of this experiment was to investigate effect of oxidative lime pretreatment on in vitro digestibility of dried date palm leaves.
A completely randomized experiment with a 3×3 factorial arrangement of treatments was conducted using 3 levels of temperature (40, 80, and 100 oC) and 3 time periods (80, 160, and 240 minutes). Pretreatment of leaves was performed in a 2-walled reactor containing 600 ml water and under an oxygen pressure of 6.9 Bars.
Increasing the processing time and temperature caused a significant decreased in lignin content from 13.3% in the unprocessed leaves to 3.6% in date palm leaves pretreated at 100 oC for 240 min (P The results showed that heating up during oxidative lime pretreatment increased the nutritive value of dried date palm leaves.

This study was evaluated the pregnancy rates of fixed time artificial insemination after synchronization of follicular wave Ovsynch CIDR and Co-synch CIDR protocols compared with artificial insemination after estrus detection in select synch protocol.
In this study, 42 cyclic buffaloes, uncertain stage of the estrous cycle, were randomly assigned into 3 groups. 1) Ovsynch CIDR (n = 14), administration of GnRH at days 0 and 9, PGF2α at day 7 and insertion CIDR from days 0 to 7. Buffaloes of this group were inseminated 16 h after the second GnRH administration. 2) Co-synch CIDR (n = 14), insertion the CIDR and administration of GnRH at day 0, administration the PGF2a at day 7 with remove the CIDR, and day 9 with second administration of GnRH, artificial insemination was performed.3) Select synch CIDR (n = 14), hormone treatments of this group were similar to two other groups. But, there was not the second injection of GnRH and artificial insemination was performed after estrus detection during 3 days.
The pregnancy rates of Ovsynch CIDR (28.57± 12.53%), Co-synch CIDR (50 ±13.87%) and Select synch CIDR (28.57 ±12.53%) had not significantly difference.
In summary, it can be concluded that Co-synch CIDR protocol due to non-significantly higher pregnancy rate is more effective method, when compared with other protocols. and non-necessary to estrus detection as well as low labor.