commitment

Freedom is one of the fundamental concepts of Jean-Paul Sartre's existential philosophy, and existential psychoanalysis is a method based on this philosophy that Sartre proposed to analyze the psyche and even the whole life of a person. Being and Nothingness is Sartre's most important philosophical principles in explaining and proving human freedom, and the Age of Reason is his first novel from the trilogy of the Roads to Freedom. The present research used the interpretive analysis method to analyze the manifestation of freedom in the Age of Reason with reference to Sartre's philosophy in Being and Nothingness. The analysis of both texts shows that for Sartre, the value of freedom is in conscious commitment and acceptance of responsibility for it. However, despite Sartre's relatively detailed description of freedom, due to his rejection of unconsciousness and neglect of culture, serious criticism can be made from his thoughts on this issue.

This article aims, based on the descriptive analytical method, to examine the commitment aspects of the poetry of Sharif Al-Radi and Ibn Maatouq Al-Mousawi, because they are among the poets who reflected the commitment after he worked with them in their lives. Islamic and Qur’anic verses since their childhood, this development led to their distance from immorality and immorality, as they left pure and honest poems far from vulgarity and immorality.‌This article also aims to analyze the hidden meanings in their poetry through study and analysis, as well as trying to acquaint the recipient with some of the ideas of these two great poets. The expression of these teachings indicates that the poets have practically adhered to these values and called everyone to them from the depths of their heart. Ibn Maatouq used the art of embodiment, and in this way he gave his verses much vitality and activity. It refers to the incident of Ghadir Khumm and uses the element of imagination to describe the events of that day. It also refers to the verse of purification in some of its verses. Ibn Maatouq used the method of calling a lot, as he addressed the Prophet (PBUH) using the phrase (my lord) and the word (my lord), whose appreciation is my lord.

Argumentation is a speech and discourse act which aims at influencing the audience to do or refrain from doing an activity. This discourse process is based on argumentation, persuasion and affecting its own form and content. Due to their needs, the poets of Ahl al-Bayt (AS) (Holly Prophet’s Family) employed this technique in political and religious poetry; however, this way of expression is different in the eyes of these poets. Clearly, Abdul Muttalib Hilli employed linguistic and rhetorical mechanisms of Argumentation using internal coherence in his style so that he could show his religious and belief positions and ultimately present the propriety of Ahl al-Bayt, agonizing story of Karbala and political events of his time. The era included confrontation between the West and the Muslims and the defense of the government and the clerics of the Ottoman period. The speech modes used in the poet's include negative questioning, expressing surprise, repetition in words, expressions for emphasis, modes of prohibition and negation, admonition and blame, parenthetical clauses to strengthen speech, dialogue for interaction, invitation to Jihad, and argumentative links to strengthen expressive possibilities as well as rhetorical style, including simile, trope, metaphor, metonymy, as well as contextual and linguistic opposition.

Labor poetry is one of the subsets of committed poetry that has been popular in the works of some poets from the constitutional era to the Islamic revolution. Because after the victory of the revolution, with the change of political and social structure, the society of Iran underwent transformation and literature also underwent changes. Therefore, the course of evolution of this type of poetry in the post-revolution period can be investigated according to these changes. In order to carry out this research, the works of pre-revolutionary labor poets who wrote poetry during nearly three decades after the Islamic revolution, as well as the most prominent collection of post-revolution poets' poems in various formats, have been examined. In this research, using the descriptive-analytical method and relying on the research products obtained from the study in the library and the note-taking an attempt has been made to analyze the labor poetry in the decades after the revolution. According to the findings of this research, after the revolution until the end of the eighties, labor poetry has stagnated. It was not neither welcomed by the new poets of this period nor continued in the poems of labor poets before the revolution. But in the 90s, we have seen the relative prosperity of labor poetry compared to other decades after the revolution until now. The remarkable thing about the labor poetry of the nineties is that it has undergone changes in terms of content and theme compared to the labor poetry of the pre-revolution era. These changes have been shown by citing examples of labor poetry of the nineties and comparing it with labor poetry before the revolution.

Love is one of the common topics of psychological topics and literary works that can be examined and compared in the framework of interdisciplinary researches" (Mahmoudi, 2019: 91) This article aims to compare the narrative of love, using Sternberg's love triangle theory, and has selected two well-known contemporary novels from two different cultures and believes that love is one of the natural characteristics that is common to all human beings regardless of the historical and cultural backgroundand examining its reflection in the works of different nations can establish cultural links between them. This article aims to compare the narrative of love, using Sternberg's love triangle theory, and has selected two well-known contemporary novels from two different cultures and believes that love is one of the natural characteristics that is common to all human beings regardless of the historical and cultural background. and examining its reflection in the works of different nations can establish cultural links between them. This theory also explains the nature of the components of love and considers "love" to be understandable and explainable in the form of its three constituent elements, that is, intimacy, lust and commitment (Sternberg, 1998: 9-10). The approach of this research is comparative literature based on the American school. According to "Rene Volk", the founder of this school, "comparative literature has become an established term for any kind of literary study beyond the borders of national literature." Comparative study provides the opportunity to compare different views of world writers on various subjects and its relationship with other sciences on a wider level. The use of psychological theory in this research is also chosen based on this

The current research is a descriptive-analytical research. Its data is of a textual type and includes sentences expressing the variables of intimacy, passion and commitment based on Sternberg's theory, which is collected through the study of library-documents and its results qualitatively described, compared and reported.

The authors of both novels selected in this article came from different cultural backgrounds; Dolatabadi is familiar with the traditional rural life of the 50s after the land reforms in Iran, and Ishiguro is familiar with the traditional culture of Japan after World War II and influenced by English literature. Both of them experienced the period of transition and transformation of their society in a way, and in their works, they implicitly reflected the mutual influence of love and emotional relationships of humans and the limitations of social life. The stories "Az Khem Chenbar" and "Never Leave Me "are not purely romantic works, but love is seen in the normal life of the characters and in the background of other events and affects them. In both stories, social and cultural conditions have an effect on the appearance of the three components of the "love triangle" and how it occurs and causes subsequent events. "People's romantic experience is strongly influenced by culture and is based on the environmental characteristics of the events of the two stories."In the culture of some societies, love is one of the necessities of marriage, but in the culture of another society there is no connection between the two" (Sternberg, 1998: 19).In the novel " Never Leave Me"Heilsham School" which is created and elaborated by the author's mind; The main limit is the life of the characters.The prevailing conditions, "scientific" conditions and human profit seeking, are for obtaining donated organs, which has caused the birth of students and the establishment of Heilsham School, and overshadow on the relationships of Heilsham boys and girls and made them victims. The sense of intimacy and commitment of the students is strengthened while learning and living together in one group, that is, Heilsham Boarding School; But the opportunity of life and passionate love has been taken away from them. The main characters, Ruth, Tommy and Kat, are dynamic characters who try to change the situation because they need to prove their love for a better life. The story of "Az Khem Chanbar" realistically reflects the image of the social life of its era in the rural area called "Rahim Abad" where the relationships of people, under the shadow of social conditions, beliefs and convictions, difficult economic conditions and poverty, under the influence of male dominance and Local customs are formed within the framework of the family and without codified education Strong characterization is one of the common points of these two works. The character of the manager in Dolatabadi's work and the character of Hilsham's supervisors in Ishiguro's work represent people who sacrifice "love" for their own profit. The parents of "Maru", the character around whom the events of Dolatabadi's novel take place, abandoned him and entrusted him to his aunt in order to improve their economic conditions Therefore, like the students of Hailsham, she is far from her real family, with a forced marriage, she does not have the opportunity to express her passion. Taher is a static character who considers Maru's wife as his right, and "Maru" is a dynamic character who becomes Taher's wife against her will and works to change the situation. "At the same time, the culture around us makes beliefs; The experience of love also changes."The feeling of love is one thing, and showing it in the form of behavior in a way that the other party feels; is a lover; Something else (Armstrong, 2013: 40-24 Examining the behavior of the characters using Sternberg's theory identifies the elements of love and its components in two novels and shows that the authors were able to; By paying close attention to the social and cultural factors of the society of the story, create images of the components of love with characterizations and descriptions of their behaviors in the reader's mind.

In the novel "Az Khem Chenbar", the love of "Tahir" to his wife "Maru" is a "stupid love" composed of lust and information, and the information of theory. Maru's love for Tahir, in which only the element of "intimacy" can be seen; It is of the "loving" type Mr. Manager's love for Maru is of the "passion" type, that is, it has a strong image of lust and a weak image of intimacy and lacks commitment. Mirjan's son's love for "Maru" has a dimension of excitement on the part of Mirjan's son, and it is revealed only in the form of a conversation between other characters in the story, and it can be considered a type of "infatuation". In this novel, the frequency of behaviors indicating "lust" is more than "intimacy" and "commitment".In this novel, the narration of behaviors that indicate "intimacy" is more than the other two components. In the novel " Never Leave Me", according to Sternberg's theory, the love between Kat and Tommy is of the "ideal love" type, between Kat and Ruth, of the "romantic" type, between Kat and Lenny, "infatuation" and between all three. Ruth, Kat and Lenny are of the "loving" type. The behaviors that show the components of "intimacy" and "commitment" are more in the novel "Never Leave Me" than in the novel "Az Khem Chanbar" and the behaviors that show "enthusiasm" or "lust" in the story "Az Khem Chanbar" are more than the story " Never Leave Me Therefore, it can be said that these two authors have proposed types of love and its elements that are consistent with Sternberg's theory and can be compared and compared with each other.

AbstractCommitment in literature means that the poet or writer uses his intellectual and literary talent and ability in the service of his community, expresses the pains and sufferings, hopes and aspirations of his people in an honest language and away from affiliation and prejudice against the party or political tendency. Special portrayed. This thinking is the essence of committed literature. Accordingly, the poetry of the 2011 Arab Spring revolutions in Egypt is considered a committed poem, and after the decline of this type of poetry in the past decades, it has criticized the most important political and social issues during the rule of Hosni Mubarak. The present article seeks to study and analyze the manifestations of commitment in the poetry of the Arab Spring revolutions in Egypt shortly before and after 2011 in the poems of famous poets such as Abd- al Moati Hejazi, Farouk Gouida and Abd al Rahman al-ashmavi and some other anonymous poets. One of the most important findings of the study is that political tyranny as well as social problems such as poverty and unemployment have been the main reasons for the revolution of the Egyptian people. Therefore, committed poets opposed tyranny by focusing on tyranny and lack of civil liberties, and challenged it because of corruption in the administrative and governmental system. They also addressed social problems such as poverty and unemployment because of their attachment to society, and did not forget the leading role of poetry in awakening and calling for revolution.

Since the ancient times up until now, regimes have intended to exploit humanity through establishing bases and expanding their cultures beyond their own borders. An issue in contemporary literature is resistance literature that is anti-exploitation in which poets encourage the general public to stand against anti-freedom or against their authoritarian rulers. According to Fromm, authoritarians and exploiters are able to succeed in dominating humans and communities, however, they cannot hinder emerging resistance against their inhumane behaviors; therefore, general public’s reaction can lead to the exploiters’ downfall. Simin Behbahani, as a contemporary poet, cannot be silent against Pahlavi’s dictatorship and uses her poems to stand against them. This study is an attempt to analyze sociology of exploitation in Simin Behbahani’s poems based on Eric Fromm’s theories. Methodology in this research is descriptive-analytical. The results show that there are numerous common grounds between Fromm’s theory and Behbahani’s poems. Behbahani from Resurrection (1974) onward, intends to criticize Pahlavi’s System. She has a special attention towards disorders in the community which has been caused by the regime’s exploitation.

Love is an example of a common border in human nature, and writers have made a great contribution to the development of this issue and the development of this human field in the creation of literary works around the world of literature. Love stories are one of the literary genres that have attracted the attention of a large audience in Persian and world literature. Love in the world of psychology also has various schools and theories. This article explains one of these theories, proposed by Robert Steinberg, a famous American psychologist in 1987, and tries to adapt it to the love poems "Khosrow and Shirin" by Nezami and "Weiss and Ramin" by Asad Gorgani about romantic relationships. .

This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method.

This study shows that Nezami in "Khosrow and Shirin" and Asad Gorgani in "Weiss and Ramin" in the field of psychology of romantic relationships, have consciously written their poems.

Of the seven possible states in romantic relationships from Steinberg's point of view, four states were in complete agreement with Weiss and Ramin Asad Gorgani and there were differences in three cases, namely in friendly love (intimacy only), hollow love (commitment only), and Compassionate love (commitment + intimacy) There was no adaptation that Asad Gorgani believes in his poem that a romantic relationship without lust or just commitment or only intimacy does not last. In Khosrow and Shirin Nezami, out of seven possible states in romantic relationships, from Ashtenberg's point of view, five states were in complete agreement with the theory, and there were differences in two cases; That is, in friendly love (intimacy only) and compassionate love (commitment + intimacy), there was no adaptation that shows that Nezami in Khosrow and Shirin does not accept romantic relationships in which only intimacy or commitment is accompanied by intimacy.

The present article looks closely into the tale of Zal and Roudabeh from the perspective of psychological approach. Employing descriptive analytic method with particular emphasis on the concept of love according to William Glasser, the purpose of this article is to explore one of the factors that connect love and wisdom in the tale.  Glasser equates love to commitment that in turn like many other man’s functions is a behavior shown under the influence of wisdom.  To achieve this end, apart from explaining Zal’s most vital need, the need for love and belonging the behaviors of the leading characters are revealed far from their habitual improper acts to throw light on their roles to attain utmost love. Zal, Roudabeh, maids, Sindokht, Sam, Manouchehr, and Mehrab all in turn with their committed behavior based on dialogues and wise conversations, and controlling their destructive habits, gradually managed to change the horizons of their ideal worlds and upon acceptance of unity of conflicts and oppositions could pave the way to take the journey within the inner circles of Mandala figure starting with the largest circle of love between Zal and Roudabeh and continue to take the path towards the unifying centre where lies the ultimate love.  Since in language, no two words are hundred percent synonymous, commitment is an element connected on one side to wisdom and on another to love.  Therefore, taking this tale as a model, one can regard commitment as one of the elements connecting love with wisdom.

History is written by a historian and will be confirmed or rejected it in the future. The historian writes it from his own point of view and it can be correct or distorted. It will be more believable when history is told by a writer in a novel or a poem. Therefore, the contribution of committed writers who portrayed resistance and stability in their works should be considerate. One of the most referenced writings on war is the correspondence of soldiers written in the trenches to be a document of the reality of history. In this article, with a descriptive-analytical look at the war and its representation in the art and literature on the one hand, and on the other hand, considering the genre of memoir in the notes of Iranian soldiers in the imposed war and it will be compared with letters from French soldiers in World War I. The result of this comparison is the emergence of two views and two perspectives on the issue of war.

Since the emergence of modern Arabic poetry the essence of meaning and beauty has been one of the challenging issues and has been the subject of a considerable part of the literary research. Adunis is one of the most notable literary figures of the Arab world who has provided theorizations in the field of Arabic poetry and criticism. In his writings, he presents meaning and beauty intertwined with subjects such as the concept of poetry, commitment, complexity, tradition, and innovation and in this way he pursues meaning with a hermeneutic and dynamic approach. This article seeks to analyze the essence of meaning from the perspective of this influential poet in order to reveal part of the discourse on the questioning of meaning in the field of modern Arabic poetry. Adunis emphasizes the influence of the individuality of the poet on meaning and beauty and their relation to commitment. In his thought, the nature of poetry is accompanied by an ambiguous and complex quality. As a result, in his view the challenge of the concept of poetry has become more philosophical. Therefore, applying a philosophical hermeneutic approach, one understands that such things as historicity, definition, dynamism, and meaningfulness are present in his thought, and that elements such as rhyme and expressive forms are not efficient criteria for analysis of his thought and poetry. We can say that the tradition in Adunis’s thought and poetry is dynamic and is not limited to the ordinary sense of the time since his thought and poetry have a hermeneutic time. Thus philosophical hermeneutic approach can be an appropriate to the aesthetics of meaning, which is one of the most important topics in the modern rhetoric and we must seek the beauty of Adunis’s poetry in the semantic identity of his poetry with a hermeneutic approach.

Mohammad Reza Shafi Kadkani (known as Sereshk) is one of the political and protestor poets of 1970s. He mixed the modern poetry with a kind of social commitment and faith attitude which its source was religious and national beliefs, historical awareness and social and political sensitivity. The poems have a purposeful structure and are mainly based on historical and political necessities. In fact, they are a poetic and emotional reaction toward external realities and incidents which have an intellectual, motivational and propaganda spirit in addition to their literary, symbolic and aesthetics features. The meaning of the poems shows that the poet composes them to arrange a collective action or to create a social and political change. This feature along with other features put the poems in the category of resistance poems. In the article we investigate the dimensions and aspects of resistance poems. Features such as disclosure, glorification, depicting a hated picture of the enemy, criticizing fear, inactivity and immovability, recommending opposition, praising the efforts of the fighters, promise of victory, and freedom and historical simulation which are the features of resistance poem are manifested in his poems in different forms.

Ideology and vision of a religious and committed poet to the internal and external world is based on the definition of religion from the man’s nature, existence, its beginning and end. This ideology specifies the general orientation and approach of the religious and engaged literature. This article investigates representations of different aspects of commitment from religious perspective. For doing so, the relationship between commitment and influential elements in poetry such as imagination, beauty, affection, content, inspiration, faith and levels of the world (visible realm and invisible realm) have been studied. The results show that prioritizing faith and good deed, belief in good and ominous inspiration in poetry, playing the role of reflection by the high world and mediating between the visible realm and the invisible realm and concurrent authenticity of the content and aspects of the beauty of poetry-according to their function- constitute the main elements of the religious engaged literature.

Farouk Gouida is an undertaken a contemporary poet who pays attention to the events around and his poetry is full of inspiration techniques which enables him to transfer his thoughts and emotions to the receiver. Thus it is necessary to know the inspiration tools which Farouk Gouida has applied them for a better accompanying between the reader and the poet. The present article – which is in analytical – descriptive method – intends to express these techniques – such as mystery, the conflict between the image and the intertext. Two questions are raised here: 1- what is the benefit of applying the inspiration techniques and how much can it be useful in transferring the poetic concepts? 2- What are the factors that cause the poet apply them? The present article tries to answer the abovementioned questions.

Qeysar Aminpour is a well-known contemporary poet in Persian literature. Having composed many poems about the Iranian Islamic revolution, he could open a new window to contemporary literature and be a model for the new generation. The innovative images of the war scenes, the expression of the social pains and problems, and the creation of new expressions especially war expressions have made his poetry strong and attractive. His poetic language is strong and glorious as well as soft, delicate, simple, and fluent. An important aspect of his poetic style is to use Koranic, religious, and historical figures as models. One outstanding concept in his poems is complaints about the social problems, which has caused the word pain and its relevant senses to be highly frequent in his poetry. The present article, focusing on the content and meanings of his social poems, studies his literary and poetic style. It also focuses on the extent to which his geographic situation influenced his mentality and morale and why his poems are painful and sad.

In literature, commitment has motivated many of literary men and has caused them to react in different ways. A kind of commitment associatedwith social problems which has come to be known as social commitment has found a special standing among some of the authors. This kind of commitment that deals with the author’s responsibility to focus on people’s problems and express their sufferings and inspirations has been reflected in some of the works by Victor Hugo, the great 19th century French author. He describes the life situation of the people in the French community in most of his poetry and prose works and never fails to explain their problems and sufferings. In the present research paper, we have studied social commitment in one of his great works entitled “Tale of Centuries”, a work the major part of which has been allocated to people’s lives and the elaboration of their pains and sufferings.