زنان

The political aspect of globalization has its own importance because it affects the nation-state system and has been raised since the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648. As a result of globalization, the borders of the states have disappeared due to the introduction of information technology. TV channels have destroyed the "Iron Curtain". Political globalization "may create a more peaceful world order and reduce the propensity for violent conflict by limiting the capacity and autonomy of states. As a result of globalization,  to the introduction of information technology. TV channels have destroyed the "Iron Curtain". Political globalization "may create a more peaceful world order and reduce the propensity for violent conflict by limiting the capacity and autonomy of states. Globalization is a process that has emerged following some global developments and scientific and technical developments in the field of communication and media and the facilitation and intensification of relations and interactions between nations in various fields. This flow has involved human societies in common and comprehensive issues and various challenges in a comprehensive way in social, economic, political and cultural dimensions and has made man face a changing, fluid, confusing, permeable and indeterminate and unfamiliar and borderless and uncontrollable world, and It is complicated. The present research was conducted with the aim of sociological analysis of the effects of the globalization process on political culture and with a descriptive-analytical approach in order to answer the question of how the sociological analysis of the effects of the globalization process on political culture is and the findings of the research indicate that The results of identifying the effects of the globalization process indicate that a set of components in the form of educational (cultural), social, economic and political dimensions can indicate the effects of globalization. Categories related to these dimensions in the cultural field can include education during office hours; laying the groundwork for growth and development; virtual training workshops; participation in educational decisions and evaluations; the process of internationalization of education; educational quality and improvement of teaching processes; freedom of action in education; Equipping and training skilled and trained workforce.

The current research was conducted with the aim of sociological analysis of the effects of the globalization process on political culture from the perspective of Iranian women (1402-1392). In this research, a qualitative approach and interpretive phenomenological method were used, and its statistical population consisted of working women between 20 and 50 years of age during the years 2012 to 2014. In this regard, 12 people were interviewed using the purposeful sampling method. Data collection was done through in-depth semi-structured interviews and the obtained data were analyzed using the foundational data theory and the three-step coding method of Strauss and Corbin (1990). Based on the results obtained, 11 main categories (increasing awareness, challenging traditional norms, educational opportunities, economic security, pressure for legal reforms, cultural exchange, changes in political participation, social activism, information sharing, gender equality and discovering latent talents) They were recognized in the form of 4 educational-cultural, social, economic and political dimensions and 50 codes. The findings support the theoretical view that globalization has had an impact on traditional beliefs, social and political issues, cultural exchanges, cultural homogenization, national identity, digital activism, educational opportunities, and their level of awareness. In fact, according to the results, the phenomenon of globalization is a force that has helped women to be protected from harm in the field of political and social rights.

The roles of various social groups during the eight-year Sacred Defense were significant and impactful. Among these groups, women played a crucial role alongside other segments of society, undertaking important actions and roles. The significance of this topic inspired the present study to examine the role of women during the eight-year Sacred Defense.This qualitative study employs thematic analysis to examine findings published over approximately the past 12 years, from 2011 to 2023, in Persian journals using the keywords "women" and "ladies" along with Sacred Defense and war in databases such as Google Scholar, Ensani, Noormags, Civilica, SID, and Magiran. Ultimately, 15 articles were included in this study.The findings indicate that women's roles can be categorized into themes such as medical and nursing care, combat and military roles, role models and leadership, social roles, education, and family. Despite the oral recounting of various roles during the eight-year Sacred Defense, a detailed and specific emphasis on the roles of women in the war is crucial. Addressing these roles comprehensively is vital for confronting gender stereotypes and emphasizing the less-heard contributions of women, particularly in the military sector.

Political development is a process that enhances the responsibility and accountability of the government in fulfilling its roles and duties. This involves not only increasing the number of political actors but also improving their quality. A key component of political development is the promotion of political equality and public oversight. This ensures that all members of society have an equal opportunity to influence the political direction of their society and to monitor the activities, decision-making processes, and actions of the government. Furthermore, the optimal use of both potential and actual human resources is a critical prerequisite for achieving development. Women constitute a crucial part of this effective force, and their optimal involvement is essential. It is important to recognize that human resources in development theories are not limited to men (Afrakhteh & Saraei, 2013). The position of women in the political development of a country is vital for promoting gender equality and ensuring inclusive governance. Thus, increasing women’s participation is essential for advancing political and economic development. Highlighting the importance of women’s participation in political development, the present study aimed to examine the long-term and mid-term consequences of their involvement in development plans. Addressing the research problem is crucial for developing comprehensive strategies, policies, and interventions that promote gender equality, inclusive governance, and sustainable development. The development plan plays a key role in shaping a country’s path toward progress, serving as a practical guide for executive and administrative bodies. Iran’s Development Plans encompass a set of mid-term initiatives, approved by the Islamic Parliament of Iran, that span a five-year period under the current government.

Literature Review:

The issue of gender permeates all institutions, as well as the intellectual and value systems of society. It is essential for values, norms, beliefs, legal frameworks, government institutions, organizations, decision-making systems, and policymakers to be attuned and responsive to the need for equal opportunities, facilitates, and gender equality (Afrakhteh & Saraei, 2013). Amartya Kumar Sen, a prominent institutional economist, emphasizes the importance of making individuals more capable, particularly women. In his book Development as Freedom, Sen dedicated a chapter to the active role of women in driving social transformations (Sen, 1999). A critical factor contributing to various forms of inequality against women is the planning process. Policies, programs, resource allocation, and other aspects of planning frequently result in women receiving a disproportionately smaller share of welfare benefits and occupying a marginal position in development. This disparity is evident across key indicators such as education, health, employment, and political participation (Sen, 1999). Concerning the Persian-language literature, the book Women and Political Participation (2017) by Simin Hajipour Sardovii used a questionnaire, administered to both men and women, to collect and analyze the relevant data. It explored structural barriers and gender issues in the dynamics of male–female relations in society. Moroever, in The Position of Women in the Progress of Society in Iran’s Five-Year Development Plans (2018), Mohammadi critically evaluated feminist theories while conceptualizing Islamic perspectives on women’s roles in society. Using a theoretical framework rooted in Islamic thought, the author examined women’s interactions and the concept of development, focusing on the involvement and support for women within the context of Iran’s First to Fifth Development Plans.

The present study used thematic analysis to examine the content of Iran’s Fifth and Sixth Economic, Social, and Cultural Development Plans. This process involved collecting relevant materials, including interviews, articles, and guidelines, related to women’s political participation and their position in Iran’s Development Plans. The data was then analyzed to identify key themes and patterns concerning women’s empowerment, gender equality, and political development.

Results and Discusssion:

The research hypothesis posits that enhancing political development indicators for women in Iran, through the country’s five-year development plans, will help dismantle structures of inequality and strengthen women’s empowerment. Guided by this hypothesis and a robust theoretical framework, the study yielded several key findings. First, women’s political participation was identified as a critical aspect of political development. Second, the analysis highlighted structural barriers and gender issues that hinder women’s active participation in political processes. Additionally, the study examined the contribution of Iran’s Development Plans in advancing women’s empowerment and promoting gender equality. Fourth, the research explored the strategies and policies necessary to increase women’s political participation and ensure equal opportunities in social and political arenas. Finally, the study assessed the progress made and the challenges encountered in achieving women’s empowerment and gender equality within the framework of Iran’s Development Plans.

The findings can have significant implications for policymakers, government agencies, and organizations involved in development planning and implementation. Drawing on the concept of capability, Amartya Sen emphasizes the individual’s ability to utilize facilities, resources, and goods in alignment with their diverse human characteristics. The current research underscored the critical role of women’s political participation in fostering inclusive governance and gender equality in development plans. The strategies and policies identified in this study provide valuable guidelines for enhancing women’s empowerment and creating an environment conducive to their active participation in decision-making. By addressing both the challenges and opportunities associated with women’s participation, the study contributes to the formulation of comprehensive and effective development plans that benefit the whole societ.

In today's world, sports have a lot of interaction with domestic and international politics; Therefore, the aim of this research is to analyze the political challenges of women's sports competitions in Islamic countries. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and mixed in terms of data collection. The sampling method was purposeful and accessible. The statistical population of the research included all sports science experts, political science experts and professors, sociology professors, coaches, referees, and athletes in the country; In the first stage of the research, these challenges were identified by interviewing 25 people from the statistical population. In the second and third stages, the challenges identified in the interview section were examined by the Delphi group (25 people); In these two stages, the challenges that had at least 70% positive answers remained for the next stage. In the final stage, the factors identified in the previous three stages were ranked using a five-choice Likert questionnaire. After collecting, it was examined and analyzed using the TAPSIS technique. The results showed that uprisings in Bahrain, Yemen and Syria, Egypt, Tunisia and other Islamic countries, Iran's support for the Arab Spring or Islamic Awakening in Arab countries, and Saudi Arabia's fear of issuing the Islamic Revolution in other Muslim countries were the most important. The political challenges of women's sports in Islamic countries are. According to the findings of the study, it is suggested to the authorities to address the challenges that sport diplomacy can have the necessary and

During many centuries and especially in the last few centuries, the family has accepted various forms and has become different in various cultures, but it is clear that the family in its various forms has always had multiple functions. Family can be considered as one of the most important areas of social life, which has a great impact on the lives of people, especially women. The findings indicate that according to the discourse analysis of the statements and the ideological atmosphere of the leader of the revolution, who has placed following Islamic teachings at the top of his approach and behavior, it is possible to emphasize the greatness of the status of women and glorify their achievements. Also, the leader of the revolution constantly emphasizes with categories such as Islamic values, humanity, equality, motherhood, courage, right and obligation to participate in determining the fate of women, and by promoting the position of women in all aspects of personal, social and Politically, believes that women should be responsible for building and protecting the political order based on Islam and divine values. Therefore, Ayatollah Khamenei, the leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran system, has expressed some issues about the position and social role of women. In the current research, the thoughts of the supreme leader of the revolution on this issue have been investigated.

The role and position of women has been a contested issue throughout history in nearly all human civilizations, and even today, despite significant advancements in human rights and cultural progress, women's issues remain central in many areas. Turkey, like other countries, has experienced various socio-political changes, during which women's roles and their position in society have been influenced, leading to fluctuations in their societal position.

This article, utilizing Almond and Verba's theory from The Civic Culture (1963), examines the changes in the cognitive, emotional, and evaluative orientations of women in contemporary Turkish history. These transformations have led to a gradual transition from a parochial political culture to a participatory one in modern Turkish society. The research employs the theoretical framework of political culture by Almond and Verba and an analytic-descriptive method to achieve this objective.

It appears that with the changing structure of power elites and the onset of modernization processes in Turkish society from the 1930s and 1950s, the cognitive, emotional, and evaluative orientations of the society, particularly the middle class, towards women has shifted gradually, paving the way for greater female participation in public affairs such as politics, law, education, and the economy.

 Although the initial changes emerged following the declaration of the republic in the form of legal and constitutional reforms, globalization of human development without gender discrimination (from the 1980s onwards) and the Eurocentric modernization of the Turkish state further facilitated the improvement of women’s status and participation in society. Over the past few decades, despite structural and agent-based obstacles, Turkish women have experienced notable growth, especially in political campaigns and elections, compared to other Islamic societies. However, Turkish women continue to face significant challenges in candidacy and holding major political offices, indicating that women's participation in politics has not reached a strategic level. Furthermore, Turkey still faces considerable challenges in fulfilling its national and international commitments to gender equality in politics, with gender-based violence remaining a critical concern. Since 2001, with the strengthening of Turkey’s EU membership process and adherence to Copenhagen criteria, numerous civil laws have been proposed and passed to consolidate the family structure, ensure gender equality in accessing political and social opportunities, and most importantly, impose legal restrictions and criminalize domestic violence against women. These measures have positively impacted the civic, legal, and political status of Turkish women. Based on the latest constitutional amendments in 2021, government centers and foundations are being established to combat violence against women, with the outcomes expected to become evident in the coming years. Nevertheless, for Turkish women to fully enjoy their political rights, political opportunities must be created more equitably, with genuine equality in access to political resources. Considering Turkey’s institutional capacity, civil society, and political party system, it appears that a comprehensive policy can develop equality in family, education, work, commercial life, and all areas of social life and challenge the value judgment that politics is solely a male endeavor. Since a society where women are absent from government administration cannot be considered democratic, Turkish women's full political rights should be ensured, and their effective political participation must be realized.

The emergence of a new political system in Afghanistan after the attack of September 11, 2001, in the United States made the issue of political empowerment of women in this country to be examined. This article seeks to answer the question of what factors caused Afghan women not to develop relative political empowerment based on democracy from 2001 to 2021. Today, the method of political empowerment of women in different fields, especially in the political field, faces a series of obstacles and challenges. The limitations and challenges in the process of women's political empowerment cause the society to remain without the development and political participation of women. In this regard, it seems that the political society of Afghanistan, as a leading society, is facing the condition of non-compliance of gender in the matter of political empowerment. Women as a large part of the society have experienced detailed participation in political life for more than two decades.In Afghanistan, to adapt to the new conditions and try to solve the crises that have plagued this country in recent decades, women's issues have also been emphasized. The consequences of the events of September 11, 2001, for women were highlighted, as it led to the decline of the misogynistic Taliban regime. The harsh and oppressive policies of the Taliban towards women had created a very unbearable path for women, which resulted in the limitation of women's operations and their confinement within the four walls of the house. Women suffered a lot of hardships during this period and their migration became more intense. After September 11, 2001, and the entry of the new political system in Afghanistan, a relatively open and suitable space was organized for the presence of women in various fields. Laws were enacted to protect women's rights, both in the form of affirmative action. Their measured and impressive presence in several election periods of the country shows this fact. More than the right to vote, women had more visible activities in obtaining representative and managerial seats at the center and local governments in the provinces. Despite all this, social differences and dissociations based on unsavory cultural connections caused the striking presence of women in political power to face many controversies. Women played a symbolic role in the political arena of this country in the last two decades. Addressing the problem and challenges of women's political empowerment in Afghanistan for 20 years is a new subject that has been neglected by researchers. In the last two decades, all discourses and actions to increase the level of political participation of women were generally ceremonial and symbolic and remained so until recent years. In fact, the issue of women is a cultural issue, and its solution, in addition to passing laws and institutionalizing women's affairs in laws, requires cultural measures, planning, institutionalization, and proving the presence of women in the mentality of Afghan society.Ashraf Ghani’s government has taken stronger steps in the field of women's rights and abilities than Hamid Karzai’s government. Laws were passed to eliminate violence and gender prejudice against women, but the obstacles and problems that were created during Karzai's rule in the way of empowering women, unfortunately, the same obstacles appeared in Ashraf Ghani's regime that prevented women from participating in the political, social, cultural and economic fields of the country. Political empowerment of women can be described as a process to increase their capacity in different fields. Unfortunately, during the two decades of Karzai and Ghani's rule, according to official statistics, women were placed in a weaker social and political position and were more marginalized compared to men. Afghan women were in a difficult economic dependency and a bad social situation. In the last two decades, all speeches and actions to increase the level of political participation of women were generally formal and symbolic and it has been the same until recent years. The anti-woman culture in Afghanistan has been able to oppress women and keep them away from all their rights for 20 years. The patriarchal system in Afghanistan with its autocratic culture has prevented women from developing political, social, economic and cultural abilities for years. One of the inhuman and illegal customs in Afghanistan has been the discriminatory treatment of Afghan government officials with political men and active and educated women of this country.

Research question: 

This article seeks to answer the question of what are the factors that make Afghan women unable to develop the desired political empowerment based on democracy from 2001 to 2020?Research hypothesis: The hypotheses of the article refer to mental, cultural, political, economic and social effects based on Saralange women's empowerment theory.

Methodology and theoretical framework: 

For this purpose, documentary qualitative method and interviews based on Sara langwe's empowerment theory have been used to obtain data.

The research results show that the mutual influence of political, cultural, economic, social and psychological factors during the last twenty years and during the presidency of Karzai and Ghani, have caused Afghan women not to develop the desired political empowerment based on democracy and from a weak position.

Before Karzai's two terms, women were not given the power to overcome external pressures and prejudices to gain their lost rights and improve their social status. According to Lange, women should know that what exists is not just and fair, but it can be changed, and they can change the situation in their favor. According to Lange, empowerment at this stage means increasing women's awareness of the existing situation, drawing the desired situation and the ways to reach that situation. In this regard, Afghan women have been aware of injustice, gender discrimination, emotional pressures, and economic and social problems in the past twenty years and to some extent, despite the political, psychological, cultural and socio-economic obstacles and challenges, they have been able to overcome the conditions and challenges and change them to their advantage and improve their situation.

Violence against women, as one of the complex social, cultural and legal issues, has always attracted the attention of many researchers and human rights activists. In Muslim countries, this phenomenon is influenced by various factors, including cultural and traditional beliefs, national laws and different religious interpretations. Especially in societies where traditional interpretations of Islam are used as the basis for legislation and social policies, violence against women is often justified by specific interpretations of Sharia and religious rulings. The ambiguity lies in how different religious, social and economic interpretations fuel violence against women in Muslim societies? This article attempts to analyze the causes and factors of violence against women in Muslim countries with a view to women's rights in Islam, using a descriptive analytical approach, and to examine the relationship between different interpretations of religious sources and the methods of violence in these societies. In this regard, social, economic and cultural challenges are also examined that may increase or decrease violence against women in these societies. The aim of this article is to provide appropriate solutions to combat violence against women in Muslim countries through a comprehensive and detailed analysis of these factors. Ultimately, the conclusion is that the most important factors affecting the occurrence of violence against women in Muslim countries are a set of cultural, social, religious, and legal factors that have led to different interpretations of Islam.

The identity of each person is different and special, Like his fingerprint. People shape society with their different identities. These identities make the culture as a whole. When a sociery has a rich culture,it ,means that the identity of the people of that society has stability and high value. The foundation of this identity and culture is rooted in family and mother (a woman). So a woman causes the processing of healthy personality and identity, and cultural richness.The collective identity of indivduals forms the isentity of the commumtiy, and the identiy-making culture affects people. Characters are indicators of the realities of the realities of the society in which we live,and “gender”is one of the main elements that make up the character.Creativity is a natural characteristic of women, therefore, the role of women in identity-making is evident in all fields. Therefore, in this article, attention is paid to the identification of women in The Sacred Defense.Keywords: character, defense, war,women, identity, fighter.

Women's political participation has different levels.One ofthe most important of them is the participation of elite women in political affairs.In order to understand this participation,one should pay attention to various factors, and also consider its different types in order to provide a more accurate analysis.This participation goes beyond merely participating in elections and voting rights or participating in political activities.Presence in the political elite(in this study,the Islamic Council)is very important for measuring women's political participation.In this research,this type of participation, considering the patriarchal model of the revolution,which is aimed at analyzing the situation of women after the Islamic revolution,has been measured and by using the comparative method,the three important components of this theory,namely"patriarchy","inequality"and"housekeeping"will be adapted to the situation of women's political participation. The findings of the research show that despite the expansion of women's presence in society, especially at the elite level (due to the increase in the level of education and employment), the presence of women at the political elite level and their participation at this level has not expanded much. Therefore, the components of the mentioned theory do not correspond to reality in the general situation of women, but it applies to the level of women's political participation.

Salafi-jihadi groups are among the extreme Islamist currents that adhere to a specific interpretation of Islam. Considering the increasing importance of gender violence in jihadist Salafi groups that claim to be Islamic, understanding the operational and symbolic role of women is very important to deal with the threat of these groups at the global level. Women are not only disproportionately victimized in modern conflicts, but also play an important role in the tactical operations of Salafi-jihadi groups. Salafi-jihadi groups' attitudes towards the role of women have evolved from support activities in the front lines to active participation on the battlefield. This evolution has reached from preparing weapons, providing food for fighters, nursing the wounded and spreading the jihadi ideology to recruiting new members, to the real participation of women in jihadi operations on the battlefield or carrying out suicide bombing operations. These developments are in conflict with the ideological principles of these groups; Therefore, we are faced with this main question: what is the attitude of jihadist Salafi groups towards the role of women in jihad? The findings of the research show that the attitude of these groups towards the role of women is changing from a traditional role to an active and radical role. This change in some cases depends on different conditions and strategies. The author is trying to analyze the details of the change in the role of women in jihadist Salafi groups and also the contradictions in this field with descriptive-analytical method.

Women, as the most effective member of society, who is the largest share of the domestic administration of the family as a social unit, play the most important role in the education and development of the community, and because of the particular role they play in creation, to the internal capital. This research is a library and documentary documentary on secondary data and is a descriptive research method in the category of development research. Women are an important part of providing capital in the public sector. In most human societies, employment rates and women's participation are low. We need to know that women's participation in the public sector, especially at management and decision -making levels, must provide conditions for women to know their abilities. Achieving the goals of organizations and its follow up to the growth and development of societies in various fields requires a better and more presence of women and men in the field.

Women are always considered to be one of the most important and influential groups in Iranian society, and they have had a significant role and participation in Iran's political and social developments, especially in the constitutional movement, the victory of the Islamic Revolution, and the holy defense. . In this regard, the statements and thoughts of Imam Khomeini (RA) as a first-class Islamic jurist who has a correct understanding of the position of women in Islam, are of great importance in analyzing and better explaining the role and position of women in this field. has Therefore, the following article, by using the descriptive-analytical and documentary method (Imam Khomeini's statements), seeks to answer the question, what are the characteristics of the defense discourse of the Islamic Revolution, emphasizing the participation of women in defense affairs? The results of the research indicate that in the defense discourse of the Islamic Revolution based on the thought of Imam Khomeini (RA), women are one of the most important groups who play a very important role in the victory of the Islamic Revolution and the holy defense as much as men and even more than men. have had The most important roles that exist in the defense discourse of the Islamic Revolution in relation to the role and participation of women in the sacred defense are: the role of relief and treatment, support, the spirit of martyrdom, educational and emotional role, material and financial support, combat role - Operation, and women's sacrifice.

One crucial aspect of political development is social participation, particularly the involvement of women in politics. The objective of this research is to address the following fundamental question: What are the indicators and roles of identity-related actions in women's political engagement? The research is based on the hypothesis that women's participation in elections is significantly linked to the structural and identity frameworks of Iranian women. To investigate this, a mixed-method approach was utilized, and the findings were analyzed using regression analysis and step-by-step processes involving individual, identity, and structural v  ariables. The results reveal that women's political engagement has increased following the Islamic Revolution. Political participation during this period indicates a significant correlation between female identity frameworks and their involvement in politics. Out of the 14 variables examined, the most influential factors on political identity, and subsequently political engagement, were individual identity, gender identity, future orientation, and age.

Women's employment rights and elimination of discrimination against them are among the issues that have been considered in international human rights documents and in the domestic laws of countries. Article 6 (Chapter II) of the Iraqi Constitution deals with the equality of women with men in employment matters and obligates the government to work towards guaranteeing women's right to work. Although the Iraqi legal system has entered into the discussion of women's employment rights at two levels (constitutional law and ordinary law), in practice it has not been very successful in guaranteeing women's employment rights. Therefore, the main question of this research is what are the special employment rights of women in the subject law of the Republic of Iraq? The results of the research show that the laws of Iraq (Constitution and Labor Law of Iraq) have given special importance to the work of women and their rights in front of employers. These rights include legal guarantees, judicial guarantees and positive discrimination, but they are not in line with international standards, and despite the ratification of several international treaties that demand gender equality from Iraq, such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), women still They face various forms of discrimination in the workforce and show significant contradictions between Iraq's legal framework and international human rights standards that exacerbate gender inequalities in employment.

The issue of the social role of women in the imposed war has different dimensions and fields of study that have been neglected publicly over time. The current research focuses on the activism of women nurses in war zones with the aim of expressing the unsaid, paying attention to the importance of their professional performance and producing local knowledge in the field of motherhood studies, focusing on their experience of motherhood.
Data were collected and qualitatively analyzed through library studies and interviews with nurses. Their lived experiences were categorized in to two groups: motherhood at risk and divided motherhood. The agency of women in performing timely treatment and patient clinical care, both as a job duty and as a volunteer, has shown a priority to play a professional role despite the pressures of fulfilling the role of a mother during active motherhood and implies a conscious choice and activism in a dangerous situation. Having social responsibility towards the warriors and wounded civilians, social support of family and colleagues, including the major dependents of mother-nurses experience. The pressure caused by the multiplicity of roles, as well as the burden of the role, has resulted in exorbitant psychological and physical consequences both during the occurrence and in the form of chronic illnesses in the following years.
However, how mothering beyond imagination and guidelines of motherhood ideology as a social structure is influenced by the vision and discursive values of holy defense is the important findings of this research.

This article examines the political participation of women in the countries of Iran and Saudi Arabia (between 2000 and 2020) in the theoretical framework of power circuits and with a comparative approach and with a descriptive-analytical method. The hypothesis of the research is that from the perspective of the meta-theory of the circuits of power, the ruling social forces in the country of Saudi Arabia through the channel of legislative institutions and the determination of rules and regulations, as well as through the mechanism of the current political culture in their society and involved organizations such as parties. In political socialization, they have tried to limit the desire of women to participate more in their societies, but in Iran, with the emphasis of upper-level documents and legal procedures, there is more tolerance towards the expansion of women's participation. The results indicate that women's efforts against the restrictions have led to movements and rules and procedures that have achieved minimum participation for women in these two countries. Of course, women's political participation in Iran has had a different form and has been wider due to more progressive interpretations and ijtihads than in Saudi Arabia.

One of the issues that has become very important in recent months is the role of women and girls in various fields of social life. Today, Iranian women and girls play an important role in various economic, political, social and cultural fields. In the meantime, one of the most important factors underlying such progress in society is the role of women. In the past, Iranian women did not have these facilities due to the existence of many problems and limitations, but today their role has been increasing. Historically, it can be said that one of the first steps in the development of women in Iran was during the Qajar period, during which women made a lot of efforts to reach an important position in the society. And since having literacy and education is one of the necessary conditions to fulfill this role, so they tried to develop it. This article seeks to answer the question of what role do women and girls play in the development of Iran in various economic, political, social and cultural fields? In response to this question, the author has proposed the hypothesis that women play a significant role in the development of Iran in a descriptive-analytical way. Also, the findings of the research show that according to the indicators of health, education, social participation, etc., Iranian women have a decisive presence in various political, social, cultural fields, etc., and in much better conditions. Compared to most developing countries, they are regional and Islamic.