delphi method

This article was conducted to investigate the effect of population aging on social, cultural and economic structure in the future of Tehran. Materials and research methods were qualitative studies based on Delphi method. In this study, eleven experts in the field of aging were identified by snowball method, interviewed and by expressing their experiences, the effective components of the phenomenon of aging on social, cultural and economic structures were identified. The research tool was a questionnaire the data of which was used by Delphi in SPSS and Excel software to classify statistical cases and general consensus and reliability during three periods. The results showed that the aging of Iranian society in the coming decades will cause the inability of the government to meet the various needs of the elderly, reduced labor and loneliness and depression. According to the results of the present study and previous research, many factors of the phenomenon of aging affect the three structures of research (social, cultural, economic): economic problems, lack of active manpower, generation gap, decline and gap in the culture of respect and sanctity of elders in the family, extinction and changing the structure of the family, among others. By recognizing these factors, the optimal use of desirable factors and controlling the factors that have the destructive effects of aging on the structures of society, the realization and achievement of a desirable future of society and especially the elderly will be faster.

Work-family balance has become a critical issue over the past two decades, driven by economic challenges, organizational restructuring, and increasing competition in the business environment. The relationship between work and family life has changed significantly over time, creating new challenges for both men and women in the workforce. Employees today face constant pressures that often lead to conflicts between their professional responsibilities and personal lives. As a result, work-family balance is an essential aspect that human resource management must address in organizations (Hussein Isse Hassan, 2018: 13). Work-life balance programs have existed since the 1930s, providing policies and regulations that enable employees to perform their jobs effectively and efficiently while maintaining flexibility to manage personal matters (Wiradendi, 2020: 1103). Various definitions of work-life balance have been proposed. Granhaus and Allen (2011) define it as "the degree to which an individual's effectiveness and satisfaction in their work and family roles align with their life priorities." From a managerial perspective, work-life balance refers to the ability to fulfill professional and personal responsibilities satisfactorily while minimizing role conflicts. This study aims to address two fundamental research questions: What are the key strategies for improving work-life balance in government organizations in Birjand? How can these strategies be ranked in terms of effectiveness?

This study employs a mixed-method approach (qualitative and quantitative). Based on its nature, it is an applied study, and based on its methodology, it follows a descriptive survey design. The statistical population is divided into two parts: Qualitative Component: The population includes faculty members from the management, psychology, and social sciences departments of Payam Noor University in Birjand, as well as managers of government organizations in Birjand in the year 1403 (Persian calendar). Quantitative Component: The population comprises all employees of government organizations in Birjand in 1403, estimated at approximately 6,000 individuals. For the qualitative phase, 10 faculty members from the mentioned university departments and 10 expert managers from government organizations were selected using snowball sampling. For the quantitative phase, the sample size was determined to be 361 individuals based on the Morgan table. A stratified random sampling method was employed, categorizing government organizations into five sectors: technical and civil, industrial and mining, cultural and educational affairs, political and defense affairs, and social and economic affairs. From each category, participants were selected using a simple random sampling method. A total of 370 questionnaires were distributed, and 360 fully completed responses were collected. Data was gathered using a researcher-designed questionnaire.

After reviewing existing research, consulting professors, managers, and experts, and conducting the Delphi process, 25 key factors were identified to improve work-family balance. These include receiving fair and timely salaries, ensuring job security, fostering organizational trust and loyalty, enhancing employee skills, motivating efficient workers, attracting competent individuals, and reviewing performance-based reward systems. Other critical factors involve promoting an Islamic values-based organizational culture, valuing human capital, reducing job stress, addressing inefficiencies, encouraging social responsibility, avoiding personal biases in decision-making, strengthening workplace relationships, and improving managerial perspectives on work-family balance. Additionally, factors such as prioritizing productivity over mere physical presence, implementing flexible work schedules, defining clear job roles, gaining family support, considering employee personality traits, and acknowledging the influence of job type and work location (native vs. non-native employees) were highlighted. To assess the perceived importance of these factors among government employees in Birjand, the Friedman ranking test was conducted. The findings revealed that job security, work location, organizational culture, and employee expertise ranked as the most significant factors, with average scores of 18.10, 16.15, 15.84, and 14.90, respectively. Conversely, focusing on productivity over physical presence (10.07), implementing stress-reduction programs (10.15), and addressing inefficiencies through process improvements (10.52) received the lowest rankings. These results suggest that employees prioritize stability, workplace culture, and expertise over productivity-focused policies and stress management initiatives.

This study identified stable employment status and job security as key factors in improving work-family balance. These findings align with the study by Hashemi and Darwish (2014), which emphasized the role of job security in preventing burnout and reducing stress caused by job instability. This suggests that ensuring job security can effectively alleviate work and family pressures. Another significant factor identified was the city of work (native vs. non-native employees). The findings suggest that while organizations should prioritize competence in hiring, they should also consider whether an employee is native to the area when making placement decisions. Additionally, welfare facilities for families were found to enhance work-family balance, consistent with the research of Hunter et al. (2017), which highlighted the role of such facilities in reducing job pressures and fostering a better balance between professional and personal life.. However, this study faced certain limitations, including challenges in accessing experts and the constraints of using a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. To improve the reliability of these findings, future research could incorporate additional methods such as interviews and document analysis. Another limitation was the restricted statistical population, which may limit the generalizability of the results. To address this, it is recommended that similar studies be conducted in other organizations and cities. For a more comprehensive understanding of the topic, future research could compare work-life balance among employees in service, manufacturing, and educational sectors. Additionally, further studies could explore the interrelationships between work-family balance and work-family conflict, as well as the broader consequences of work-family balance in government organizations.

According to statistics, the digital economy accounts for 15% of the global GDP, while in Iran, this figure stands at 7.8%. This indicates that there is potential for doubling the current development in Iran. Moreover, one of the crucial ways to enhance economic security and diversify national income is through the internationalization of businesses. Given this and the necessity of developing a framework for government interaction with organizations and regional and international economic arrangements, this project examines the opportunities and threats of globalizing startups in the digital economy sector, providing solutions to mitigate the negative consequences.In this project, the literature review was first conducted, followed by an indepth analysis of internationalization models. Subsequently, globalization models were categorized based on historical trends, and suitable models for digital startups were identified. To identify the opportunities and threats of globalization, the Delphi method and open-ended  uestionnaires were employed to gather expert opinions on globalization. After applying the Delphi method, qualitative content analysis was performed using MAXQDA software, where data was coded through open and axial coding techniques. Ultimately, the opportunities and threats of globalization were structured within a SWOTframework. Furthermore, six primary strategies to reduce the threats of globalization were derived from the research data analysis. Finally, suggestions for future projects were presented.

This research was conducted with the aim of identifying the components of football commercialization in Iran using a mixed exploratory method (thematic analysis and Delphi). The panel members, selected based on the purposeful sampling method, are 42 people. As the findings revealed, eight themes were identified as the final themes, including 1. Prevalence of buying, selling, and pricing the football players; 2. Materialization of most activities in society; 3. Providing financial resources for the activities related to football; 4. Individual motivations of football players; 5. Profit-seeking motives of dealers; 6. Media and virtual space; 7. Dimension of football business and trading, and 8. Consequences of football commercialization. Then, these themes were judged by the experts and specialists in two rounds (Delphi), and the results showed that 12 components for the factor of football commercialization; 14 components for the factor of the motivation of sports clubs and institutions in football commercialization; 12 components for the factor of the motivation of football players in commercialization of football; 11 components for the factor of the motivation of media institutions and companies in the process of football commercialization; 17 components for the factor of football commercialization results, were agreed upon by the experts and specialists. The findings showed that most of the activities related to football are done only for the sake of earning money and for its economic aspect, and football commercialization is affected by economic and financial factors.

Demanding for organizations that act responsibly and move towards social responsibility has intensified with the organizations' increasing impact on the components of sustainable development. In this regard, organizations contribute to their credibility by being aware of the factors involved in corporate social responsibility (CSR) and manifesting it in their decisions. In this article, we investigated variables affecting policies and actions related to corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the context of project-based organizations in the country. For this purpose, first, an initial theoretical framework has been developed by reviewing scholarly journal articles and interviewing experts. Then, the theoretical framework has been validated and finalized by sending questionnaires to several experts and the Delphi method. As a result, we identified 11 factors at three institutional, organizational, and individual levels. Five factors at the institutional level include the country's growth and development rate, government-society relationships, the action of formal governmental institutions, the action of formal non-governmental institutions, and the action of informal institutions; four factors at the organizational level include the organization's governance system, organization profile, Organizational planning, and cultural orientation of the organization; and two factors at the individual level include the characteristics of the governing body and the characteristics of human resources.

In recent years, the social and cultural field of urbanmanagement in Municipality Tehran has always faced the challenge of critics the adaptation of activities, description of the duties due to deviation from its basics. Accordingly, in the present study, the pathology of social activities of Tehran Municipality has been studied. In this study, in accordance with the theoretical framework of the subject, three main categories include conceptual adaptation; legal compliance and organizational compliance were considered for pathological measures. The research method was such that the list of social and cultural activities of the municipal organization in the form of a Delphi questionnaire was given to 10 experts and they were asked to evaluate each activity in three separate scales. According to the results, the most important challenge in the field of social and cultural activities of Tehran Municipality in the first place is the entry of this organization into some fields and activities that are outside its inherent and legal duties. In the second place, there is parallel work and overlap of some of these activities with other organizations, and finally, in the third level, the dominance of the theatrical approach is in some activities of Tehran Municipality. Accordingly, the application of the present study relies on a comprehensive review of activities in terms of the combination of three indicators. This revision shouldperform on the base of final score calculated for each activity and as a result, the activities of each area were classified into three categories: "continuity", "adjustment" and "change".

Women's social security in urban spaces as multidimensional concept requires theoretical and conceptual studies in modeling and indexing stage .This study, by emphasizing importance of issue and need for study and policy-making for women's social security, to provide general model and indexing it. The study is developmental and applied in terms of purpose, and method, is Delphi and documentary. Studies in this field have been reviewed using documentary method and index have been designed and using Delphi method in three rounds and index have been reviewed and tested. Statistical population is professors, researchers in field of social security. Sampling was used to select panel members. In Delphi, in order to validate model and index, two groups of academic elites (experts in the field of social security) with eight people and law enforcement and security specialists (managers and social deputies of police organization and social deputy of justice) with four people have been used. After three rounds of model and index review by panel members, a multidimensional model has been obtained along with indexation of women's social security in urban spaces. This model is a multidimensional model in social, cultural, environmental and economic dimensions in which causal factors and mechanisms of social security in public spaces are specified. Result of presenting a general model and credit indexing has been found so that researchers and policymakers in this field can use it to study and promote women's social security in urban spaces.

Lifestyle over the last century has become increasingly popular with scholars and it has been paid attention more and more by scientists and scholars. Lifestyle means how a person individually behave in his/her life. Among the reasons why lifestyle is important is the enormous impact of modernity culture on individuals' lives. Led them to pay attention to these issues. By identifying the managerial-strategic dimensions of lifestyle and quantifying their impact on lifestyle based on cultural elite viewpoints with the combined Delphi and Shannon entropy method, this article acts as a guide for cultural managers and managers will be able to, Increase the effectiveness of their activities. Finally, the "employment and business" dimension is most important in the Islamic lifestyle, followed by the categories of "communication and interaction", "discipline", "architecture and urbanism", "health and health", There are "cover and make-up", "education", "nutrition", "pattern of consumption", "leisure" and "traditions and rituals, rituals and rituals".

This study is aims at identifying and prioritizing the social problems and harms in Ilam the province. The approach adopted is qualitative and in term of purpose it is categorized as an exploratory research which has been conducted by means of Delphi method. The statistical sample consisted of 40 specialists and experts of the province who were selected through purposive sampling and the data were collected and analyzed in three successive stages. Findings indicate that, from experts’ standpoint, some problems such as poverty, inflation and livelihood troubles, unemployment of educated people, partisanship, low level of institutional trust, negative individualism, feelings of discrimination and injustice, drug addiction, social indifference, rising the age of marriage and celibacy, low level of social tolerance, suicide, street anger, divorce and collective conflict are of high priority. The results indicate the high importance and priority of the economic issues as the first and before the social ones and most of the issues in the province are related to the social and cultural macrostructure of society.

The issue of present study is to present a model for the role of social networks in informational cycle of news agencies, with emphasis on Irna and France-Presse news agencies. This research was conducted using Delphi's deep interviewing method. The research population was journalists that among them, 18 person were selected as sample, using snowball sampling method. In order to analyze the obtained information, coding method  was used . The finding showed that social networks are the tool to serve news agencies. In fact, with relevance to content or news topic, the news agencies take advantage of the various news packages on social networks, which are far from official news packages. Also, based on the results, news agencies and social networks have media overlap. According to the results, it can be said that news agencies should pay attention to news values and news writing, so as not neglect developments in the field of journalism.

This study is conducted with the aim of sociological analysis of cultural problems in Ilam province in order to identify and rank cultural problems in the light of it.

The approach of this research is a qualitative study and based on this, the use of problem-constructing method was put on the agenda and through the presence of various actors with various specialized views or so-called problem-constructing from the perspective of experts and a number of officials. The executive bodies in charge of cultural affairs have been identified. In terms of implementation method, in the present study, the Delphi method has been used and the responses of participants in Delphi have been collected and analyzed in four rounds (stages), to evaluate the quality of the research, respondentʼs credit technique for validitiability was used and transferability and expert consensus were used for reliability.

The most important findings of the research are low level of study, lack of attention to meritocracy, luxury, dramatic consumption, decrease in social vitality, weak work culture, low managerial literacy of managers, despair, high ethnic and linguistic prejudices and low- Attention to the elites of the province can be mentioned as cultural problems.

Most of the cultural problems of the province are in line with the current situation of the society at the macro level and a few numbers of them are of local origin

The present study was conducted by combining previous research with the aim of providing a comprehensive picture of the components of the role of spouses in the entrepreneurship ecosystem of women. The research methodology is qualitative with a meta- synthesis approach. Accordingly, after searching the databases, in the period of 1385 to 1399 for domestic researches and 2000 to 2020 for foreign researches, 124 related studies were evaluated and finally, after multiple screenings, 62 articles were selected. Using seven-step model of Sandelowski and Barroso, the findings of 62 previous studies related to the objectives of the study were reviewed, aggregated, combined and interpreted, and with the help of coding method, 22 codes, 4 concepts and 2 components were identified and validated through Kappa Cohen coefficient. Then, according to the Iranian society, the appropriateness and the importance and priority of the identified concepts were determined and evaluated using the Delphi method. As a consequence, according to the findings of the research, the concepts of spouses' role on women's entrepreneurship ecosystem based on Delphi method and the degree of importance are obstacle, supportive, intervening and encouraging, respectively. In addition, the role model of spouses in entrepreneurship ecosystem of women was presented and drawn. Finally, in line with the research results, practical suggestions that can provide valuable insights to managers and policymakers seeking to improve women's entrepreneurship and increase entrepreneurial behavior in society are presented. furthermore, practical suggestions for the actors who play in the entrepreneurship ecosystem of women at the operational level are presented.

 Along with the development of the societies and its scientific and cultural progress, some of the non-material manifestations, including the rights of individuals, to their claims and various aspects of the exploitation of non-property were also recognized as a kind of property. These include intellectual property rights. It has also been challenged by the emergence and expansion of cyberspace, longstanding balance and coexistence of copyrights and public interests. At the moment, because of not joining the Bern Convention, the country's relationship with the international level is disconnected. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the author's rights to establish cultural, economic and ... relations in the international arena. Delphi method was used in this study. The statistical population of this study includes experts, authors, educators and activists in the field of law, communications, and information technology, which also has the ability and expertise in the field of intellectual property. The sample was selected using snowball sampling. Based on the results of this research, the factors affecting intellectual property rights in the field of books and publications in cyberspace were identified in several fields. In fact, four areas of effective intellectual property rights have been identified: media, legal, philosophical and technical. In the end, the proper policy-making of intellectual property rights issues is felt in these four areas.

The aim of this study was to achieve a theoretical consensus of the view of Iranian social scientists on socio-economic development. According to the research objectives, the qualitative approach and Delphi research method have been used. The participants of this research included all those who were in the field of development and had a book, article or research effect. Using a targeted sampling method, 15 of these people were selected as contributors. Kendall coordination coefficient was used to determin the degree of consensus among Delphi panel members and 70 percent was set as level of consensus. The results indicated that if we consider the government as a combination of the three parts of the government , judiciary and the people if they use a good governance strategy they will interact with each other and government with meritocracy , reducting the share of oil in the country’s budget , reform of administrative and tax system and establish key financial institutions such as an independent central bank and strong budget management on the other hand and judiciary by establishing the role of law, controlling corruption and improving transparency indicators in the country on the other hand , creates the environment and security for the market to create production, employment and economic prosperity. Meanwhile the participation of the people in the government has led to the realization of civil society, including a free press, parties and independent media, which act as a bridge between government and society and provide the basis for further monitoring of the performance of government and officials and their accountability. The combination and interaction of these parts together pave the way for achieving the goals of this strategy that’s mean: providing basic services, realization of social justice, strengthen democratic structures, extending the social security umbrella , improving the quality of the environment , increase productivity and, … to provide. In such a context, it will be easier to achieve socio-economic development.

The aim of study was to design a suitable Iranian development model in order to achieve the Iranian-Islamic model of progress by using Delphi research method and completely indigenous theories of Iranian theorists. The informants of research include all those who were experts in the field of development and had books, articles or research works in this field, which were selected 15 person as participants by using the purposeful and information-driven sampling method. The results showed that factors like; the lack of knowledge of the rule of law, the lack of the rule of law, the existence of the rentier state in country have caused real development in Iran. Specifying the specific conditions and characteristics of the country: identifying the main agent of development in the country, de-ideologizing country's planning and policy-making, creating an independent and efficient judiciary system, broad public participation in state and the establishment of a developmental state with a good governance strategy that use the most important research initiatives to achieve Iran development model. The results of the research also showed that the Iranian development model has no particular legal dilemma and country development is possible with the current laws and lawsystem.

Unauthorized border crossings can affect national security, economics, culture and social status, and the vastness of the country's south-east boundaries, along with the geographical, climatic, infrastructure and cultural status of those areas, make it even more challenging. The purpose of this study is to determine the type of applied purpose, the extent, the depth, and the time, a cross-sectional study. Research Method In this study, Delphi Classic uses interviewing techniques and prioritizing barriers through a checklist derived from interviews and sources. The statistical population of the study includes commanders of company and border checkpoints in south east of the country. Purposeful sampling and sample size in this study were 16 people who were interviewed and questionnaires in four stages. Findings showed that of the 50 barriers identified, the most barriers to dealing with unauthorized border traffic were social and environmental factors, cultural factors, and structural and physical factors. Socio-environmental factors include high levels of border vacancy, unemployment and lack of employment and high volume of incoming nationals; Trafficking in human beings is among the border guards; structural and physical factors include: lack of detention, facilitation of returnees, lack of detention, and lack of legal and judicial protection of border guards. In prioritizing these factors, respectively, socio-environmental factors, structural and physical factors, and cultural factors are involved in counteracting unauthorized border traffic.

Traditionally, Television have had an important role in the world’s elections. This has always been the case until social media emerged. Today all kinds of social media have a great influence on elections. In Iran using social media in recent years has been widespread. So studying these media and knowing about its impacts on political behavior of people. This research has been conducted to study about social media in elections in Iran. Because of some features that they have like pluralism, possibility to hear and look at numerous and diverse views, Lower formalism than official media and so on, experts believed gradually they will be replaced with traditional media. They believe some problems like distortion of source credit or dedicating to distribution role would be solved With the advent of groups and individuals who play the role of intellectual authority. Also these media can play the role of Habermas public sphere.

Today's experience has shown that everywhere in which tourism is expanded accidentally, without planning and strategy, it creates many environmental and social problems, and in the long period of time its problems will be more than its benefits. Since scientific futurism is a base for the future studies of contemporary world, in this research the development of tourism industry based on providence in Zayandeh Rood Tourism Village was considered. The village was built in Chadegan. This research is applied in terms of its purpose and is descriptive-survey research method. The model presented in this research is pls, which was studied with smart pls software for managing tourism development factors in Zayandeh Rood Village. The descriptive statistics of the research were studied using Delphi technique and structural equation modeling with partial least squares approach was used for data analysis. The results show that the validity coefficient of all variables is between 0 to 60, In order to verify the reliability of variables, the Cronbach's alpha values of each variable were of an acceptable level. Similarly, divergent narrative analysis for each factor shows that the compound composite reliability is higher than 0.70, as a result according data reliability is in a good level, In the meantime, the facilities and infrastructure factors have the highest and lowest integrity values. . Finally, the test of assumptions indicated that among the hypotheses of the research Hypothesis 5 on the effect of social tourism capacity on tourism infrastructure of Chadegan region in general is not significant due to the values of P-VALUE and T-VALUE. In this study, this hypothesis was rejected with respect to this subject and other assumptions were confirmed.