structural modeling

Health tourism as an economic development strategy in countries where medical tourists spend more than others to improve their health has increased the income and gross national product. In this regard, Kashan city, with its numerous medical centers with international licenses, has a high potential in developing medical tourism at the national and regional levels. Therefore, the present study has structural analyzed the feedback of health tourists regarding the behavior of medical centers in order to evaluate the obstacles of medical tourism in the hospitals of Kashan city.

This research is an appelied study in terms of practical purpose and is a survey and analytical study in terms of method and type. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire with 5 indicators and 61 variables, which was completed by 308 medical tourists in Kashan medical centers after confirming validity and reliability with Cronbach's alpha 0.807. Data analysis was done through t-test, Tukey's and structural equation modeling.

Results showed that the usage of famous doctors with a t-statistic of 106.59 is the best factor in the reason for choosing a medical center. The variable of disease diagnosis and therapy methods with a t-statistic of 84.50 is the best factor in the satisfaction from services, and the variable of patient companions' access to comfort facilities with a t-statistic of 119.26 is the best factor in the satisfaction from facilities. The variable of reaching the health center through land routes with a t-statistic of 36.38 is the best factor in the access to hospital. Also, the indicators of the reasons for choosing center, satisfaction from services and awareness methods have the highest effect with factor loadings of 0.99, 0.94 and 0.7, respectively. In return, indicators of satisfaction from facilities and access methods have the lowest effect with factor loadings of 0.24 and 0.34 respectively.

As a result, it indicates that the presence of experienced doctors with a brilliant treatment record plays a positive role in attracting medical tourists. Also, it can be stated that the comfort facilities of medical centers can play a role in their acceptability from the view point of health tourists as much as medical services. Therefore, for the development of medical tourism in Kashan city, strengthening the facilities of health tourism and transportation infrastructures in the region is the first priority of planning to remove obstacles.

This research has been carried out with the aim of providing a framework of e-commerce businesses in tourism service companies in the northern region of Iran. For this purpose, after reviewing the previous studies in the field of e-commerce readiness in business with regard to the economic environment and choosing the appropriate model, the model indicators were placed in the hands of the experts in the form of a questionnaire and with the help of the fuzzy screening method, 40 indicators for Continuation of the final work. In order to confirm the fit of the main research model, the structural equation method and smart PLS 3 software were used, and due to the non-establishment of the criteria of the measurement section for the research model, it was modified by removing 5 indicators from the total of 40 indicators in the main model, which finally resulted in 31 indicators in The final model was approved. According to the final model with 5 main factors in order of priority including: the requirements of the business economic environment, business performance indicators, business related technology index, indicators within the business and business model indicators of e-commerce innovation was formed

Because of globalization and cultural globalization, local and national identities getting deformed. Have been lost their originality and social interaction, places transform to the planeness Relph stated that this placeness have qualities like biformal, sense of none formality, deforestation of places.Since tourist are tend to visit urban spaces that are unique and have different qualities, so, the repetitions of other communities urbanism patterns in urban areas would have negative effects on attraction of urban spaces. So, there seem to have need to put local pattern and values in cornerstone of urban policy. Thus, urban spaces are required to be context friendly to be more competitive and attractive.Besides, since there is a critical demand for shopping malls and restoring classic Bazzars, cultural transformation of time passing, dominance of classicity and new needs of communities including tourists, it is logical to offer contextualism pattern in such spaces. Unless there would be such a new pattern, it can be deteriorated function and branding of the spaces. Getting the pattern, it is required to empirically test its impacts on brand equity of Lalehpark shopping center. As if it would have positive on brand equity it would be recommended to apply this pattern for designing such shopping spaces.

Aiming to sort out particular problem of the society, the research is considered as applied one. The method is considered as mixed method which firstly thematic method (as a qualitative method) were included in the research. For doing thematic analysis for getting contextualism pattern for modern shopping centers, interviews were done and in 9th interview theoretical saturation were recognized in the research process. In this phase, thematic analysis started to work and after initial coding, it is required to mix the codes. The mixed codes forms main and sub themes. By making sub theme, the codes have hemoginity categorize in same main theme, and then by using the components extracted of it for contextualism its impact on brand equity were examined by  structural equation modeling . the appropriate software were determined for executing such a modeling was Smart-Pls. doing explanatory factor analysis, data were inserted to Smart-PlS to have firstly some tests on validity, reliability, T-valueand based on them three items were removed to have valid results.

The results shows that there is a positive impact of contextualism on brand equity by .767 route coeffienct, as well there is such a positive impact between contextualism contextualism i.e. symbolic contextulaism, convergence contextualism and geographic contextualism and brand equity variable. The results imply that in order to have a great brand equity in such shopping centers it is better to practical execute of the pattern in such shopping centers. As well, the results indicate that to have attractiveness in such shopping centers it should include some historical and cultural values in designing.Although the research made some different pattern for shopping centers that have not ever offered but there is a similarity with background researches such as Merriles and etal and Eladly.In spite of having some good features such as its attractiveness, publicity, offering well-known brands, there would be some recommendation for its improvement:1-making bus line and sub way system terminated to Lalehpark.2- Have more cultural events in the shopping center.3- Completing shopping center projects surrounded to Lalehpark and harmonize them with Lalehpark as distinctive building based in the area.4-offering spaces for youth such as sitting areas or reading areas.5- Prioritizing low income individuals demands and offering affordable products.6- Making separation of food court and path to have more calm and safe place for serving food.

Appropriate quality environment creates a sense of well-being and satisfaction for its residents through physical or social and symbolic characteristics. In fact, satisfaction with residential quality means assessing the environment in relation to the needs and desires of citizens of the residential unit, neighborhood and residential area Is. The sample size was estimated using Cochran's formula 382 and the reliability of the research tool was calculated using Cronbach's alpha with a value of 0.920, which indicates the desirability of the research tool. T-test was used for descriptive and inferential analysis of data and structural equation modeling in SPSS and AMOS software was used to explain and model the effects. The results of one-sample t-test showed that the status of all indicators of urban environmental quality in the study area is not in an acceptable situation and all indicators are below average with an average of 34.2. Structural equation modeling was also used to identify and evaluate the components of urban living environment quality. The results of the second-order factor model showed that giving importance to residential satisfaction indicators in the study area increased the health index by 0.85, service index by 0.83, residential index by 0.82, transportation index and Urban management is 0.79 and the reduction of environmental problems is 0.14. Finally, it was found that there is a direct and significant relationship between the quality of urban living environment and residential satisfaction of residents of neighborhoods.

A healthy city is a city that continuously improves its physical, social, and cultural environments, develops its resources, and ensures public health. In recent years, the increasing trends of environmental pollution, unemployment, poverty, poor housing, and social and psychological harms as well as industrialization and the spread of epidemic diseases have decreased the quality of the urban living environment. Noorabad City, like many other cities, is facing many problems such as worn-out structures, inadequate housing, lack of social and health services, and noise pollution. These problems will cause serious damage to the health of the environment and citizens. The present study employs a descriptive-analytical method for final evaluation and data analysis. This study uses t-test and structural equation modeling to explain and model the effects. The results of the t-test of the sample showed that the status of healthy city indicators in the study area with an average of 2.51 is not in an acceptable situation and is estimated to be poor. Analysis of the findings of structural equation modeling indicates that the amount of factor load of the root mean square error (RMSE) is equal to 0.079, which indicates the desirability of the research model. Also, the analysis of the second-order factor model showed that the health dimension has the highest factor load with a weight of 0.94 and the lowest factor load belongs to the physical dimension with a factor weight of 0.64. In order to promote the indicators of a healthy city and balanced distribution of services and facilities, spatial policies and planning should be based on creating a platform for attracting more private sector investment and directing them to disadvantaged areas where the role of urban management and related organizations is very important.

The form of cities in Iran, especially in metropolitan areas, is sprawl. But traditional urban planning in Iran has always been shaped by the compact spatial structure associated with its context (geography, culture). Compactness in urban form and structure is a concept that is used to organize cities from a state of confusion and dispersion and broadly in sustainable urban planning and development, the compact city is seen as a profound interpretation of what a sustainable city should be. In studies related to compact cities, one of the topics that has been considered is the discussion of the acceptability and feasibility of compact cities. Social acceptability is an important factor in feasibility. Due to the importance of studying the acceptability and feasibility of urban forms, especially the compact form from the perspective of the public and residents and due to the lack of investigation of the impact of the compact city on the realization of sustainable urban development This research investigates the social acceptability of compact city in Ahvaz.

The present research is applied in terms of purpose which is in the category of descriptive survey research. In terms of philosophy, this research is a deductive research that is based on the paradigm of positivism and quantitative approach and is considered as a cross-sectional research in terms of time index. The data collection tool in the present study is a questionnaire. Thus, to measure the theory of the compact city, four indicators including density, diversity, intensification and transportation and the theory of sustainable urban development, three environmental, economic and social dimensions have been used. The Likert scale was used to answer the questions and the numbers 1 to 5 were used to score the answers. The questionnaire was completed by two groups of citizens, experts and managers. The statistical population is the first group of citizens of Ahvaz who were selected as a sample using Cochran's formula 384 people. And the second statistical population is experts and managers of Ahvaz city, which was purposefully selected 30. The structural equations method in Amos was used to analyze the citizen-related questionnaire and the structural equations in Smart-pls software were used to analyze the questionnaire of experts and managers.

Compact city assessment in previous studies has been done retrospectively with methods such as survey method, objective data and interview. In this research, a survey method has been used to investigate the feasibility and social acceptance capacity of the compact city and its impact on sustainable urban development in the city of Ahvaz. The variables and indexes that have been selected for the economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainable urban development are most evident in the city of Ahvaz, and these indicators are the consequences of sprawl growth and unsustainable development of the city in recent decades. Since the compact city has been proposed as a suitable solution in sprawl studies and urban sustainability, the indicators of the compact city have been selected as an independent variable. From the citizens' point of view, the highest coefficient of the route is related to the effect of transportation on the environmental variable, after that, the effect of the diversity variable on the economic variable has the highest coefficient. The impact coefficients of all hypotheses are higher than 0.60. The results of the experts' research indicate that the effect of density variable on three environmental, economic and social indicators is 0.870, 0.890 and 0.900, respectively. The coefficient of diversity path on environmental, economic and social indicators has been calculated as 0.830, 0.865 and 0.864, respectively. The intensification variable with path coefficients of 0.810, 0.853 and 0.872 has a significant effect on environmental, economic and social indicators, respectively. The coefficients of the variable of transportation on environmental, economic and social indicators are 0.790, 0.837 and 0.880.

The results indicate that the indicators of the compact city including density, diversity, intensification and public transport have a positive and significant effect on the indicators of sustainable urban development including environmental, economic and social in Ahvaz city. Therefore, citizens and managers consider the use of the compact city as the basis for the realization of sustainable urban development in Ahvaz.In addition to the fact that all indicators of the compact city must be implemented at the same time, it is necessary to pay attention to the issue of spatial planning and migration control in Khuzestan province and Ahvaz city in order to reduce problems and .obstacles in its implementation

The implementation of the smart city requires a change in the governmental (institutional) and managerial structure. The government must engage with the private sector and civil society to enforce its rulings. The government must regulate the rules in such a way that these interactions take place. Therefore, creating good urban governance is considered as the most important factor in creating smart cities. The purpose of the smart city is to improve the quality of life of citizens and improve productivity and quality of services provided. (Luis M. Correia & et.al, 2011: 7). The development of effective e-government is a prerequisite for the development of smart cities and a way to establish good urban governance (Taewoo Nam & Theresa A. Pardo, 2011: 22). There is a lack of proper planning to create a smart city and efforts to increase smart quality services in Tabriz Municipality. There is no adequate infrastructure and planning in investing in the development of ICT. The budget is not commensurate with the capital needed to develop information and communication technology. The municipal subdivisions are carrying out sporadic projects with a short-term vision and hope that by continuing this method and entrusting the projects to private sector contractors, the city will be made smarter.

In this study, 376 questionnaires have been completed to examine the effective variables of Tabriz Municipality. Municipal experts have been selected by random cluster sampling.The questionnaire consists of two parts; the first part of the smart city items consists of 3 concepts and 28 questions. The second part of the items of good urban governance consists of 8 concepts and 40 items. In selecting the thematic concepts of smart city and good urban governance, the theories of experts, the goals of previous research and unique analyzes of third world cities have been considered. After extracting the components and identifying the items, the collected data were entered in SPSS software. Then the data analyzed in the LISREL software. The independent variable is smart city and the dependent variable is good urban governance.

In structural modeling in LISREL software, According to the Kaiser Criterion, Eigenvalues is a good criteria for determining a factor.  If Eigenvalues is closer to one, we should consider that a factor and if Eigenvalues is less than 0.3, then we should not consider that a factor.  According to the variance extraction rule, it should be between 0.3 to 0.6.  If variance is more than 0.6, then we should consider that a factor.According to the results, among the internal latent variables (dependent variable), the component of accountability with direct effect is 0.78, transparency with direct effect is 0.76, effectiveness is 0.69, participation with direct effect is 0.63, responsibility with direct effect is 0.60, justice With a direct effect of 0.56, consensus with a direct effect of 0.52, regularity with a direct effect of 0.50, respectively, have the most effects on the hidden external variable (independent variable) of the smart city. The response variable of the components of urban governance with a direct effect of 0.78  has been selected as the most effective variable in the smart city.The results of the respondents' analysis show that city officials have little accountability to citizens and projects are not based on responsiveness. The concepts of transparency and effectiveness are important after the concept of accountability and according to experts in the urban management of Tabriz have not received much attention.The results of the analysis show that good governance in urban management guarantees effectiveness, citizen participation, justice, consensus and ultimately the legitimacy of the urban complex. The mentioned factors have an effect on the good governance of Tabriz city, which according to the respondents does not have a suitable structure for their implementation in Tabriz Municipality. In the results, there is a correlation between the external latent variable (smart city) and its observed variables, the internal latent variables and its observed variables, as well as the correlation between the external independent variable (independent variable) and the internal independent variable components (dependent variable). Findings indicate significant numbers related to internal and external latent components and variables. There is also a significant correlation between the observed variables and the hidden variables. The significance of the numbers (t-value) is greater than 1.96.

The success of a smart city does not depend on capital and technology, but depend on community leadership and intra-group cooperation with good urban governance. The results of this study show that the condition for creating a smart city is good urban governance. ICT development is not possible unless urban management is committed to accountability, responsibility, efficiency, transparency, consensus, legitimacy, justice and participation.
It will be difficult to develop ICT and innovation in the city if the municipality continues to live without paying attention to the needs of the citizens through the sale of building density and the rent economy. This is more implied in the field of technology. Technology usually requires a lot of investment in infrastructure, which unfortunately is not tangible. Considering the direct impact of the components studied in this research, in order to escape the duality in understanding and implementation of the smart city, governance should become good governance. Therefore, introducing laws, transparency and accountability to citizens with a fair approach and obtaining collective opinion of people in participatory projects, will be effective in urban management. The lack of a systematic structure in urban management reduces the number of expert and specialized work in smartening the city and most projects fail. The precondition for accountability in urban management is the specialization of officials and the creation of specialized working groups. Working groups whose approvals are effective and reach the implementation stage.Cities in developing countries such as Tabriz can not create transparent, accountable, coherent and effective management by empty imitating modern technologies or technology imports. In Tabriz urban management, modernization (modernization) is pursued with a misunderstanding.  Modernization (modernism) and restructuring of management is not accompanied by it. This dual approach makes the components of smart city and good urban governance that were studied in this study, not successful in implementation.

The breakdown of the urban system and the particular problems of modern urban life have highlighted the need for comprehensive attention to strategies and beneficial solutions to optimize the lives of urban dwellers. In the meantime, having a stable and ideal city is perhaps the most important human need today. Urban Development Strategy A new approach has been adopted by the World Bank and the Coalition of Cities in order to sustainably develop the city, reduce poverty, and improve human societies. This view is based on the four indicators of good governance, banking, competitiveness and viability. The present article tries to evaluate the above indicators in Kashan city and to measure the adaptability of this city with CDS principles. The present study is descriptive-analytical and has an applied nature. The sample size was estimated to be 160 questionnaires using Sample Power software. Classification and evaluation of indicators has been done using a range of five Likert options and the time domain of data preparation can be considered as related to the year 1398. The required maps have also been prepared using ArcGIS software. To analyze the descriptive and inferential analysis of data, T-Test statistical test was used in SPSS software and to explain and model the effects, structural equation modeling was used in AMOS software. The results of the single-sample T test showed that the average indicators of good governance, competitiveness, banking, and viability were 2.26, 2.58, 2.91, 2.65, respectively, and were far from the standard value and weak. Are estimated. Analysis of the findings from structural equation modeling indicates that the regression weight of the RMSEA index is equal to (059 /), which indicates a good fit of the model. Also, the analysis of the results of the modeling showed that among the measured dimensions, the viability dimension has the highest factor load with regression weight (0.98) and error value (0.000) P Value =.

Rural areas have experienced various evolutions in terms of structure and function, causing some vagueness regarding rural conceptions and identities. Agriculture, as the most fundamental rural activity, has had severe evolutions. This paper aims to structurally analyze the spatio-temporal evolutions of agricultural rurality in Isfahan province by conducting a comparative study considering villages consisting of more than four households during two agricultural censuses in 2003 and 2014. The same variables were extracted and two series of cross-sectional and one series of longitudinal indicators of agricultural rurality and its evolutions were calculated. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal evolutions were modeled using structural equation modeling and bootstrapping procedure. Rate of employment in agriculture, stakeholders’ per capita land, irrigated lands and irrigated cultivation were the indicators affecting agricultural rurality in both years. Results generally showed that water as input and its sub-indicators have a more determinant role in agricultural functionality than land; also, this functionality has mainly been based on farming rather than gardening. Regional analysis on the mean structures of agricultural rurality indicated the negative impact of the changes in employment rate in agriculture and farming stakeholders and contrarily the positive impact of the changes in farmers’ literacy rate and gardening stakeholders on the evolution of agricultural rurality among three groups of mountainous, plain and desert rural regions. This impact has been more influential in terms of employment and literacy rates. The changes of irrigated lands have only affected the evolution of agricultural rurality in desert rural regions.

Kurdistan province in west of Iran, has a major border with Iraq, it can be considered as a strong potential for development of commercial activities, especially in border cities. in this regard, development and its crucial facilities in the border cities of Kurdistan can play an important a vital role in establishing relations with neighboring countries and can also accelerate the pace of national convergence. The aim of this study, is to investigate and analyze the development capabilities of cities in Kurdistan province with emphasis on national convergence. It the term of aims applied method and in the tern of gathering and interpreting the descriptive-analytical method is used. In the process of preparing and producing data, first the effective factors on the development of Kurdistan province with emphasis on national convergence indicators are identified, using Delphi method and 45 experts’ ideas. In order to test the hypothesis, structural modeling and path analysis are utilized. The results showed that there is an effective relationship between the occurrence of development and its effect on national convergence with 0.48 coefficient path, which means that the components and criteria of development explain 0.48% of the success of the development strategy. On the other hand, there is a strong casual relationship between human development indicators (with 0.91 coefficient of path) and the occurrence of development, which means human development indicators determine development, but there is is no causal relationship between occurrence of political development factors (with a path coefficient) and success of the development in the cities of Kurdistan province. and it means that the factors of political development, due to the effect that it has on the occurrence of the development of the cities of Kurdistan province, can be a determining factor in the success of the development of the cities of Kurdistan province. In general, it can be said that the development of the cities affects the criteria of national convergence.

Extended Abstract
Today, we live in a city century, a period in human history, where the growth of urbanization has become a major issue. The growing trend of urban population can have a negative impact on cities. If the current growth process continues, there will be serious tensions among many economic, social, and environmental forces that will significantly affect the quality of life of residents. With the start of the local program crisis, a new set of global indicators has appeared in 2005, which has been proposed as a method to assess the livability of city. Livability is one of the most important and effective factors on the citizens’ quality of life which became a popular issue in the 1980s and early 1990s. Human beings are always looking to improve their quality of life and make it livable. In the last few decades, the occurrence of various crises in social, economic, environmental, and physical dimensions that result from inappropriate planning of cities, has led to a decline in quality of life and a reduction in livability levels, especially in small towns. These cities are faced with problems such as lack of education, employment, healing, recreation, etc. and also social, economic, environmental challenges that have lowered the quality of life and livability factors. In this regard, one of the problems of Dorud city, is the challenge of improving urban livelihood and increasing quality of life. The city faces dangers such as the negative effects of factories on the city center, lack of facilities and infrastructure, the lack of proper planning of the city, will turn into an uncomfortable city. By examining the factors affecting the livelihood, managers are given the opportunity to improve the quality of life in Dorud city by strengthening the indicators of livability. In this research, the main factors and indicators are measured in improving the livability and quality of life and the effect of livability on quality of life. Improving the quality of life in urban communities is the ultimate goal of urban programs, but at the present, poor living conditions have caused the majority of compatriots to lack the desired quality of life.
 
This study is an applied research in terms of purpose, and in the research literature, the library method and field studies have been used to collect data and information. Field studies of this research were conducted through a researcher-made questionnaire. In order to process data and information for analysis in the study area, structural equation modeling and statistical analysis methods including SPSS and AMOS software programs have been exerted and also to obtain required maps ARC GIS software has been used. In order to determine the sample size
 
according to the statistical population of 121638, in Dorud, based on the last census of 1395, the Cochran formula was used. According to the formula, 30 questionnaires were distributed among residents of neighborhoods, and based on the obtained variance from the primary sampling unit of the research, the sample size was 320. The validity of the research tool, which includes a questionnaire, has been reviewed by university professors and confirmed after removing deficiencies. In this research, the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha method. The calculated alpha value for the viability index was 0.862 and for the quality of life index was 0.774, which indicates the desirability of the questionnaire.
 
This section showed the analysis findings and response to research hypotheses. For scientific inference, structural equation modeling and t-test were used. The first hypothesis, the inadequacy of the quality of life index in Dorud city, has been evaluated using a one-sample t-test. The test results with a confidence level of 0.95 indicate that quality of life indices (economic, social) are significant and the environmental index is not significant in general, but all the averages of the indicators and their items are less than the desired value. Therefore, it can be said that the situation of the quality of life index in the city of Dorud, is not appropriate. The second hypothesis, which evaluates the inappropriate situation of the livability index, is measured by one-sample t-test, which the analysis of the results, is such that the livability situation is also undesirable in the study area. The findings from the conceptual model of the research also show that livability as an independent variable affects quality of life as a dependent variable. The final result indicates that the educational factor, with a regression coefficient of 0.72, had the greatest effect on the livability and environmental element with a factor weight of 0.82 had a greatest effect on the quality of life in the city. Finally, livability with a regression coefficient of 0.98 has a major effect on the quality of life in Dorud.
 
Due to the growing growth of the number of people living in cities, habitation in cities is increasingly challenging, so that if the current population trend continues, cities will face tensions that will significantly affect the quality of life and livability in cities. Today, important factors are effective on lowering the level of quality of life, which livability as an important factor is one of the most effective of these factors. The results show that the educational index, including school quality and teachers, and the possibility of walking to school and etc. among other criteria, has had a significant impact on livability in the city. Although the creation of desirable educational conditions such as quality and suitable educational level for all sections and etc. are the most important habitat patterns in the study area that should be considered by managers, experts and decision-makers to improve the residents’ quality of life in the field of urban development, livability patterns may be completely different from one region to another.  Among the specific indicators of quality of life, the environmental index shows as the most effective factor on increasing quality of life. This declares that more successful settlements will focus on environmental issues, including air quality, which is also a significant factor in the studied city.

Urban viability which ultimately leads to sustainable urban development, in recent years it has devoted a great deal of urban studies. This category offers solutions to urban crisis that lead cities to sustainability. Based on this study in terms of purpose is applied and in terms of nature and method, its descriptive analytical research. The method of collecting data and information in this research is in both documentary and survey method. In firs step the obtained data assessment by SPSS software and then by using of T -Test examination status of each of the components for the Ardabil city was evaluated and assessment by using of Amos structural equation model.  The obtained results show a significant relationship between under review components (social dimensions of Urban viability) in the city of Ardabil and modeling tests and structural equation fitness in Amos environment showed that all research computational tests shows similarity with structural equation fitness tests standard (RMR with 0.96, GFI with 0.97, AGFI with 0.648 and NFI with 0.737) and this confirms the significance of the components and the fit of the model.

Intrduction:

 Recent geopolitical revolution in the Middle East called Arab spring; especially the start of Syrian geopolitical crisis in 2011 has led to another conflict and crisis in Levant security subsystem in the Middle East. In addition to being an internal crisis as a result of the special situation of this country and its conflicts between the governance and its opponents as the internal role players, the crisis in Syria has become a geopolitical crisis and a context of geopolitical relations between the regional and trans-regional powers. The purpose of the present study is to identify the reasons for forming a competitive-intervening relations model of the geopolitical relations between Iran as a supporter of Assad's governance and Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Israel as supporters of the opposition group. For this reason, we intend to find the most important geographical and geopolitical categories in forming the competitive-intervening relations model of regional powers in this crisis based on the significance and relations of these categories with each other. To this end, we proceed with the following hypothesis the formation basis of which will be elaborated in the methodology section. It seems that the competitive-intervening relations of Iran with Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Israel as the regional powers present in the geopolitical crisis of Syria has been formed under the influence of geographical factors, ideological factors, geopolitical codes, geostrategic factors, geo-economic factors, regional geopolitical system conditions, and world geopolitical system conditions.

Metodology: 

The present study is a mixed methods approach with an exploratory purpose using a model formation and taxonomy approach. The Grounded theory was used for the qualitative part of the study. As to the quantitative part, the study used Structural Equation Modeling in addition to Smart PLS software in order to strengthen the findings.

Geographical factors,As identified in the examined model of the study, geographical factors with a path coefficient of 0.830 has the most impact on the competitive-intervening model between Iran, Saudi Arabia, and Israel in the geopolitical crisis in Syria and these factors are ethnical, borderline and regional, emigrational, hydro political, and environmental categories. Geostrategic factors, Geostrategic factors with a path coefficient of 0.819 in the examined model of the study are the second influential factors in the competitive-intervening geopolitical relations model of regional powers in the geopolitical crisis of Syria. This includes the two categories of geographical situation of Syria and partial situation of this country. Geopolitical codes, Geopolitical codes with a path coefficient Of 0.812 in the examined model of the study are the third factors to influence the competitive-intervening geopolitical relations model of regional powers in the geopolitical crisis. This factor, in the qualitative model of the study, includes the two categories of internal and foreign policies. Ideological factors, According to the examined model of the study, the fourth influential variable in competitive-intervening geopolitical relations model in the Syrian crisis is the ideological factors with a path coefficient of 0.794 embracing religious categories, sacred places, and discourse categories. World geopolitical system, The fifth factor influencing the competitive-intervening geopolitical relations model in the Syrian crisis is the world geopolitical system conditions with a path coefficient of 0.773 including the categories of world powers’ interventions in the crisis, and the wolrd powers’ relations with the regional powers in geopolitical crisis of Syria. Regional geopolitical system, Regional geopolitical system with a path coefficient 0.743 is the sixth influential factor in the competitive-intervening geopolitical relations model in the Syrian crisis. It includes the two concepts of regional competition of the powers present in the geopolitical crisis of Syria and partial equality of power levels of these countries in this crisis. Geo economic factors, According to the examined model of the study, geo economic factors with a path coefficient of 0.719 are the last influential factors on the competitive-intervening geopolitical relations model in the Syrian crisis. These factors include energy resource categories and economic interests.

At the level of regional powers, the crisis in Syria is influenced by the relations between Iran as the most important regional ally of Bashar al-Assad's governance, and Turkey, Saudi Arabia, and Israel as the regional opposition of Assad’s governance. These relations are in place in a competitive-intervening way and are under the influence of different geographical and geopolitical categories. The study of the impact of each of these categories on the regional power relations in the Syrian geopolitical crisis cannot provide a complete understanding of the relations between these powers in the Syrian geopolitical crisis. Therefore, explanation of the regional powers’ relations in this crisis must be provided concerning the relation of these categories as well as their importance and in the framework of a single structural model. Influential categories in regional powers relation’s model in the Syrian geopolitical crisis are geographic and geopolitical stable factors that are directly related to national and long-term national interests as well as the national life of these countries. Each of the Syrian crisis regional parties seeks to excel in its geographical and geopolitical factors and to prevent the dominance of their rivals over these factors; therefore, none of the regional parties involved in the current crisis come into terms from their positions regarding the geopolitical crisis in Syria. This situation has led to the formation of a competitive-intervening model in the Syrian geopolitical crisis as to Iran's relations with Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Israel. This has complicated the situation in Syria and led to the continuation of the crisis thereby making the efforts and negotiations to resolve the crisis and the end of the conflict pointless and unavailing.

Nowadays immigration and issues about it are significantly important for urban planning. One of the issue that immigrants will face it is social mobility. The aim of this research is evaluating the condition that intergenerational social mobility of Afghan immigrants have in kashan.

The current research is a kind of analytical-descriptive research. All the information gathered by field study, questionary instrument, and distribuing randomly among 150 out of 20 Thousands afghan people in kashan. This case study calculated by sample power software: confidence level: 95 percent ,Probably error: 5 percent We use stastical test (T-test)in spss software inorder to describe analysis and elicit the information,on the other hand We utilize structural equation in Amos software to describe the modeling effects.

Reults of The test (T)shows that indexes such as appreciation, social confidence and cultural capital are meaningful in social mobility. Besides, derived analysis and information of structural equation modeling shows that among all calculated indexes, The index of acquisitive-intellectual-cultural capital allocated the most bar (0/98 weight, first rank) to itself. And more than other factor has effect on intergenerational Mobility of Afghan people in kashan. The factor of intellectual-cultural after than acquisitive-intellectual placed in the 2nd rank with bar 0/85. Respectively, Other facters are :Tangable cultural capital= 0/82, Appreciation: -0/26, Social confidence: -0/22.

After detailed analysis of mentioned indexes, the percent of confidence to relatives, study of book, being familiar with foreign language(English), exercising and individual attempt to get what he/she wants about intergenerational mobility Afghan people in kashan were identified.

Commercial agriculture means production in large scale, specialized, and market-oriented cropping. The present study aims to identify the commercialization components of strawberry cultivation in Marivan township and to evaluate its determinants causally. A stratified random sample comprising of 191 stakeholders were interviewed to collect data. The dependent variables of strawberry cropping commercialization includes the area under cultivation, crop specialization, crop intensification, under cultivation area addition, crop yield and sale proportion. A set of economic, social, technical, and institutional factors operationalized and measured as the independent variables. Measuring of dependent scale was modeled using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and the path analysis approach was used to interpret its causal relationships with independent variables. Farms average area under cultivation, literacy and acquaintance of the family head, satisfaction with job and future hopefulness, informal vocational training, the degree of modern irrigation usage and level of wage labor utilization were the final constructive variables set of the study’s causal-structural model. First three variables are external- while the remaining are internal-structural model variables. Based on the total direct and indirect effects, farms average area under cultivation, satisfaction with job and future hopefulness and degree of modern irrigation usage had the most influence on commercialization of strawberry cultivation. Contrarily, the level of wage labor utilization, acquaintance, and literacy of the family head had minor influences on the commercialization of the strawberry.