مجله سبک شناسی نظم و نثر فارسی (بهار ادب)
پیاپی 76 (شهریور 1401)

Ashura poetry has always been the strongest branch of religious poetry in different eras. Despite the fact that the issue of Ashura is suitable for design in various fields and subjects, often in this type of Persian poetry withMatmazdeh looks at repetitive and monotonous concepts, which have been influenced by various factors, including social and political conditions.In the last century, many changes have taken place in Persian poetry, although Ashura poetry in the early decadesAnd especially in the first Pahlavi period, it was not accompanied by these changes, but gradually and cautiously, it experienced unprecedented changes.This study, while examining the content and type of attitude of poets towards Ashura themes in the three periods of the first Pahlavi, the second Pahlavi and after the Islamic Revolution, to the why and how of these developmentsWith the focus on the movement of Ashura poetry, it has turned from elegy to epic.

This research has been done by content analysis method and using library method in collecting information.

The study and evaluation of contemporary Ashura poems shows that Ashura poetry in the first Pahlavi period was completely mourning and with a mournful look and with limited and repetitive topics. In the second Pahlavi period, while preserving the previous themes, it moves towards change in some cases, but after the revolution, Ashura poetry encounters completely new horizons and distances itself from the repetition of the past, and with an epic and authoritarian look at Extensive Ashura topics are covered

The result of this study shows that the desire to move from mourning to epic in Ashura poetry, from the forties and simultaneously with the emergence of the discourse of resistance and struggle and the spread of religious modernism, the beginning and after the Islamic Revolution to Especially with the start of the imposed war has reached its peak

 Educational literature is a means to provide moral and educational teachings so that happiness and happiness can be achieved by paying attention to them. For a long time, most of the Persian poems have been dependent on the most compelling moral and educational themes, which contain valuable advice. Sheikh Baha"i Nan and Halva is one of these valuable moral works written in the Safavid period. Hazin Shirvani was one of the poets of the Qajar period who composed Safa al-Qulub following Nan and halva with educational themes. This study seeks to answer the question of what ethical points these two works contain and what tricks they have used; Also, what is the similarity between these two works with the theory of teleology and Islamic ethics?

 In order to achieve this goal, the author has studied the teaching teachings in both positive and negative parts through documentary, descriptive-analytical and statistical methods and based on library studies, and finally has shown the techniques used.

 The achievement of the research indicates the wide reflection of educational literature and ethics in the two studied works. In total two works, 5 positive cases (contentment, truth, infallibility, patience and trust) and 16 negative cases (avoidance of forbidden property, avoidance of asceticism, avoidance of teaching for the enchantment of the common people, avoidance of worldly possessions, avoidance of nearness to the king Avoid worldly positions, abstain from linguistics, abstain from associating with unworthy people, abstain from worship for paradise, abstain from perversion, abstain from ignorance, disobedience to the soul, abstain from adultery, abstain from arrogance and abstain from hypocrisy.) Compared to the samples of the two works, 5 common cases (2 positive cases: invitation to contentment, invitation to trust and 3 negative cases: avoidance of forbidden property, invitation to silence and silence and avoidance of hypocrisy) can be seen.

 The negative part of the teachings is heavier than the positive part and commands and prohibitions, questions and answers, storytelling, allegory, use of verses and hadiths and respectful speeches have been the tools used in these two works. The results presented in the moral recommendations are a reason for the alignment of both works with the theory of teleology and its adaptation to Islamic ethics.

 Masnavi Manavi in ​​its valuable teachings in the form of allegory, by telling moral anecdotes and points, always warns man against irrational, irrational and useless attitudes that are the cause of bad deeds, in order to choose the most appropriate solution when suffering and misfortunes occur. The famous psychologist Albert Ellis in his theory of rational-emotional behavior therapy refers to twelve irrational and irrational beliefs in the mind, the belief in which causes anxiety and emotional turmoil. One of these theories is about procrastination and seeks to explain why man delays his decisions. Procrastination is defined as the tendency to avoid activities and leave them to the future. In this article, while examining the issue of neglect from Rumi"s mystical point of view as one of the causes of human suffering and also procrastination, which is equivalent to the psychology of this issue, one of the examples of Ellis treatment in Masnavi, an anecdote has been studied and matched.

 This research is based on analytical-descriptive method and taking notes from various sources, especially Masnavi.

 Regarding the procrastination of Rumi and Ellis, they believe that delay in doing things and leaving them to tomorrow and the future will gradually become an unpleasant habit and it will be very difficult to leave it, causing the loss of life opportunities and not enjoying the blessings of life. will be.

 For centuries, Rumi and Ellis have each tried in their own way to appreciate time and opportunities before it is too late and to be able to change negative and vain beliefs in their minds to make cognitive and behavioral errors. Do not and reach spiritual balance and peace.

Modernism is one of the important literary currents of the twentieth century, which due to its special literary features, distanced itself from traditional forms and ancient expression techniques. Recognizing and explaining the features and characteristics of modernism in the short stories of contemporary Iranian writers is the main subject of this research. In this article, considering the modern short stories of Abu Trab Khosravi, Ali Khodaei, Mohammad Keshavarz and Mohammad Rahim Okhovvat, from each of the mentioned authors, we have tried to give some short stories in terms of the application of the components of modernism according to the views of Charles May and Susan Ferguson. Analyze and review.

The present study is a theoretical study that has been done by library research method. The study area and community is a collection of short stories by Abu Torab Khosravi, Ali Khodaei, Mohammad Keshavarz and Mohammad Rahim Okhovvat.

Each of the authors has been able to use the components of modernism such as the use of eliminative and metaphorical plots, open end, attention to the internal characteristics of the characters, using modern themes (alienation, loneliness, isolation). And individualism), uncertainty, mixing dream and reality, telling the story as a minimal schema, using the characters of the story as a mental state, describing the dreamy field of the story, etc. to figure out a form of modernism in their stories.

The results of the research show that although the extent to which the components of modernism are used in the stories of the authors in question are different, but certainly the special attention paid to the use of these components in storytelling provides the necessary grounds for Has provided them with a modernist attitude. In Okhovvat`s stories, the use of traits such as the isolation and loneliness of the characters, the fluid flow of the mind, and the personality as a state of mind is more pronounced than other traits. In divine stories, the use of elimination and metaphorical plots is more prominent in combining the element of fantasy and reality, symbolism and also the incoherent narration of events. In Khosravi"s stories, the use of symbolism, de-familiarization, uncertainty and also the expression of combining dream and reality is more. In addition, in the farmer"s stories, the use of plots, the expression of loneliness and isolation of the characters, the minimal scheme, the style and the lyrical tone, as well as the uncertainty are more prominent.

Revival of any old scientific and Edi work is missing link Binding connects our spiritual and cultural life and the way of researching and following in cultural works and obtaining the path of literary and civic developments and discussion and discussion in words and grammar, provides the meanings of language expression. Considerable literature in the field of mysticism and Sufism has remained from the Qajar period Identifying them is a big step in understanding the evolution of Persian literature and its various type One of the valuable reserves of this period is the Exir-al-jonoon and Tahrir-al-fonoon poem Content analysis and introduction of the work is the main purpose of this article.

Current article Based on Analytical Method (Language and content analysis). Done with library tools scope and community studied the only manuscript of Exir-al-jonoon and Tahrir-al-fonoon poem is a relic of thirteen the century AH, wich is Kept in the Malek library.

The Exir-al-jonoon and Tahrir-al-fonoon of madness is a completely mystical poem in terms of content and it is composed in imitation of Rumi"s Masnavi in an allegorical and allusive way. From the literary point of view, Application of various literary industries, illustrations and the use of forms of meanings in order to simplify and expressing the mystical and religious themes of Arabic poetry and beautiful Bilingual poem the poet"s attention to the verbal and spiritual aspects of speech and the frequency of expressive and visual elements is higher. Intellectually, it is an introverted work and has described concepts such as the unity of existence and the terms Sufism. It is linguistically simple and often has Khorasani style features and generally inside in the style of literary return Explaining the mystical principles of ethics with the tools of storytelling is one of the features of this system.

The Exir-al-jonoon and Tahrir-al-fonoon poem, expresses the growth and prevalence of Islamic mysticism and Sufism and the approach of poets to mystical literature along with other types of literature in the Qajar period. Although the poet imitates the past, in Shiite issues he separates his way from theAncestors. He considers religion to include three times the law of the way and the truth. This poem can be used for researchers and those interested in Persian poetry and literature, the history of the evolution of Islamic mysticism and Sufism in the Qajar era. Folk and fiction literature of hadith and religious narrations can be useful by giving a detailed description of the work and referring to the poetry of different poets.

The poem "Vameq and Azra" by the poet Khajeh Shoaib Joshaghani is one of the prominent poets and commentators of the Safavid era during the reign of Shah Abbas I. Shoaib composed this Masnavi for the purpose of imitating and being influenced by "Vameq and Azra" of Ansari, Khosrow and Shirin Nezami, and based on this, the poet was more influenced by Khorasani style than Indian style. The authors of this paper intend to understand the stylistic and structural elements of this system and to study and analyze its linguistic, literary and intellectual levels and lyrical structure.

This research is descriptive-analytical with a stylistic approach. Data and information were obtained using the library method.

The poem "Vameq and Azra" by Joshaghani has been composed in the form of Masnavi. The poet has increased the variety of rhyming syllables, the variety in its structure, the original rhyme, the phonetic coordinates, the different types of puns, the repetition of phonemes, the conjugation, the arrangement and the balance of the music of the poem. The stylistic structure of words and expressions is a mixture of slang, lyrical and epic words and expressions. The literary level of theology is also based on metaphors, metaphors, allusions, allusions and exaggerations. The intellectual level of the poet can be seen in the signs of Khorasani style and Joshaghani"s chapter in this poem can be adapted to the structure of lyrical poems.

Studies have shown that Khajeh Shoaib Joshaghani was one of the most powerful and eloquent poets of the Safavid period. Turkish and the introduction of new and innovative combinations and words and slang terms and sciences such as astronomy, medicine and music, has added to the beauty and richness of his words. Extensive use of literary arrays such as puns, repetition, conjugation and similitude, simile, metaphor and allusion, are the features of Joshaghani style in Masnavi Wameq and Azra. Also, the structure of this system corresponds to the structure of lyrical systems.a

In recent years, translated stories have always been more successful in attracting audiences than stories written by children in the country. Part of this is due to factors that go back to the content structure of the story. Character and characterization are crucial elements in the narrative structure of the children"s literature. As a matter of fact, it is the fictional character which modifies the stable initial status of the story and builds up its axis. This paper investigates the character and characterization, comparatively in the Authored and Translated Stories for B and C Age Levels, to analyze their features in order to ‎evaluate which one has been more successful to allure the addressees based on the viewpoint of Maria Nikolajeva.

The relevant data in this analytical-interpretive research together with a quantitative approach have been collected and classified through extracting the features of character and characterization in every single story of 50 best- seller Persian stories (30 translated volumes and 20 authored volumes) published during the years 1385 to 1395. After obtaining the numerical values of variables relevant to the matter, qualitative analysis has been performed according to Maria Nikolajeva"s theory.

The findings show that human characters are mainly used in the both of these stories. The ratio of main human characters in the translated stories to the authored ones is 90 to 35 percent. Inside the main human characters, the proportion of the children characters in the translated books to the authored ones is 81/5 to 54/5 percent. In both of the mentioned stories, a high percentage of the characters are gray, dynamic and one-dimensional. The ratio of gray characters in the translated stories to the authored ones is 42 to 18 percent, the ratio of dynamic characters in the translated to the authored stories 46 to 26 percent, and the ratio of one-dimensional characters in the translated stories to the authored ones is 36 to 42. In both of these stories the characters are simple and extroverted ones which lack intricate motivations but contain credible elements. Characterization in the most of translated stories is integrated, while in the authored ones implicit and integrated characters are used equally. In both of the mentioned stories characterization is mainly explicit, and tools like performance, speech and defamiliarization have been used as the relevant tools in character development.

The findings obtained from the comparison show that translated stories, due to better and efficient character selection and characterization have been more flourishing in attracting the addressees.

Mystical and Seleucid concepts have many commonalities and differences between different dynasties. The specific type of thought and view of mystics on knowledge, the characteristics of the sheikh, the attributes of the disciple, the conditions of solitude, its mention and importance, observation and hearing have caused the emergence of various dynasties. This study has compared the above topics in the works of Najmuddin Kobra and Najmuddin Razi in order to understand the depth of thought of the founder of Kabruyeh.

This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and using library and documentary studies. Al-Din is a secret.

Najmuddin Kobra"s views are considered to be very concise and simple in spite of their very detailed works. Najmuddin Kobra"s thought has not been paid much attention and Najm Kobra"s works have considerable insight that has been hidden.

What Najmuddin Kobra expresses in mystical and Seleucid discussions is scattered and by putting it together, we can realize the novelty and depth of Najmuddin Kobra"s thought and Najmuddin Razi has many similarities with Najm Kobra, but where Monastic issues arise or in controversial issues beyond the public understanding, Najm Razi is not mentioned and his thought is simplified.

Literary types are one of the theories of literary sciences and include topics that are presented in the form of prose and prose with special technical characteristics. The main subject of literary types in a new way is the classification of literary works in terms of material and form. Accordingly, literary texts are placed in four categories of epic, dramatic, lyrical and educational literature. The classification of literary texts in this way, following the theory of Darwinism, first originated in Greek thought and was proposed by the likes of Plato and Aristotle. The division of literary works in classical Iranian literature has not been unprecedented; But what was considered in the past was the classification of literary texts based on appearance. The purpose of this article is to "study and analyze literary genres in Nezami works" by classifying the literary genres that are scattered in the works of poets. The main purpose of the present study is to determine the literary genres and sub-categories of each, as well as the influence of political, social and cultural situations on their application.

Library resources were used to get acquainted with the basics of literary types as well as descriptions of Nezami status and works. Then, by studying the works of the poet, the evidences of literary genres were extracted and after introducing each of the genres, they were examined and analyzed using the text analysis method.

In addition to the main literary genres, its sub-categories have been used in the works of this poet with great breadth and variety, which are: apologies, demand and request, Saqinameh, complaints, city of chaos, rejections, praise, elegy, Me’rajname, Mofakhere.

If we consider the types of lyrical-educational literature, epic-educational-, and educational-educational literature as subsets of educational literature, five Nezami treasures can be considered as successful examples of educational-lyrical, and educational-epic literary types. The existence of numerous subsets of literary genres in Nezami works is a sign of his breadth of vision and thought, as well as his poetic power.

The memoir of the sad contemporaries is considered a distinguished work due to its unique features; In this memoir, Hazin presents his critical views on poetry and literary criticism, as well as his political, cultural and social analyzes; Thus, this work, in addition to being a valuable source for historical, cultural, literary, etc. research, has provided the opportunity for researchers to analyze the discourse of the text in order to contain and reflect the author"s thought mechanisms in a specific socio-cultural context. The main issue of this research is to explore the stylistic layers of the book Tazkereh al-Moaserin written by Hazin Lahiji in order to represent and analyze the hidden ideology in the linguistic and literary infrastructures of this text.

This research was conducted using descriptive, analytical and reasoning methods.

Hazin Lahiji, in narrating the realities of his time and the way of life and poetry of the poets mentioned in this memoir, shows great adherence to his moral, cultural and, above all, critical-literary beliefs. And it does not judge the situation, knowledge and character of poets.

The results of the research include this information: In the ideological layer, the author, while retelling the history, speaks openly and with prejudice about his personal judgments about the artistic and poetic skills of the poets and their moral characteristics. In terms of domination with Shiite nominal and spatial indicators, which emphasizes the author"s ideological tendencies, the abundance of moral codes in comparison with literary and religious codes has highlighted the place of morality in the author"s discourse components. In the syntactic layer, the author has explicitly and definitively sided with his thought and critical components by using simple and discrete sentences, active grammatical sound, and decisive news. At the rhetorical level, the multiplicity of use of rhetorical tools is less in the service of ideology and more in order to strengthen the beauty and expression of expression. At the level of pragmatics, the author has achieved his explicit and declarative purposes through expressive activity without utilizing communication and interactive paradigms, with monophonic discourse.

In the contemporary approach, traditional definitions of metaphor have been criticized and a comprehensive definition has been established for it. One of these definitions is the cognitive linguistic approach. This approach takes a different approach to metaphor, as proposed by Lycoff and Johnson. In this approach, mental concepts are objectively manifested that the concept of love is one of these concepts. Love has a special place in the poetry of the poets of the literary return style, and this mental concept has been objectively tangible in the Qaani and eager attitude of Isfahani.

This research has been done by analytical-descriptive method; By extracting evidence and examples of the poets in question based on theories of cognitive linguistics, then by interpreting and analyzing them, extracting ontological metaphors in a general classification from the divan of the poets in question and comparing them to the audience. Description.

In the view of two poets, love as a human being has found a clear manifestation that this objectification of the concept of love in the eager Isfahani court has a negative charge and manifests as a murderer and bloodthirsty human being; While in Qaani poetry it has a high position.

The objectification of the concept of love in the divan of two poets is used almost identically as something that can be drunk, and in the objectification as elements of nature and objects, the attitudes of the two poets are close to each other, although their frequency is more pronounced in eager poetry. Also, the use of the concept in question as a directional metaphor is evident in the court of enthusiasm, and in the Qaani divan, the concept of love as a directional metaphor was not found

Considering contemporary literary currents, the style of contemporary poetry has a high status. This research introduces one of the contemporary poets named Mohammad Zohari and examines the stylistic features in his poems.

This article is based on library studies and has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner.

Mohammad Zohari is one of the modernization poets who between the two decades of 1330 to 1350 by mastering and surrounding the old poetry and full ability in classical poetry, has modernized. The meanings of his poetry are a reflection of socio-political and popular issues. The descriptive expression is concise and short, and there are six collections of poems called "Island", "Complaint", "Night Letters and Raindrops", "Fist in the Pocket", "The Old Man Said", "... and the End" and also a few Has a lyric.

The use of the form of Nimayi poem is also remarkable in Zohari"s works and the most widely used prosody weight used in his poem is Bahr Ramal. The lines and rhymes in the poem are also common, and the additional lines and rhymes are less noticeable. Poisonous words are full of repetitions that increase the inner music of the poem. His similes are mostly "rational to sensory" and "sensory to sensory" and the similes of "rational to rational" or "sensory to rational" are few. Among the types of similes, the addition of similes has the highest number of statistics, and in the next rank, there are other similes such as concise, emphatic, plural and subtraction, and the lowest number of them is imaginary and illusory similes. In terms of frequency, metaphorical addition is the most frequent, and the approved metaphor is in the second place, and after that, frequency is the non-redundant Meccan metaphor. Nature and its manifestations are very prominent in poisonous poetry. Mystical terms are more or less seen in the poet"s poetry. All in all, Zohari is a poet whose people are full of socio-political concepts.

One of the best features in introducing the history of the culture of different nations and its originality is manuscripts. Manuscripts are part of a nation"s cultural heritage and literary, historical and cultural identity; Therefore, introducing and correcting them is in fact honoring the national identity. One of these copies is the manuscript of the Divan of the ghassab Kashani, a Shiite poet of the Safavid era, whose Divan is composed in the Indian style of poems consisting of 435 lyric poems,10 Musmmat, 4 poems, 1 composition and 1 preposition. The main purpose of this research is to introduce the manuscript of ghassab Kashani, to highlight the stylistic and unique features of this powerful poet with meticulous meticulousness and its linguistic, rhetorical and intellectual layers. The main purpose of this research is to introduce the manuscript of Kashani butcher, to highlight the stylistic and unique features of this powerful poet with meticulous meticulousness and its linguistic, rhetorical and intellectual layers.

This research is based on library studies and descriptive-analytical method.

Ghassab Kashani is composed of 435 lyric poems, 10 mesmat, 4 poems, 1 composition and 1 preposition. By mastering the popular literature of Iran, he has created innovative combinations and spiritual conduct; In these poems, all kinds of verbal and spiritual industries with the frequency of equation and sending style are shown, which in the basis of this text, lyrical and religious themes are prominent.

Saeed GHassab Kashani, with a student in the person of Saeb Tabrizi, composed his poetry collection in the Indian style. This work is a remarkable work in terms of containing strong lyric poems and verses that have been written with the guarantee of prominent Persian language poets. An examination of Kashani"s butcher"s court shows that the language of his poems is simple and fluent. Abandoned words and Arabic compounds are few in his divan And the slang expressions and expressions of the language of his poetry have brought him closer to the language of the people of the street and the bazaar And by meditating on his poems, it can be seen that the poet has so much taste and feeling that he can hunt pristine and beautiful meanings and themes with his piercing gaze on the phenomena of nature and living environment And to close them on the gap of new and unique words and interpretations, and to make the reader his pedestal with a certain passion and excitement And he displayed his art and masterpiece in such a way that he would not feel illiterate in any way. At the same time, his weakness in the range of vocabulary has in some cases rhymed him, so that among his poems there are verses with rhyming defects. In addition, in his poetry collection, according to the poetry of many Indian poets, there are examples of rhyme repetition, repetition of verse and tasteful verses.

Abolfath Khan Dehghan Samani is one of the prominent poets of the literary return style of the Qajar period who has several works in order. His masterpiece is the poem Hazaravik Shab, in which the poet has arranged the translation of the story Hazaravik Shab by Abdul Latif Tassoji. In this research, with the aim of understanding the ability and art of the Samani peasant"s poetry, the style of his poem Hazaravik Shab is introduced and examined from the linguistic, literary and intellectual aspects.

Descriptive and analytical research method is the method used by the authors in this research. Also, 400 bits of this system have been selected for counting and plotting the frequency table.

The results indicate that in the system of Hezarovik Shab Dehghan Samani, the abundance of repetition and punctuation has caused the rhymes to be original. The variety of rhyming syllables and the existence of various phonetic coordinates, many puns and repetitions and other verbal arrays show the prominent level of the poet"s language. The poet has extensively added to the literary richness of the system in his use of various expressive arrays, the most important of which are proportionality, contradiction, and allusion, as well as his artistic use of imaginary forms (metaphor, simile, irony, and exaggeration).

The poet has been more imitative in using imaginary forms and in rare cases, he has had innovations and initiatives. At the intellectual level, while the poet"s religious ideas and Shiite beliefs have been seen, his inclination to mysticism is also evident. Extensive use of terms from various sciences indicates his abundant knowledge and information, and the abundance of customs and folk beliefs indicate that the poet is popular.

The Masnavi of Maulana Jalaluddin Mohammad Balkhi is one of the great mystical works that provides many teachings to the seekers of the path with its revelatory and mystical infrastructure. With his literary and mystical taste, Rumi has considered many aspects of the appearance and meaning of the verses of the Holy Quran, including the rites of prayer and supplication in Masnavi.

The findings of this study have been done in a descriptive-analytical manner and based on a working document and a comparative comparison between the issue of prayer in the Quran Maryam and Rumi"s Masnavi. At the beginning of this research, theoretical foundations have been considered, then the examples of prayers in Masnavi have been analyzed and analyzed in a comparative study with the Holy Quran.

Prayer and supplication and its conceptual affiliations and belongings are found in Rumi"s thought and in his intellectual system in the spiritual Masnavi according to the conditions and levels of existence of individuals. These manifestations in the elusive structure of Rumi"s mind have different meanings in appearance but inwardly, and that is the only approximation to the truth.

In Rumi"s thought, in the matter of prayer, both etiquette and etiquette should be avoided. Therefore, prayer etiquette is one of the most important semantic structures in Masnavi, which is the bedrock of Rumi"s groundbreaking attitude.