باقر ساروخانی

The importance of The socio-economic state in  the lives of the addicted people, especially in the process of quitting and relapse, is worth noting..This research, which is a part of a study on social factors on relapse, is a sociological explanation of the role of the economic-social state  and relapse.The research was conducted using a qualitative approach  with a grounded theory method, the participating community of drug addicts with a history of relapse was selected using a targeted sampling method, and data collection was done through a semi-structured interview. Interviews were conducted with 21 of these people, and data analysis started at the same time as data collection and continued until the theoretical saturation stage was reached. Finally, the concept of failure to rebuild and restore the economic-social state was chosen as the main phenomenon that covered other subcategories. The result of this research showed that the issue of rebuilding the economic state, as well as recovering the social state plays a significant role in relapse, and the lack of attention to this issue has put people under a double pressure to solve this problem in the post-quit period, and failure in this direction leads to the tendency of people to drug use again in the form of soothing and relief use. and then relapse occurs".

The family is the primary setting for the transmission of vocabulary, cultural heritage, and moral values to individuals, and thus, it serves as the initial ground for the formation of meaning. Families are at the forefront of major events and cultural transformations. One of the most significant events of the contemporary era, which affected all aspects of human life, particularly the family unit, was the COVID-19 pandemic. During this time, Iranian families experienced shifts in meaning that differed from those previously shaped over decades. This study aims to investigate changes in the meaning and function of the family during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Given the complexity of qualitative analysis on a large scale, this study specifically focuses on Tehran, Iran. The research employed a descriptive phenomenological approach. The sample comprised 17 households selected from various areas across Tehran between 2020 and 2021, using theoretical sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed using Moustakas’ coding method.

Based on the qualitative analysis, transformations in family structure and function during the pandemic can be categorized as follows: family restructuring (in both dynamic and receptive forms), revealing previously hidden family dynamics, disociation of family members, virtualization of family functions, and reconsideration of family values.

The findings indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic led individuals to deeply reconsider the structure, values, and roles within the family. This process, influenced by social distancing, increased use of virtual space, fear of mortality, and the disruption of daily life, resulted in substantial changes to the concept, expectations, and practices of family life. Additionally, it uncovered aspects of family dynamics that had previously been neglected or suppressed.The main issue of this study is to examine the transformations in the meaning of family during the COVID-19 pandemic and the associated changes. However, as broad qualitative research on a large scale is not feasible, this study specifically focuses on the city of Tehran. This paper employs a descriptive phenomenological method. The sampling for this research was theoretical, involving 17 families selected from various areas of Tehran between 2020 and 2021. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews, and the data were analyzed using the Mustakas coding method.Based on the qualitative findings of this research, the transformations in the meaning of family during the pandemic can be summarized as follows: family reconstruction, the revelation of hidden aspects of family, alienation within the family, the virtualization of various family dimensions, and the inefficacy of different facets of the family. The results of this study indicate that the COVID-19 pandemic led to profound changes in the concept and structure of family, prompting individuals to reassess their relationships, values, and family roles, thereby shaping a new experience of family life

Periods of extensive transformation, such as world wars and deadly disease outbreaks, often prompt deep reviews of institutional performance, including the family. The COVID-19 pandemic is one such crisis that has significantly impacted the Iranian family, necessitating reevaluation. This study examines how the functions of family institutions in Tehran, Iran’s most populous and diverse city, have been reformulated post-pandemic. Tehran’s demographic, ethnic, class and cultural diversity creates a challenging environment for families, making it an apt case for study. Given the importance of the family in meeting individuals’ needs and its role in structural changes across society, this research explores how the functions of families in Tehran can be reevaluated after the pandemic. 

Marriage is a key element in the institution of the family and consequently the social structure of society. Having knowledge in this area helps the policy makers to know the attitudes and ideas of the society and plan accordingly. The objective of this research, is to extract the attitudes and demands of the cultural components of "marriage" and finally interpreted them. The research method is qualitative content analysis and universe were all persian speaking tweets in X social network from Sept. 2021 till Mar. 2022. Results show that people's attitude towards marriage is close to Bauman fluid relations theory as well as Sarukhani's theory of personalization. In the marriage, people have their own opinions and don't follow grand narratives. On the other hand, individualized, and the personalization of marriage, can expel the family from a social institution with the emotional and survival functions; and endanger the health of society.

Because of their importance in the economic and social development of societies, science and technology policies have become one of the most important arenas of discourse conflict. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the discourse of the sixth program based on Laclau and Mouffe's approach. The studied society was all the legal articles and notes related to science and technology in the law of the sixth development plan, which were studied in full. The findings show that the central signifier of this document is "purposeful scientific innovation". It has built its symbols based on three signs: "Efficiency and modernity, privatization/popularization and knowledge-based economy". The floating sign has shown itself in the form of "collaboration and scientific participation" and "competitive performance". The null signs are "Employment", "Scientific modernization and improvement" and "Scientific productivity" which are associated with interruptions and moments of "People building", "Educational modernization and improvement" and "Islamic culture and values". The discourse area of this program is "state-centered, external dependence, reduction of deprivation and scientific neutrality" which "culture-centered/landscape-centered" discourse with its hegemonic position has marginalized conflicts and consolidated the space for its own discourse maneuver. The results of this study show that this program is moving towards quantitative goals with an emphasis on positivist and supply-oriented processes, which has made it possible to popularize science and use social capital with a serious vacuum.

Once again, we thank God for blessing us and making it possible for us to prepare another work and present it to our servantsLet's make it valid. We are grateful to the respected authors of the articles. They presented their articles with great patience.Adapted to the template of the quarterly magazine. They heard different views and then applied them. They are the true parable of thisThey are divine verses, listen to (evaluate) many words, then choose the best of them. You should always be gratefulBe our judges. Without any expectations or expectations, they read the writings with full patience, and we and the authorsthey guided The articles that passed through many houses are very important. from among themWe always review an article briefly so that it may be useful for our dear readers. until thethat will be accepted and what will be considered....

The relationship between man and the environment is always changing. Entering the age of industry and modernity, humans have changed their lifestyle based on instrumental rationality and with selfish and one-sided decisions, they have created many environmental crises that worry and worry the public in different societies and the environmental issue has become a global and social issue. In this regard, the current research has also been conducted with the aim of sociological investigation of factors affecting environmental activities. The research method of the current study is survey type. The statistical population includes all environmental activists in Marivan and Baneh cities, 385 of who were selected through Cochran's statistical formula and stratified probability sampling in order to collect information. The data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire based on the qualitative part of this research, and the data analysis software is SPSS software. The results of Pearson's r correlation test show that the correlation between all the independent variables of the research includes attitude towards environmental activity as a political matter, attitude towards environmental activity as an aesthetic matter, attitude towards environmental activity as an economic matter, attitude towards Environmental activity as a religious matter and attitude towards environmental activity as a health matter were statistically confirmed with the environmental activity variable at a significance level less than 0.01. Also, the results of the multivariate regression analysis indicate that the independent variables in the regression model have been able to explain and predict 65.4% of the changes in environmental activities. Meanwhile, the environmental activity variable as an aesthetic issue has had the greatest impact on the dependent variable.

Poverty brings with it a trap when the vicious circle reduce the efforts of the poor. In such a situation, the issue of poverty becomes more complicated. The poverty trap for female-headed households is different from men, for biological and social reasons, and the resulting deprivations have special characteristics. The current research has taken into account the deprivations of female-headed household in the spatial poverty traps. In this research, using qualitative methodology and in-depth semi-structured interview technique, data was collected in the suburbs of the 19th district of Tehran, named Mortezagerd neighborhood. With purposive sampling and theoretical saturation criterion, while interviewing 17 female heads of the household, relying on thematic analysis technique in three stages of semantic coding, summarization and interpretation of data analysis was done. Based on the findings, the three main deprivations in Mortezagerd neighborhood were: economic deprivation (limited opportunities, lack of money, lack of real estate, overhead costs, powerlessness and injustice in work and wages), social deprivation (physical weakness, institutional support, hopelessness and concern, reproduction of the life of female heads of households, inappropriate space and limited access) and social interactions (trust, participation and support of female heads of households, self-deprivation and social exclusion in interactions with neighbors and relatives). The deprivations created for women heads of households in Mortezagerd neighborhood have resulted in the synergy of these deprivations, which has resulted in the aggravation of the poverty of women heads of households and the formation of a vicious cycle of poverty in this neighborhood and its reproduction for future generations. It seems that the structural conditions governing this neighborhood, as well as the individual characteristics of female heads of the household, have made it difficult to break this cycle and get out of this trap.

The issue of development is one of the issues that is discussed not only in the field of sociology of development, but also in many areas of sociology in particular and social sciences in general. For this purpose, in this research, the obstacles to the development of industries in Ilam province and its sociological study were investigated in order to strengthen the platform and introduce the capacity and capabilities of the province to the country. For this purpose, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 experts and informants. The exploratory concepts resulting from these interviews were based on the nature and related concepts of 124 open codes, after which the researcher reached saturation and the interviews ended. In the following, MaxQda 2018 software was used to perform the central categorization and the main categorization, and finally 124 open codes, 39 central codes, and 20 selective codes were obtained, which are categorized as causal factors, interventionists, consequences, The strategies were put in context. After identifying the codes, CVR and CVI were used to check the validity of the obtained qualitative codes. Finally, after proving the validity of the qualitative codes, a questionnaire of 100 questions was designed and distributed among 140 experts and industrial owners. After extracting the codes and categorizing them, the calculated concepts were divided into six elements (causal conditions, central phenomenon, strategies, consequences, intervention conditions and background conditions). According to the results of this research and based on the key categories extracted from the coding, we can consider

AbstractCommunication between family and school is one of the most basic issues to improve the quality of education. The purpose of this research is to know the dimensions and elements of family and school communication and to examine the related models and theories in order to design a superior model of family and school communication with a new combination. This research was done with a documentary method and a sociological approach. The theoretical basis of this research is Jonathan Turner's integrated theory of social communication. Also, the theories and models of family and school communication and the results of related experimental researches were examined and finally, by identifying the social factors affecting family and school communication and the causal relationships between them, a new integrated model was designed. The research findings showed; Family and school communication is a social process including motivational, communicative and structural processes. A process that exchanges valuable material and symbolic information and resources to meet the needs of the parties and student success. The type of communication in primary school is more than individual type and in high school it is more than institutional type. In order for communication to be formed, it is powered by motivational processes and by marking and interpreting behavior and signs between the parties, communication processes take place and through structural processes, these communications are repeated over time and organized in physical space. . On the other hand, the background characteristics of the family, school, and student affect the communication processes of the family and school, and all of them are influenced by the background characteristics of the local community, national and global society.

This research was conducted with the aim of identifying the components of football commercialization in Iran using a mixed exploratory method (thematic analysis and Delphi). The panel members, selected based on the purposeful sampling method, are 42 people. As the findings revealed, eight themes were identified as the final themes, including 1. Prevalence of buying, selling, and pricing the football players; 2. Materialization of most activities in society; 3. Providing financial resources for the activities related to football; 4. Individual motivations of football players; 5. Profit-seeking motives of dealers; 6. Media and virtual space; 7. Dimension of football business and trading, and 8. Consequences of football commercialization. Then, these themes were judged by the experts and specialists in two rounds (Delphi), and the results showed that 12 components for the factor of football commercialization; 14 components for the factor of the motivation of sports clubs and institutions in football commercialization; 12 components for the factor of the motivation of football players in commercialization of football; 11 components for the factor of the motivation of media institutions and companies in the process of football commercialization; 17 components for the factor of football commercialization results, were agreed upon by the experts and specialists. The findings showed that most of the activities related to football are done only for the sake of earning money and for its economic aspect, and football commercialization is affected by economic and financial factors.

This article seeks to investigate distribution and locating of religious uses as one of the platforms for formation of religious, cultural, social, economic and political actions and communications in city to examine the connection and compliance level of these uses with the religious needs and eligibility of citizens living in Arak regions. this study was based on mixed method with questionnaire tool in the first data collection stage and with a proportional sampling method. then, Physical data collected through secondary analysis were mapped. Among the most important results, we can point out the problematic deficiency and the significant difference in the level of enjoyment and the establishment of religious facilities in the regions of Arak, which shows inequalities in the allocation and distribution of these services. Also, by considering factors such as per capita, standard per capita and functional radius of religious uses, we can talk about the situation of spatial and social inequality and deprivation in a significant part of the geographical and demographic area of Arak. Finally, the pattern of spatial distribution of religious uses based on the needs and eligibility of citizens in Arak is inefficient, and unequal, which has created inequalities in regions and among citizens

Along with various social, cultural and economic changes, the family has also undergone changes in both form and content. People's values and attitudes have been affected in various fields, including childbearing,so that today we are witnessing the spread of the one-child phenomenon in many families.For this purpose, this research has been conducted with the aim of investigating the impact of social factors (women's employment, age of marriage, individualism and women's education) in the Tehran metropolis with a tendency towards single-childhood among women.The current research is descriptive-survey type and in terms of methodology, it is a survey research which was done in20.The statistical population in this investigation includes all the married women in Tehran that 420people were selected as samples. Sampling was done with the combination of disproportionate stratified and cluster sampling and the tool used to collect information and data in this research is the researcher-made questionnaire. The results show that the tendency to one-child has the significant positive correlation with the individualism, marriage age, education level and employment status.finally, it can be said that today's women have achieved a new identity under the influence of various social factors, some of which have been mentioned, which is in conflict with high fertility.

Erotic courtship and marriage as a type of mate selection increasing due to social changes and change in family functions. In this type of mate selection attention focused on body and physical capital and accordingly spouses enter to marriage market. Statistical data indicates parents’ role decrease in mate selection processes. It seems that socio- cultural changes and diffusion of new marriage patterns, as well as individualism caused such variation. The main objective of present article is to pathology of erotic courtship and marriage on family instability with emphasis on socio- cultural elements. The structural functionalism theory, Gidden’s pure relationship and modernization theory explain the theoretical model of research. Survey method applied for data collection. A sample of 180 female divorce applicants whom had erotic mate selection referring to Family Judicial Complex No. 2 in Tehran in the fourth quarter of the year 1400 (2021-2022) interviewed. Finding indicate 86% of respondents, realized that they could not continue it as soon as first three years of common life. 41.7% without consulting parents or any other person and based on individual decision get married. The findings show that the most important factors of family instability are nature of erotic marriage along with increasing individualism and decreasing parental authority as well as modernity. It seems that with the continuation of social and individual changes, Iranian society will face an increase in family instability in the future.

Cheerfulness plays an important role in the psychological and social life of all members of society, including teachers. Considering the important role and position of teachers in socialization and education of students, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of family social cohesion in the corona period on the social vitality of teachers in Tehran in 2009-2010. The method of the present research is survey and the sample size of 382 teachers based on Cochran's formula and the questionnaire link has been provided to the respondents through cyberspace (WhatsApp, etc.). Cronbach's alpha test was used to determine the reliability of items. SPSS software version 22 was used to test the hypotheses of the two variables and LISREL software was used to examine the structural relationships between research variables. According to the results, social cohesion. The family has a significant and increasing effect on the social vitality of teachers and in the event of injuries caused by social and environmental crises (Corona disease) reduces cohesion and has a great impact on creating peace and spiritual vitality of society and teachers' families and their resilience against Increases the stress. In sensitive cases, family members find themselves in a common situation. They prefer to be more in touch with their family members than to trust social institutions. According to the results it is suggested; Compilation of a document on the fundamental transformation of teachers' social vitality should be a priority in the social and cultural development programs of the country's education.

The duality of modern and traditional methods of marriage has caused many problems for couples. This research analyzes positivism using novel combined approach of Giddens' "Pure Relationship" theory focusing on spouse selection and methodological approach of Chil's "Divorce" theory. Also, research's method is descriptive and explanative. Statistical population consists of six judicial complexes of Tehran family court and samples are convenience. Sample size of divorce occurrence in Tehran is approximately 2500 which results in 384 in Cochran's formula. Findings prove that the effects of modern and traditional methods of spouse selection on certain divorce are different. Divorce rate of modern method is higher than traditional. Burden factor of modern marriage method was 89 and traditional marriage method was 71. Considering the fact that p-value of the research is less than 0.05, null hypothesis is rejected and we can say with 95% confidence that any type of spouse selection is effective on certain divorce. Results show that the method of marriage influences on divorce occurrence and modern method is more efficient than traditional method.

Ethical crisis is a situation where the society lacks common rules and norms for organizing the actions and behavior, conflicts, and the weakness of these rules. The question of what and how the ethical crisis and the social factors affecting it is the main problem of this research, which have been done based on theories of Anomie and social disorder. The statistical population of the research is Tehrani citizens aged 18 and above in 2016. A sample of 400 people was selected from this city by multi-stage cluster method. The research method was a survey and the data was collected by questionnaire technique and through interviews, and secondary statistical data was also used. The findings of the research indicate that more than 93% of the respondents have evaluated the ethical situation of the society as critical. The findings show that 6 variables of Perceived inequality, weakness of social controls,dissatisfaction,selfish individualism, weakness of religious orientation and reduction of social participation, explain 71% of the changes in citizens' perception of the ethical crisis.

Feeling happy and cheerful is one of the most basic human needs and desires and can have undeniable effects on various aspects of life of all people, including teachers. Considering the important role and position of teachers in the education and socialization of students, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of family social trust on the social vitality of married high school teachers in Tehran in 1398. The research method is survey and the data collection tool is a researcher-made questionnaire. A total of 382 people from the study population were determined based on the Cochran's formula and the questionnaire link was provided to the respondents. Cronbach's alpha test was also used to determine the reliability of the items. SPSS 22 software and software LISREL 8.5 were used for data analysis. The results showed that the level of social trust among teachers' families as well as teachers' social vitality is desirable and higher than the average of the criterion (score 3 of the average Likert scale); Also, the results of regression test showed that family social trust has a significant and increasing effect on teachers' social vitality.

Most of the studies and researches that have been done in recent decades in Iran on values insociology, show major and fundamental changes in the value system of families. Therefore, the present study,based on Inglehart's theory of value changes, seeks the fundamental question of what is the change in familyvalues in its various dimensions among the marginalized in the Region 19 and Region 4 of Tehran? For thispurpose, 30 in-depth interviews were conducted with men and women over 18 years of age in the Marginalizedneighborhoods of the mentioned Regions, as well as in order to compare and contrast them with otherneighborhoods in the same Regions. The research approach was qualitative and the research method wasgrounded theory and the sampling method was purposeful and theoretical. The findings of the study showed theopposite of Inglehart's theory that the Marginalized neighborhoods, as well as other neighborhoods studied inthe context of urban society, were generally inclined to postmaterial family values. According to the prevailingapproaches of society, regarding how to orient family values, it can be said that among the studied samples, thedirection of family values is moving towards polarization. According to Inglehart, a society has a value balancethat has both material and postmaterial values.

In the current Iranian society situation, few people do not believe in changing family values. Social values are the primary core of social action and the foundation of social order. For this reason, the present study seeks to answer this question. What is the direction of change in family values in the Marginalized neighborhoods of Tehran.

This study was a qualitative approach study, using the grounded theory method with Strauss and Corbin version. The samples were selected according to purposive and theoretical sampling from people aged eighteen years and above in the marginalized neighborhoods. To matche and compare with other regions, region nineteen and four were selected. Based on the theoretical saturation criteria, thirty in-depth interviews were conducted. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data.

According to the grounded theory method, gender attitudes toward women's employment, inequality of job opportunities, gender attitudes toward gender, equality between men and women, and decision-making power in the family categories were constructed.

Based on Ronald Inglehart's theory of value change, the findings showed that the direction of value change of the marginalized neighborhoods, like the neighborhoods located in the context of urban society (non-marginalized), tended towards post-a material gender values. In other words, it can be said that the direction of gender attitudes has moved away from traditional views and is moving towards modernity and postmodernity.

The present study was conducted with the aim of discovering the factors affecting the generation gap among students in the four districts of Tehran.

The study population was all the parents and teachers of students in the four cities of Tehran. The sample size was determined based on the theoretical saturation of 23 people. The data collection tool was semi-structured interview and the data analysis technique was thematic analysis.

The findings show that "the fluidity and virtualization of thinking/learning, the multiplicity of religious/educational identity references, the acquisition of group prestige and meaningfulness, the weakness of transferring the cognitive values/skills of religion, Static and conservative understanding of values, aversion to religion and weakness of religious beliefs, weakness in reconnecting oneself with family values are among the components that lead to the generation gap among the studied students.

The results of this study show that students' static understanding of values as the most important internal factor and weakness in the transmission of religious/educational values as the most important external factor lead to generation gap among them. has been Therefore, it is necessary to use the appropriate design of soft educational tools to transfer the cognitive values/skills of religion in order to reduce this gap.

One-child phenomenon is a social issue which has become a model of life for many families. The main aim of this investigation is finding the answer to this fundamental question that how and to what extend the modern society characteristics (such as women's employment, gender socialization, individualism, rational choice, etc.) in the metropolis of Tehran is associated with women in Tehran for the orientation and acceptance of the pattern of voluntary one-child. The present study is descriptive-causal and methodologically a survey research. The statistical population in this investigation includes all the married women in productive age between 15-49 years in Tehran that 420 people were selected as samples. Sampling was done with the combination of disproportionate stratified sampling and cluster sampling and the tool used to collect information and data in this research is the researcher-made questionnaire. The results show that the orientation to one-child has the significant correlation with the individualism, rational choice, social participation; gender socialization and marriage age but there is no significant correlation with family economic status. The results also indicate that the orientation to one-child has the significant difference between different groups of employment status; in other words, in high-ranking jobs, this orientation is more. The data show that the level of education has an effect on women's orientation to have one-child; in other words, as the level of education increases, the orientation of women to have one-child increases.

Value as a social phenomenon has played an important role in human life since the formation of early societies. An important change in the family institution in Iran is the change in the value system of people. The goal of the current research is to determine the generational values & factors affecting them among the youth of Tehran. The research method is a survey, the statistical population is women and men aged 18-32 in Tehran. The sample size is estimated to be 400 people. The sampling method is cluster sampling. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. The findings show that the variable mean of youth generational values is 79.15 and its average value is estimated at 70, which respondents are lower than the average value. Also, according to the findings of the research, the variables of using satellite TV are (0.297), using internet sites (0.189), using social networks (0.388), and new leisure behaviors (0.347). ) and materialistic tendencies (0.381) had a significant and direct correlation with generational values. The multiple regression coefficient shows that the explanatory coefficient is estimated at 42.5% and it is explained by the remaining 4 variables in the model. based on the results of the research, it can be said that the tendency of the youth towards modern and material values has increased over time due to the separation of the youth from the values of the previous generation. in the meantime, the consumption of new mass media has been influential in changing the diversity and identity of the current generation, and a kind of break and rejection of the values of the current generation and the previous generations has been formed.