حسین انصاری

The present study investigated the prevalence of intestinal parasites in individuals who referred to hospitals affiliated with Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, from 2019 to 2023.

The present descriptive study was conducted cross-sectionally and consisted of 5,976 individuals referring to the hospitals with gastrointestinal. To describe the data, mean (standard deviation) and number (percentage) were used according to the studied groups.

The results of the study showed that 1,510 people were diagnosed positive. The highest rate of infection by intestinal protozoa was related to Giardia, affecting 528 people (8.8%), while the lowest rate of infection was related to Endolimax nana, affecting 10 people (0.16%). The highest prevalence rate of infections by intestinal worms was related to Entrobius vermicularis, with 64 people (1.07%), whereas the lowest prevalence rate was associated with Trichuris trichiura, with 19 cases (0.31%). 

The comparison of the percentage of pollution in the current study with other relevant studies in the past years showed that the prevalence of intestinal parasitic diseases in this region has decreased significantly, similar to other regions of the country. At the same time, the rate of infection by intestinal protozoa is significantly higher than by intestinal worms. This issue can be due to their direct and easier transmission compared to the worm eggs or larvae.

Acute kidney diseases impose a significant burden on long-term hospitalizations. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of swimming exercise and zinc supplementation on renal function markers following unilateral ureteral obstruction in rats.

In this experimental study, 32 nephrectomized rats aged 8-10 weeks and weighing 190-220 grams were randomly divided into 4 groups: 1) nephrectomy control (Nef), 2) swimming training (ST), 3) zinc supplementation (Z), and 4) swimming training + zinc supplementation (ST+Z). Additionally, 8 healthy rats were included as a normal control group to assess the effects of unilateral ureteral obstruction. The ST and ST+Z groups swam for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week, for 20-45 minutes each session in a special animal pool. The Z and ST+Z groups also received 30 mg/kg zinc sulfate daily by gavage. Serum creatinine, hemoglobin, sodium, potassium, and phosphorus levels were measured.

Sodium and creatinine levels were significantly lower in the Z, ST, and ST+Z groups compared to the Nef group (P≤0.05). Potassium levels were significantly lower in the Z group compared to the Nef group (P=0.018). Phosphorus levels were significantly lower in the ST+Z group compared to the Nef group (P=0.003).

The results of this study showed that exercise and zinc supplementation have interactive effects on improving ion balance and reducing serum creatinine following unilateral ureteral obstruction in animal models. Therefore, it is suggested that the combination of swimming exercise and zinc supplementation be used in conditions of kidney disorders.

Iran is one of the dry regions of the world and is currently facing a severe water crisis.Therefore, more attention should be paid to the optimal use of water and the protection of water resources.which is very important in providing food for the residents of our country. Also, planting time is one of the most important dates in the agricultural calendar of a plant, because other agricultural activities are determined accordingly.One of the newest models that has the ability to simulate the rate of growth and performance of various agricultural and horticultural crops in relation to the amount of water consumed is called the Aquacrop model. The purpose of this research is to simulate and determine the most appropriate date for planting Sirvan blue wheat in South Khorasan province using the AquaCrop plant simulator model.For this purpose, daily climate data as well as other environmental information from Birjand synoptic station have been used in a two-year period(1395-1396)and(1396-1397)and the efficiency of the model has been evaluated using field data. After ensuring the effectiveness of the model, 3 treatments with 3 irrigation levels of 75, 100 and 125% of water supply, with two levels of salinity(6 and 1.6 dS/m)were simulated on the planting dates of November 1st to December 10th. Among the input dates to the model, the date with the highest yield was selected as the best planting date for the study area.The results of the research showed that the suitable planting date is different for each climate, and on the other hand, the yield of wheat is very sensitive to the characteristics of each region in choosing the type of variety and changing the planting date.Therefore, in this research, the best planting date of Sirvan wheat cultivar for the studied area was the second half of November, which is recommended.

Choosing suitable crops for cultivation in each region, considering the resilience of the agronomic system and water status is a vital aspect in formulating the country's agronomic strategy and requires meticulous planning. The present study was conducted to provide a general framework for finding the best area for cultivating tomato, wheat, fodder corn and sugar beet crops in 12 selected lacations of Iran by applying distribution and climate change from 1980 to 2020. In this study the Aqua Crop model was used to perform plant simulations. After comparing the dry product values reported in each of the 12 regions studied by the Agricultural Jihad Organization and the valued modeled by AquaCrop, the validation error for the mentioned regions was estimated to be 4.8, 3.8, 6.6 and 4.6 percent for sugar beets, tomatoes, wheat, and fodder corn, respectively. The model was able to consistently demonstrate an average simulation error below 10 percent. Prediction of future crop production was derived from climate data sourced from the MRI-ESM 0-2 weather modeling software, using SIMIP6 and SIMHIDE models. By analyzing the modeling and historical data for the proposed crops, the highest and lowest amounts of wheat, sugar beet, fodder corn and tomato were determined in Isfahan and Zahedan, Urmia and Bojnord, Isfahan and Mashhad, and Zanjan and Zahedah, respectively. Three indicators of mass amount, crop price and irrigation depth were used as Comparable indices among the crops in different cities for the two planned and potential modes.  The priority of crop cultivation in each city, to decide which crop is the best and prioritize them, was determined using mass, product price, and irrigation water depth. The study highlights the best and worst locations for cultivating tomatoes, fodder corn, wheat, and sugar beets as Kermanshah and Zahedan, Isfahan and Mashhad, Tehran and Zahedan, and Kermanshah and Mashhad, respectively.

Creating a strong, self-directed, positive and coherent identity can lead to career success, social adjustment and mental health. On the other hand, the physical education course is one of the important courses in different educational levels and the development of the professional identity of the physical education teachers will greatly contribute to the success of the educational activities of this course. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to design the model of the evolution of the professional identity of physical education teachers using the data theory of the foundation.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and the data were collected as a sequential exploratory mix with the foundation data method, based on theoretical purposeful sampling and conducting 19 in-depth interviews with human resources experts in physical education and university professors. Based on the method proposed by Strauss and Corbin (2011), data analysis was performed simultaneously in three stages of open, axial and selective coding, and factors and indicators were categorized, and finally a paradigm model of the research was drawn.

Findings showed that the model of professional identity development of physical education teachers has 26 main categories and 77 sub-categories in the form of contextual conditions, intervening factors, causal factors, strategies and consequences. Also based on the findings, strategies for developing technical and professional productivity of sports teachers, strengthening motivational processes and measures, establishing a talent management system for physical education teachers, optimizing the physical structure, developing interactions and relations with sports organizations, research and development in basic sports, knowledge management Education was obtained in physical education

In case of proper utilization of the background conditions and achieving the causal factors and strategies, the quality of physical education teaching, the formation of professional identity of physical education teachers will be developed.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the development of professional identity in physical education teachers using an interpretative structural approach. This study is practical in nature, with data collected and qualitatively coded through library research and in-depth interviews with 23 experts. The components and indicators of professional identity development in physical education teachers were identified using the Delphi method. These components were then organized into a structural self-interaction form and presented to experts as a questionnaire for pair-wise comparison and interaction determination. The ISM technique was used to structure the components. The results revealed a model consisting of 15 components and 53 indicators across individual, professional, contextual, socio-cultural, welfare, and economic dimensions, organized into six levels. Components such as professional orientation, physical-psychological and professional knowledge were situated at the lowest level, while task orientation and professional commitment were at the first level of the interpretive structural model. It was found that physical education teachers have ability to create effective learning opportunities, promote teamwork, demonstrate initiative and innovation, specialize in teaching various sports, contribute to the development of motor literacy, adapt to change, and exhibit intelligence and talent, all essential components of professional identity. Attaining these foundational components will facilitate the development and strengthening of other aspects of professional identity in physical education teachers.

Sexually transmitted infections are generally transmitted through sexual contact and are one of the diseases that have reached a high prevalence in the world today. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the clinical prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases and related factors in women's offices and clinics in Zahedan in 2023.

In this descriptive-analytical study, 1500 women referring to women's offices and clinics in Zahedan city in 2023 were selected. A simple and accessible sampling method was used to select the participants. The data was collected through a checklist. The results will be analyzed using STATA14 software with a significance level of 0.05.

In this research, the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases is 20.4% in women of Zahedan City, so the prevalence rate of trichomoniasis is 7.2%, chlamydiasis is 4.1%, gonorrhea is 2.1%, syphilis is 0.7%. Genital warts are 3.8%, and genital herpes is 2.5%. that the variables of job, spouse's remarriage, spouse's foreign travel, number of marriages, history of sexually transmitted diseases, and being a smoker had a significant relationship with sexually transmitted diseases.

In general, the clinical prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases was higher than expected. It seems that the prevalence of these diseases is increasing, especially in newer cohorts, and it is recommended that people at risk be periodically screened for this disease.

Background and Aim:

 Cardiovascular complications in diabetes mellitus are one of the most common complications of this disease. The aim of this study was to determine the cumulative probability of occurrence of cardiac complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus using survival analysis in patients referring to the Diabetes Clinic, Bu-Ali Hospital, Zahedan, Iran.

This was a descriptive and analytical historical cohort study using the survival analysis method in 2020 on 410 patients referring to the Diabetes Clinic, Bu-Ali Hospital, Zahedan, Iran. Data were collected and analyzed using the SPSS-v21 software, the statistical tests being descriptive tests, followed by the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox proportional hazards model of survival.

The results of this study showed that 122 individuals (29.7%) of the diabetic patients had cardiac complications. The median survival time (in months) of the occurrence of cardiac complications was found to be related to fasting and two-hour postprandial blood sugar levels (p<0.05). Further analysis of the data showed that two variables, namely fasting blood sugar and regular visits, remained in the final model of the multiple Cox regression.

The findings of this study showed that the cardiac complications of diabetes in the population studies are relatively high. Therefore, it is essential to plan and implement interventions aiming to change lifestyle and control regularly blood pressure, cholesterol and blood sugar in the patients in order to prevent the disease

The health system is trying to prevent unnecessary referrals to higher levels by providing tiered services and thus reduce the cost of health care. Therefore, this study was conducted in Zahedan City, Iran with the aim of finding the causes of referrals from level 1 to higher tiers in rural areas.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 458 rural patients referred to the second level in the rural areas of Zahedan City, Iran. Data were collected from the family health files available in the Sib system and analyzed using the SPSS-16 statistical software, the statistical tests being descriptive statistics (percentage, frequency) and Chi-square test.

The highest (57.6%) and lowest (4.1%) proportions of referrals to the second level of service provision were found to have been in 2018 and 2016, respectively. From among the referred patients nearly 50% had been referred due to the need for a higher expertise, thus most referrals (67.2%) were to specialists. Further analysis of the data showed that only in 23.6% of the cases there was a feedback from the higher level to the first level.

The findings show that referrals from family physicians to higher levels in the health system requires higher medical expertise and patient insistence. In addition, feedback to the first level of service provision has not received proper attention. Establishing interactions between physicians and other health service levels, refresher training of physicians, emphasizing the importance of providing feedback and promoting the awareness of patients can reduce to a large extent inappropriate referrals.

In recent years, due to the decrease in percipitation, attention to climate change and the economic, social consequences and financial damages related to extreme index have become very important. Therefore, it seems necessary to investigate the continuation of meteorological and rainfall limit indicators in the long-term statistical period and to determine the climate of different regions of the country. In this research, 28 extreme meteorological and precipitation indices were calculated and SU, TR, TXx, TNx, ID and TXn in 99% confidence level and SDII and R10mm indices in 95% confidence level and TN90p, WSDI, FD, R95p indices and PRCPTOT were significant in 90% confidence level. According to the trend of hot, cold and precipitation extreme indices in this research, the precipitations have generally become shorter and more intense. In such a situation, part of the water resulting from the precipitation turns into runoff and quickly becomes unavailable. The increase in hot and cold extreme indices has changed the type of precipitation from snow to rain, which reduces the opportunity to store water from precipitation, as well as increasing evapotranspiration and faster loss of renewable water resources. De Martonne and Emberger climate classification was used to investigate the changes in the region. Finally, the relationship between the trend of these indicators and climate classifications using the De Martonne method and the Emberger climate map for Neyshabour Plain was investigated and analyzed, and the results showed that these two classification methods do not match with the trend of extreme weather index.

Objective (s):

 The Covid-19 or the respiratory acute syndrome disease has become one of the most important health concerns worldwide. Hence, receiving the correct information is a basic need for prevention of the disease. This study aimed to assess how rural population accessed the Covid-19 information.

This cross-sectional study was conducted from April 2022 to February 2023. Using the multi-stage sampling method, nine hundred rural populations from the Sistan, Iran considering the inclusion criteria randomly were entered into the study. Data collection instrument included socio-demographic and specific items. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, percentage) and statistical tests (chi square test, and one-way anova test). The significant level set at p≤ 0.05.

The mean age of the participants was 35.85 ± 12.56 years, and 52.4 percent of the participants were women and 38% had primary education. Data analysis according to different social media showed that 66.6% of participants obtained information through rural health workers and the mean scores of knowledge (14.15±2.84 out of a total score of 16) and preventive behaviors (16.69±4 out of 21) were significantly higher than who obtained information from other different sources. In addition, the lowest source information was radio (8.3%).

According to the findings, rural health workers were the most important source for providing information on Covid-19 among rural population. It seems that the rural health networks have a vital role in health promotion of rural population.

Diabetes is a common disease that causes eye complications and leads to vision loss and blindness. Diabetic retinopathy is one of the main causes of blindness in the world and the most common cause of new cases of blindness. Predicting the occurrence time of this complication in diabetic people is one of the health priorities of society. The purpose of this study was to determine the cumulative probability of the occurrence of type II diabetes retinopathy using survival analysis in Zahedan City, Iran.

This was a historical cohort study using the survival analysis method, which was carried out descriptively and analytically on 410 patients in 2019. Data were calculated using SPSS22 software and descriptive tests, followed by the Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox proportional hazards model of survival.

The results of this study showed that 103 (25.13%) patients had retinopathy. The median survival time (months) of the occurrence of cardiac complications was related to marital status, fasting blood sugar, smoking, hemoglobin A1c, and blood lipids (P<0.05). The variables of fasting blood sugar, A1c, and two-hour blood glucose remained in the final model of the multiple Cox regression.

The findings of the current research showed that the prevalence of retinopathy in the studied population was relatively high and had a significant effect on reducing survival time. Therefore, it is necessary to make interventions in lifestyle changes, and regular control of blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugar to prevent the disease and reduce complications related to diabetes

The covid-19, in recent years, has been the most important health threat and underdeveloped rural populations are more vulnerable to disease, including death. This study was conducted aimed the investigating the preventive Covid19 behaviors according to Extended Parallel Process Model in rural populations.

This cross-sectional study was conducted from April to September 2022 on 900 villagers’ population with 18-65 years old ages in Sistan region using a multi-stage random sampling method. The data were collected by a questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed by a specific expert panel and Cronbach's alpha test. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, frequency, and percentage), and analytical statistics (chi-square tests, independent t test, and Pearson correlation coefficient test and linear regression) in SPSS software version 21.

The Participants in the terms of knowledge, the perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, self-efficacy, perceived response efficacy, and behavior erned respectively, the 86.75, 81.49, 81.91, 78.85, 79.74, and 82.86 percent of the total scores. The majority of subjects (54.6%) were in the fear control process, and the perceived efficiency predicted 12% of the Covid-19 preventive behaviors (p<0/05).

The results showed that the participants had a weaker coping appraisal than the threat appraisal and the majority of them were in the process of fear control. Therefore, in order to encourage people to take preventive measures against the disease, it is necessary to carry out educational interventions in order to improve the appraisal of coping.

In order to investigation of influence drought stress and salinity stress on photosynthetic pigments and concentration of elements of Mentha piperita L and influence foliar spraying of selenium, an experiment of split in time and with three replications was performed in research greenhouse in Torbat-e Jam region, Iran and in during 2020, including three levels of Salinity (S1=0, S2=50 and S3=100 mmol NaCl), three levels of irrigation (I1=100, I2=75 and I3=50 percent of water requirements) and two levels of selenium (0 and 5 mgrperlit Na2SeO4). results showed that with increasing level of drought and salinity stresses, chlorophyll a, b and total and carotenoids decreased. Also, foliar spraying of selenium (5 mgr/lit Na2SeO4), respectively, 5/53, 6/10, 7/59 and 8/10 percentage was added to chlorophyll a, b and total and carotenoids in Mentha piperita L plant. Investigating effect of drought and salinity stresses on the concentration of elements in Mentha piperita L plant showed that with increasing level of drought stress from I1 to I2 and I3 , concentration of iron respectively, 6/61 and 68/59, concentration of zinc respectively, 9/09 and 181/8, concentration of sodium respectively, 26/39 and 62/93 and concentration of potassium respectively, 11/91 and 12/77 were added and with the increasing of salinity stress from S1 to S2 and S3, from concentration of iron, respectively, 19/94 and 27/81, and from concentration of zinc respectively, 87/10 and 83/57 percentage decreased and concentration of sodium from 8/45 to 21/87 and 123/67 mg/gr increased respectively. Also, with increasing level of salinity stress from S1 to S2 and S3, concentration of potassium respectively, 2/17 percentage increased and 21/55 percentage decreased. results showed that selenium is effective in reducing the effects of salinity and drought stresses and on photosynthetic pigments and concentration of elements in Mentha piperita L plant.

The use of drip irrigation systems for citrus orchards has become a standard method. Economically, drip irrigation is cost-effective for many fruit trees. But only using these systems cannot improve water productivity or net income, and the suitable irrigation water depth should be determined based on production-water and cost-water relationships. Deficit irrigation is one of the appropriate ways to optimize water use in water limitation conditions. However, its economic effects should be evaluated. The optimum applied water depths are used to enhance the product or the net income in water limiting conditions. Therefore, as the first step, the water-production and water-cost functions must be prepared. Production-water function is a quadratic function that relates production to the amount of applied water during the irrigation season. The cost-water function is a linear function that relates total production costs to total applied water. By optimizing these functions, the optimal depth of irrigation water is obtained. English method is an appropriate method to determine the optimal irrigation water depth, which is based on water-production and water-cost functions.

In order to determine water-production and water-cost functions, an experiment was conducted in an orange orchard in Sari. The trees were 25-year-old Thomson Navel oranges spaced in 6×6 meters, which were drip irrigated. The climate in the study area was mild with hot and humid summers and humid and mild winters. Four irrigation levels including 100, 80, 65 and 50% of irrigation water depth were applied in 5 replications. To determine the irrigation water depth, soil moisture was measured and the amount of irrigation water depth (D) and irrigation volume (V) were calculated. Applied water was considered in two cases. In the first case, irrigation water was considered as the applied water, and in the second case, irrigation water plus precipitation was considered as the applied water. Then, the optimal irrigation water depths were determined by mathematical optimization. Next, the economic evaluation of these optimal depths was carried out using 6 indices. It is worth mentioning that in deficit irrigation, the water use per unit of area (one hectare) is reduced compared to the full irrigation, and therefore the irrigated area will be more than one hectare. Thus, the amount of equivalent production and equivalent net income per unit of land increase.

This study showed that when water is not limited, applying full irrigation 〖"(W" 〗_"m" ) provides the highest amount of net income per unit of land. In water and land limiting conditions, if the water limitation is mild, using the optimum depth in water limiting condition 〖"(W" 〗_"w" ) leads to a 26 percent reduction in irrigation water use, which causes a 4 percent decrease in net income per unit of land. But it increases net income per unit of irrigation water by 16 percent. In addition, if the water limitation is severe, it is more useful to apply the equivalent optimum applied water depth 〖"(W" 〗_"ew" ). Although it causes a 17 percent decrease in net income per unit of land, it causes a 46 percent decrease in irrigation water use. Furthermore, when precipitation occurs, the sum of irrigation water and precipitation should be considered as applied water. However, in order to evaluate the effect of deficit irrigation, only irrigation water should be considered to determine the equivalent irrigated area. Therefore, in water limiting condition, if land is not limited, the use of 〖"(W" 〗_"ew" ) leads to the highest net income per unit of land. Because by using 〖"(W" 〗_"ew" ), more area can be irrigated. In addition, the highest water productivity is obtained from the optimal depth under water limiting conditions ("W" _"w" and W_ew). On the other hand, according to the current prices of fruit and water, the net income and optimal depth of applied water are not sensitive to the price of irrigation water. However, they are highly sensitive to the price of fruit. This is due to the large difference in the price of fruit compared to the price of water, which makes production play a more important role than water on the net income. Overall, the use of optimal depths in water limiting conditions can be a suitable solution to overcome the problems of water scarcity in Iran. Moreover, return on investment (ROI) is a key factor along with technical analysis that experts should consider in order to provide an acceptable irrigation schedule for farmers.

The lack of water and food supply makes deficit irrigation will be an unavoidable and widespread action in all aspects of agriculture, especially in high density orchard which aims to increase the quantity and quality of the product, it increases the consumption of water and other inputs. Water productivity is an indicator that shows the product produced per irrigation water consumption. Apple is considered as one of the most important garden and agricultural export products of the country. Recently, apple gardeners are increasingly using shade nets to deal with weather hazards, so this study was conducted to investigate the effect of deficit irrigation and shade nets on water productivity and the quantity and quality of apple fruit.The present research was conducted in the high density apple orchard (cv. Golden Delicious) of Astan Quds Razavi sample farm during during 2021, which was set up as a split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design (the main plot of irrigation treatments: Full Irrigation treatment (FI),Regular Deficit Irrigation treatment(RDI) and Sustained Deficit Irrigation (SDI) and sub plot: presence (S) and absence(N) of shade net) with four replications.According to the results obtained from this research, (RDI) reduced water consumption by 15% ,7% yield and 3% fruit growth. While the water productivity, firmness, maturity index, total sugar, antioxidant and total phenol increased compared to the control treatment and did not change the fruit juice, also the presence(S) of shade net reduced water consumption by 14% and It has increased yield by 9%. Despite reducing irrigation water consumption by 40%, having the highest amount of water productivity and improving some physicochemical characteristics, sustained deficit irrigation (SDI) severely reduced fruit weight, fruit growth and yield.

Drought and salinity stress are the most important limiting factors for plant growth. Selenium has been introduced as one of the useful elements against the destructive effects of stress. To the investigation of influence salinity and drought stress on water productivity and some characteristics of Mentha piperita L in the presence of selenium, an experiment on the split in time was performed in the Torbat-e Jam region, Iran in 2020, including two levels of cut (cut1 and cut2), three levels of irrigation (including full irrigation (100% of water requirement) = I1, I2=75% I1 and I3= 50% I1), three levels of Salinity (0, 50 and 100 mmol NaCl) and selenium factor in 2 levels (0 and 5 mg/l Na2SeO4). The result showed that fresh and dry weight, plant height, the number of leaves per plant, and the number of nodes decrease under salinity and drought stress. Generally fresh and dry weight, plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of nodes, Essential Oil percentage, and water productivity in the first cut was more than in the second cut. Also, foliar spraying of selenium (5 mgr/lit Na2SeO4) increased the above characteristics and also increased plant resistance against salinity and drought stress. The result showed with increasing salinity and drought stress respectively water productivity increased and decreased. the result showed that the percentage of essential oil increased by applying mild stresses in the form of deficit irrigation and then by applying intense stress, the percentage of essential oil decreased. Also result showed that the use of saline water in the conditions of drought stress caused intensification of reduction in fresh and dry weight, number of nodes and percentage of essential oil.

In recent years, the quinoa plant has been used extensively due to its favorable cultivation conditions in harsh climates. The cultivation of this plant is important given that Iran is located in an arid and semi-arid region. In the present study, the effects of different levels of water stress and nitrogen fertilizer were investigated on the yield and yield components of quinoa cultivar Giza-1. A factorial experiment in a completely randomized design based on potted planting with three replications was conducted in the research greenhouse at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2019. Periodic water stress factor consisted of four levels (without stress (control), stress in the total growth period, stress during the flowering stage, and stress during grain filling stage) and nitrogen fertilizer factor comprised three levels (0, 50, and 100 kg ha−1). To apply stress in different growth periods, the plants were irrigated at 50% of soil field capacity. The results of mean comparisons indicated that height, the number of offshoots, spike length, spike width, stem diameter, grain yield (GY, 134.8 g), and water use efficiency (WUE, 0.27 kg/m3) were significantly affected by water stress at 1% level and the number of spikes at 5% level. The interaction of water stress and nitrogen fertilizer significantly influenced the number of spikes, stem diameter, and GY at the 1% level and WUE at the 5% level. Overall, the highest GY was observed without stress treatment under irrigation at 450 mm and using 50 kg ha−1 of nitrogen fertilizer. The best yield-water-nitrogen production function is a linear function (Y = -0.835 + 0.034 I + 0.012 N) that can be fitted on quinoa cultivar Giza-1 based on the applied statistical indices and ranking of functions in the conditions of this study.

Water scarcity particularly in arid and semi-arid areas has been threatening food security for millions of people. Considering that Iran is located in an arid and semi-arid zone and crop production is not possible without irrigation management. In areas where crops are irrigated management and proper planning are necessary for optimal use of water. Due to the quantitative and qualitative decline of groundwater resources, it is essential to optimize water use in agriculture. One of the methods to optimize water use in agriculture, especially in arid regions, is to use yield-water-salinity functions. Also, Selenium has been introduced as one of the useful elements against the destructive effects of salinity and water stresses. Peppermint with the scientific name Mentha piperita L is one of the medicinal and aromatic plants whose essential oil has many medicinal, food, cosmetic and health uses. Given that salinity stress and drought stresses are serious issues and problems in arid regions, in such conditions, it is very important to predict crop performance under drought and salinity conditions.Therefore, this study was performed for the prediction of Mentha piperita L yield and the determination of optimal production function under salinity and water stress conditions in a research greenhouse in the Torbat-e Jam region.One of the other innovations of this research is the investigation of the effect of selenium on these production functions and also on water productivity, with the assumption of increasing plant tolerance against salinity and drought stress.An experiment of the split in time was performed in a completely randomized block design with three replications including two levels of cut (cut1 and cut2), Salinity factor in 3 levels (0, 50, and 100 mmol NaCl, three levels of irrigation (including full irrigation (100% of water requirement) = I1, I2=75% I1 and I3= 50% I1), and selenium factor in 2 levels (0 and 5 mg/lit Na2SeO4).To properly establish the plants, the plants were irrigated every other day for two weeks after the transfer of the rhizomes, then as soon as the emergence of new leaves, the pots were treated with sodium selenate (Na2SeO4) in the form of foliar spraying with concentrations of 0 and 5 mg/l, foliar spraying was done three times every other day, and 24 hours after the last foliar spraying, plants under other treatments (salinity and drought stress) were placed. Salinity treatments were added to the pots from the lowest amount and higher concentrations were added gradually over several days. To determine water requirement was used Class A evaporation pan and water treatments were applied based on it. To calculate the water requirement, plant coefficients of peppermint were determined for the initial, development, and middle growth stages, respectively, 0.69, 1.03, and 1.27. 30 days after the application of salinity stress and drought stress, the first cut was done, for a more detailed investigation, the second cut was done 45 days after the first cut.Yield data of Mentha piperita L (yield of two cuts gathered for better estimation together), once in the presence of selenium and once in the absence of selenium were fitted to different production functions including simple linear, Cobb-Douglas, quadratic, and transient models and the optimum one was determined after sensitivity analysis. The results showed that the coefficient of determination (R2) for estimation of the yield in the presence of selenium by quadratic, transcendental, simple linear, and Cobb-Douglas functions were 0.986, 0.981, 0.946, and 0.897, respectively. In the absence of selenium these coefficient were 0.998, 0.995, 0,959 and 0/871, respectively. According to the results of this research, the quadratic production function is recommended as the optimal production function for the yield of Mentha piperita L in the presence and absence of selenium in the Torbat-e Jam region. Therefore, to optimize the agricultural water consumption for the peppermint plant, it is suggested to use the quadratic production function in this region. Also, the results of the statistical parameters show a higher accuracy of the fitted function in the absence of selenium than in the presence of selenium.Also, the results showed water productivity in the presence of selenium was 17.81% higher than its value in the absence of selenium. It can be concluded that Selenium increases water productivity.

In this study the possibility of using fuzzy inference system efficiency, creating a bridge between meteorological, plant parameters, and Daily Yield, and comparing the accuracy of Daily Yield using these systems were investigated. After analyzing the different models and different combinations of daily meteorological data, seven models for estimating daily Yield were presented. For these models, the calculated Yield from AQUACROP model was considered as a base and the efficiency of other models was evluated using statistical methods such as root mean squared error, error of the mean deviation, coefficient of determination, Jacovides (t) and Sabbagh et al. (R2/t) criteria. an experiment was carried out during the 2014-2015 growing season in the Agricultural Research and Education Center of Khorasane Razavi province using a randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement and four replications. This experiment was including of three irrigation levels treatments as the main plot and three method of planting treatments (transplanting 20-days, transplanting 30-days and direct seeded) as subplots. From the available data,75 percent was used for training the model and the rest of 25 percent was utilized for the testing purposes. The results derived from the fuzzy models with different input parameters as compared with AQUACROP model showed that fuzzy systems were very well able to estimate the daily Yield.Fuzzy model so that the highest correlation with the 9 input variables (r=0.98) had in mind and evaluate other parameters, the model with2 parameters, match very well with the AQUACROP model had stage training. In the test phase,training phase was very similar results and the model with the second phase of harvest index and canopy cover will get the best match. According to the results of this study it can be concluded that fuzzy model approach is an appropriate method to estimate the daily yield .

Aims :

Bloody diarrhea is mainly caused by infectious agents (bacterial and parasitic), especially Shigella or Entamoeba species, and causes high mortality, especially in children. This study was conducted to compare the effects of azithromycin and cefixime on the treatment of dysentery in children referred to Zahedan University Medical Centers.

Methods & Materials :

The participants of the present experimental study were 116 children aged 6 months to 5 years referred to Zahedan University Medical Centres diagnosed with dysentery by pediatricians with blood reported in their diarrhea stools. Dysentery was considered diarrhea with blood or diarrhea confirmed by stool tests. At the beginning of the study, patients’ names and contact numbers were obtained from patients’ families at the clinic. The blocking method with quadruple blocks was used for random allocation. The patients studied were in groups A and B. Group A received azithromycin for five days, with 12 mg/kg on the first day and 6 mg/kg over the next four days. Group B also received cefixime at 8 mg/kg daily for five days. Then, on the fifth day after the start of treatment, they were called to check the cases. Finally, the information was recorded and analysed.

Findings:

 In the present study, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the average time of cessation of fever (P=0.887), the average time of cessation of blood excretion in feces (P=0.101), the average time of cessation of abdominal pain (P=0.133), and the average time of cessation of diarrhea (P=0.189). 

Conclusion :

In general, there was no clear clinical difference in the use of cefixime and azithromycin in the clinical recovery of children with dysentery. As a result, depending on the patient’s condition and the severity of the disease, it is recommended that the correct choice of these drugs be based on the physicians’ clinical experience and the patient’s condition.

To investigate the interaction of magnetic water and deficit irrigation on yield and yield components of marigold, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2019, using pot culture with 3 replications. Treatments included 4 irrigation levels (100%, 85%, 70%, and 55% of field capacity) and 2 types of water (normal water and magnetic water). The results showed that different levels of irrigation on all traits (except physical water productivity which was significant at a 5% level) were significant (P <0.01). Effects of magnetic water on the dry weight of lateral branches and flowers, number of flowers and physical water productivity were significant (at P <0.01); and on the dry weight of flowering stems and leaves, number of leaves and lateral branches were also significant (at P <0.05). The interaction effect of the studied treatments was significant (P <0.01) on the number of leaves; and on the dry weight of roots, flowers, and flowering stems (P <0.05). The highest dry weights of leaves and flowering stems, number of flowers, number of leaves and lateral branches, height and physical water productivity were in irrigation with 100% field capacity and were, respectively, 1.77 and 0.37 g/plant, 7 and 6, 18.4 cm and 0.186 kg/m3. Also, reducing irrigation water by 15%, 30%, and 45% reduced the number of flowers by 25.7%, 32.8%, and 54.3%; and the physical water productivity by 18.8%, 21.5%, and 24.2%, respectively. The highest dry weight of flowers, roots, and lateral branches were observed in magnetic water + irrigation with 100% field capacity, as 0.29, 0.5, and 0.74 g/plant, respectively. The results showed that using a magnetic field increased flower yield and water productivity of Marigold plants under water stress. In this study, the best treatment was 0.6 teslas magnetized water+ 100%FC. However, to apply these stresses at the field level, more research is needed.

The rapid spread of the coronavirus and its high mortality rate has caused serious and widespread damage to society and the economy. Therefore, the present study examines the correlation between Covid-19, water security, food security, and the environment. The Covid-19 outbreak has prompted an expansion in the utilization of water in the country. during the pandemic of coronavirus, some arid parts of the country, which have poor water security in terms of water poverty and environmental water supply, or sometimes face water insecurity, have become more unsafe in terms of water. the Covid-19 outbreak and implementation of the National Coronavirus Headquarters approvals have had many positive impacts on the environment including decreasing air pollution in the metropolitan, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing environmental pollution (such as rivers, forests, plains, and mountains). On the other hand, it is necessary to mention that staying at home has led to producing more waste, which can be dangerous for the environment if it is not recycled; Besides, the Covid-19 pandemic has damaged the economic activities and livelihood of the people and disturbed job and food security (based on the National Document on Nutrition and Food Security (2012-2020)). The coronavirus has shown many tenets to human society, including improving personal hygiene, using masks to reduce the spread of infectious diseases and social participation. Using social participation to advance goals and resolve existing crises such as global warming and water crises can be exploited.