فهرست مطالب پروین محمدی

Aerosol optical depth (AOD) is a dimensionless quantity that shows the amount of light passing through the atmosphere and expresses the amount of absorption and scattering caused by aerosols in the path of light passage. Knowing AOD is necessary to understand its effects on air quality and provide a strategy of confrontation with it. South Baluchistan basin is affected by dust and high concentrations of aerosol due to its geographical location. Therefore, in this study, the tempo-spatial changes of AOD in this basin have been analyzed. In this research, the data of the AOD product (MOD 04 L2) and, the Deep Blue algorithm of MODIS sensor of Terra satellite during the period of 2002-2019 were used. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis were used for data processing. The results showed that the first component alone explains 84% of the variance of the data. The pattern of temporal changes shows that this component exists throughout the year, but it decreases in the cold period and increases in the warm period of the year. Based on the temporal changes of the AOD, the basin can be divided into four temporal periods: winter, spring-autumn, transitional, and summer. The mean AOD reaches 0.69 in the summer pattern. This means that the basin has relatively dusty weather during the summer. Based on spatial distribution, the basin can be divided into three areas: mountainous, piedmont, and plains. The average AOD in the basin is 0.38, which reaches 0.62 in the plain zone. The AOD regime is the same in all three zones, but the plain zone is significantly different from the other two zones in terms of quantity. The high deal of AOD in this basin is related to regional factors that are active in the warm period of the year (Indian monsoon) in addition to local factors.

Having children is one of the important factors in the development of society and country. This research was carried out with the aim of determining the effect of educational intervention based on the stages of change on the attitude and behavior of married women to have children.

This Quasi experimental study was conducted on 80 married women (40 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group) under the cover of Saman Health Center Mashhad in 2022. Sampling was done by simple random method. In order to collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire was used whose validity and reliability were confirmed. Educational program was held in 4 sessions for one month for the intervention group and the participants in both groups answered the questionnaire questions before and 3 months after the intervention. The data was analyzed by SPSS 20. 

The mean attitude scores of women in the intervention group before and 3 months after the intervention were 16.01±2.21, 17.85±2.06. Statistical tests showed a significant relationship between education and women's attitude towards having children (P<0.01). Also, the educational intervention had an effect on changing behavior of women for having children (P>0.05).

The educational intervention in this study was able to significantly improve the attitude of married women in the field of childbearing. However, it is suggested that in the future programs of individuals, the stages of preparation and action in educational interventions should also be considered.

Professors are considered a very crucial factor in educating students. Identifying the criteria of a competent professor and trying to evaluate and apply them in teaching the professors will enhance the learning process. The purpose of this study was to survey the characteristics of a competent professor from the viewpoint of students of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. This research was a descriptive cross-sectional study. The research population included students of Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. The sample size was 250 and the stratified random sampling method was used. The data collection tool was a questionnaire and its validity and reliability were confirmed in previous studies. In this questionnaire, 4 domains of science education, teaching method, individual character, and ability to communicate were measured. Data were analyzed by descriptive (mean, standard deviation, frequency percentage) and analytical (independent t-test and one-way ANOVA) statistics in SPSS. The most important characteristics of a competent professor from the student's point of view were mastery in teaching (4.9 ± 0.41), and spontaneous expression (4.78 ± 0.46), respectively. On the other hand, solidarity and assertiveness (3.58±1.02), as well as teaching experience (3.9 ± 1.01), were among the characteristics that students scored the least. The teaching method was the most important feature of a competent professor from the viewpoint of the students. Universities must consider these features in retaining professors or they may prepare them for a better education via teaching methods as well as effective communication workshops.

One of the basic tools in changing the lifestyle is the existence of an educational program using modern teaching methods. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of multimedia education with the Leventhal model approach on the lifestyle of patients with atrial fibrillation.

In this semi-experimental study, 60 patients with atrial fibrillation were randomly divided into two intervention groups (30 people) and control (30 people) in Kashani Shahrekord Hospital in 1401. In the intervention group, in addition to the usual measures, two virtual training sessions were held through multimedia software (sound, video, image and animation) under the title of a 4-hour training workshop for patients on a coordinated time with the help of the Adobe Connect program. became In the control group, routine interventions were performed. After the workshop, the lifestyle was measured using Walker's lifestyle questionnaire. Data analysis was done using independent t, paired t and chi-square tests.

There was no statistically significant difference in the average score of lifestyle between the two intervention and control groups before the study, and the two groups were homogeneous (P=0/041). However, the average score of lifestyle in the intervention group has increased significantly after the implementation of the intervention compared to the control group (p≤0.001).

Multimedia virtual education has led to the improvement of patients' lifestyles. It is recommended to carry out educational interventions to improve lifestyle in patients with atrial fibrillation.

One of the basic tools in changing the lifestyle and the patients’ perception of the disease is the existence of an educational program using innovative teaching methods. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of multimedia education with the Leventhal’s Model approach on the lifestyle and understanding of the disease in patients with atrial fibrillation.

In this quasi-experimental study, 60 patients with atrial fibrillation were randomly assigned into two intervention (n=30) and control (n=30) groups at Kashani Shahrekord hospital during the year of 2022. In the intervention group, two virtual training sessions were held through multimedia software (voice, video, image and animation) under the title of 4-hour training workshop for patients on the date and time coordinated with the help of Adobe Connect program. There was no intervention in the control group. After the workshop, lifestyle and disease perception were measured using Walker’s lifestyle and disease perception questionnaire. Data analysis was done using independent t and paired t-tests.

There was no statistically significant difference in the average score of lifestyle and disease perception between the two intervention and control groups before the study, and the two groups were homogeneous (p=0.041). However, the average score of lifestyle and disease perception in the intervention group has increased significantly after the implementation of the intervention compared to the control group (p≤0.001).

Multimedia virtual education has led to the improvement of patients’ lifestyles and disease perception. It is recommended to carry out educational interventions to improve lifestyle and disease perception in patients with atrial fibrillation.

Fear and anxiety caused by a possible infection with Corona is destructive and can lead to mental abnormalities in people. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effect of spiritual self-care virtual training on the anxiety of corona in nursing students.

In this semi-experimental study, 60 nursing intern students in 1401 at the Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord branch, after obtaining informed consent, entered the sampling and then were randomly divided into two intervention groups (30 people) and control (30 people).In the intervention group, two sessions of virtual spiritual self-care training were held in the form of multimedia (audio, image, animation and video) for students before entering the hospital on a coordinated date and time. There was no intervention in the control group. Corona anxiety of the students after the workshop was measured using the Corona Anxiety Evaluation Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software at a significance level of less than 0.05 and independent t and paired t tests.

The average anxiety score between the intervention and control groups before the study was 16.96 ± 67/2 and 16.94 ± 2.79 respectively, which was not statistically significant and the two groups were homogeneous (P < 0.05). However, the average anxiety score of students between the intervention and control groups after the intervention was 15.01 ± 2.64 and 16.09 ± 2.43 respectively, which had a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05).

It is recommended to carry out spiritual self-care educational interventions to reduce the anxiety of nursing students.

The perception of residents of a neighborhood about their life there may indicate "restlessness" and "tension" or "peacefulness" and "calmness". The starting point of the present study is the lived experience of one of the authors and the exploratory observation of two others in the Daulatabad neighborhood of the city of Kermanshah who found that the general feeling of the residents there is related to "place" and their sense of belonging. As such, the article intends to search as what makes the residents to feel so. While searching for the main question, the accuracy of more or less intuitive statement was also tested. But the emphasis had been to find elements that make life in Daulatabad more or less acceptable to its inhabitants. The theoretical basis is a narrative view and specifically the micro concept of Boje’s narrative. Through interviews, observation and of course data of the lived experience, two important elements in the life of neighborhood residents were highlighted and the two meanings that showed the acceptability of the neighborhood for its residents are: Local mosque and bazaar, symbols of religion and the world. But what has made these two bodies important in creating a sense of belonging to the neighborhood is how they are interwoven in daily life and of course, the placement of dimensions of these symbols in the collective memory. The present article, in fact, describes and analyzes these facts.

Today, water resources have become one of the major concerns in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Low rainfall and its irregular distribution in Iran, along with rapid population growth and increased agricultural activities, have caused recent droughts. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating and forecasting meteorological drought in Tehran province using the ARIMA model. Data from seven rainfall stations for the period 2000-2020 were used to evaluate the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). Then, the ARIMA model for drought prediction was implemented based on SPI, and the best model for drought prediction was extracted for each station. The results showed that ARIMA time series models can correctly evaluate climate change. Also, according to the results of the SPI drought index for the forecasted period, it was found that the situation was close to normal in all the studied stations, and from 2022 to 2024, the conditions have progressed towards improving the rainfall situation, which according to the recent rainfall in Iran, this model It has been able to model climate changes well. According to the SPI index, the drought in the target area is close to normal, it can be a suitable tool for managing water resources, preserving natural ecosystems, and improving the future climate.

Skin cancer is one of the most common cancers, and the best way to prevent it is to protect yourself from the sun. The aim of this study was to determine the factors determining the protective behavior of skin cancer based on the extended parallel process model in medical students of Shahrekord Branch of Azad University in 2021.

This descriptive study was conducted on 196 students of Shahrekord Azad University School of Medical Sciences. Convenience (available) sampling was applied according to students' field. A questionnaire based on the extended parallel processes model was used to collect information, and data was analyzed using analysis of multiple linear regression.

The mean and standard deviation of age of participants were 21.84±4.19 years and 100 (51%) were female and 96 (49%) were male. According to the findings, the perceived intensity structure had the highest score among the model structures. Among the constructs of defensive avoidance model (β=0.445) and self-efficacy (β=0.424), the strongest predictor was behavioral intention (p<0.001), and behavioral intention (β=0.669) was the strongest predictor of skin cancer prevention behaviors (p<0.001).

The results showed that the structure of perceived self-efficacy and behavioral intention are the most effective factors on preventive behaviors of skin cancer. Therefore, it is recommended that in the field of development of educational interventions in the prevention of skin cancer, these structures should be considered more.

As proven by some researches, the atmosphere’s general circulation models (GCMs) well predict the temporal and special variations in climatic variables such as temperature and precipitation at a global scale. However, although these models can simulate the global climate in a three-dimensional grid for the whole world, the resolution of their images cannot display the details of the climate changes at regional scale. Therefore, to predict climate changes at regional and regional scales, downscaling tools are needed to be developed. This study, thus, sought to investigate the variations of temperature and precipitation in future periods in a semi-arid region in Iran. 

To conduct this study, the Kermanshah province with average annual precipitation of 402.27 mm and mean temperature of 15.9° C was selected. To investigate the future climate change, we need a base period as an evidence or reference (1961-2005). The data used in this study were collected from station observations based on the required output and large-scale data NCEP and GCM gained from the nearest global network to the study area. To estimate the future periods’ temperature and precipitation data, the GCM model of the CanESM2 was applied under three scenarios including RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, and SDSM 4.2.9 model was used in this regard for downscaling the output data. The SDSM is a multivariate regression model for the production of climatic data via statistical downscaling techniques, seeking to generate high-resolution climatic data from GCM’s large- scale simulations data. This model is used when rapid and low-cost estimation of the climate is required.

This study evaluated the model’s performance in predicting climatic parameters based on R2, RMSE, and NS. As confirmed by the results of RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and, RCP8.5, the values regarding the climatic parameters were modeled with acceptable accuracy. However, precipitation prediction was less accurate than temperature which could be attributed to the inaccuracy of the precipitation data and their unconditional nature.The study’s results showed that the annual mean temperature values in the period 2020-2049 under RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 increased by 0.6, 0.7, and 0.9°C, respectively, compared to the base period. Moreover, the investigation of the prospective temperature changes in 2050-2069 period under the above-mentioned scenarios suggested that the temperature would increase throughout the year except in September, October, November, and December. The highest increase would occur in June by 6.6°C under RCP8.5, and the lowest increase would happen in October by 4°C under RCP2.6 scenario. Furthermore, the annual mean temperature values would increase by 0.8, 1.4 and 2.4°C in 2050-2069 under RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios compared to the base period, respectively. It was also found that the temperature would increase in all season but autumn throughout 2070-2099, with the annual mean temperature values getting increased by 4, 1.9 and 4°C, respectively, under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and, RCP8.5 scenarios.Precipitation values and its variations in 2020-2049 period indicated that the highest decrease in precipitation value would occur in March by 38.2 mm under RCP2.6 scenario and the highest increase in this parameter would occur in October by 127.5 mm. Moreover, the annual mean precipitation rata would be 6.4 mm lower in 2020–2049 period than the observed value based on RCP2.6 scenario, and it would increase by 2.6 mm in the same period under the RCP4.5 scenario compared to the baseline period, and it would decrease by 2.6 mm under RCP8.5 scenario. Precipitation values for the period 2050-2069 show that the highest decrease in precipitation in March was 38.3 mm under RCP2.6 and the highest increase in October to 127.5 mm under RCP4.5. Furthermore, according to the annual mean precipitation values for 2050-2069 period, it was found that the highest decrease in precipitation rate would occur in March by 38.3 mm under the RCP2.6 scenario, and its highest increase would occur in October by 127.5 mm under RCP4.5 scenario.Also, the annual precipitation rate in 2050-2069 period would increase by 2.6 mm and 4.2 mm under RCP8.5 and RCP4.5 scenarios, respectively, compared to the observation period, and it would decrease by 4.9 mm under the RCP2.6 scenario compared to the baseline period.The results of the precipitation rate for 2070-2099 period showed that the highest decrease would occur in March by 48.1 mm under the RCP2.6 scenario, and the highest increase would occur in September by 129.5 mm under the RCP8.5 scenario. Moreover, in 2070-2099 period, the average annual precipitation values would decrease by 0.6 and 7.4 mm under RCP2.6 and RCP4.5 scenarios, respectively, and it would increase by 7.8 mm under the RCP8.5 scenario compared to the base period. 

The climate changes observed in the 20th and 21st centuries are incompatible with those of the past millennium. Arid and semi-arid regions are extremely vulnerable to climate changes. Therefore, identifying and comprehending the relationship between climate variables, and knowing their future changes are important for sustainable and efficient management of resources in such areas. According to studies conducted in this regard, climate change will inevitably occur in Iran. On the other hand, one of the most important issues in dealing with climate change in recent decades has been susceptibility to the climate changes. The investigation of the trends of the climatic data recorded in last decades, and the outputs of all climate models that predict future climates indicate that undeniable changes would occur in global climate.To conduct this study, the daily temperature and precipitation data of Kermanshah province’s synoptic station were used. However, non-conditional data presented more acceptable results. The study’s findings showed that in 2020-2049 period, the precipitation rate increased under RCP4.5 scenario compared to the observation period (1961-2005), and it increased in the same period under the RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 scenarios. It was also found that in 2050–2069 period, the precipitation rate decreased under RCP2.6 scenario compared to the observation period (1961–2005), and increased under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Generally, it could be argued that the precipitation rate would increase in this period. Moreover, it could be said that the precipitation rate would be decreasing throughout the 2070-2099 period compared to the observation period, and temperature would experience an increasing trend during 2020 -2049, 2050-2069, and 2070- 2099 periods compared to the observed period.
As indicated by the results, the Kermanshah province’s climatic conditions in the prediction period would considerably differ from the current situation, suggesting serious changes in the region’s climate status. Therefore, getting aware of the direct and indirect negative effects of the climate on different parts of the region and developing long–term strategic plans are necessary for dealing with such conditions.

The purpose of this study was to develop a mindfulness training package and to explore its effectiveness on the wellbeing of Afghan adolescents living in Iran. The population of this study was comprised of all Afghan students (male and female) who were at high school in Tehran during 1396-97. The data quantitative and qualitative data were collected using the mixed method data collection. Ryff's Psychological Wellbeing Scale (1989) and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (1965) were used in this study. The results of the co-variance analyses indicated that mindfulness training had a significant effect on the wellbeing of participants.

The aim of this research is to measure the effect of organizational learning on the organizational agility with the mediation role of psychological empowerment. This research is applied and descriptive (survey). Statistical population is consist of employee of Zanjan Power Distribution Company. Sample size by using Cochran formula was determined equal to 217. Neefe Questionnaire (for organizational learning), Sharifi and Zhang Questionnaire (for organizational agility) and Spritzer Questionnaire (for psychological empowerment) was used for data collection. Content validity and reliability (by using Cronbach Alpha) was approved. Cronbach Alpha calculated 0.954, 0.856, and 0.904 for organizational learning, organizational agility and psychological empowerment respectively. SPSS and AMOS software were used for data analysis. Finding shows that the effect of organizational learning on organizational agility and psychological empowerment, and the effect of psychological empowerment on organizational agility, are positive and significant, but psychological empowerment is not mediate the relationship between organizational learning and organizational agility. Organizational agility can be increased by means of increasing organizational learning and empowerment.

Nowadays, the adverse effects of climate change and its damaging effects have become an environmental, social and economic problem. Assessing the vulnerability of local communities to climate change as an important step in identifying effective mechanisms and prioritizing management will be enhancing flexibility and increasing adaptability. This research is field-survey research, performed by using field observation and completing a vulnerability questionnaire to climate change in three villages of Aghabarar, Seyyed Ayaz, and Seyyed Ahmad in Qasrshirin city. The study was based on the vulnerability indexes such as exposure, sensitivity, and adaptation capacity. Questionnaires were completed among the target groups, which were finally analyzed using statistical tests such as the analysis of variance, Fisher, and Levin. The results showed that the components of exposure, sensitivity, and economy in Qasr Shirin city were vulnerable. Also, there was no significant difference between the three villages in a dry climate, and the vulnerability of Aghabarar village was 3.43, Seyyed Ahmad village was 3.30, and Seyyed Ayaz village with a value of 3.13 was higher than the average value of vulnerability. Also, Seyyed Ahmad village had the highest level of environmental vulnerability in the face of climate change with a value of 4.1. The vulnerability of exposure components and sensitivity is due to climatic events, geographical location, and dependence of local communities on natural resources and climate. Also, the high vulnerability of the economic component is due to the poverty and lack of physical capital of the communities. The vulnerability of the three components of exposure, susceptibility, and economics has caused the vulnerability of the communities studied. These factors affect the compatibility of local communities and countries, their willingness, or ability to adapt. The government with local involvement can effectively respond to the negative effects of climate change as well.

Developing countries are severely vulnerable to climate hazards. Global changes in climate patterns and events alter the quality and access to natural resources which leads to a widespread impact on their social and economic systems which is a kind of threat to today's societies and future generations. Rural communities are among the areas most affected by climate hazards and fluctuations, which require adaptive action to protect their livelihoods from the effects of climate hazards, which requires understanding and adaptation measures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the adaptation capacity and its components to climate hazards in two villages of Sefidbarg and Bivandsofla using a combined descriptive-analytic approach based on questionnaire data. The variables included in this study include individual characteristics and adaptation indices to climate hazards including economic, social, infrastructure, personal knowledge, and government. Effectiveness of each component and analysis of data collected were analyzed using statistical techniques. The results showed that the local communities of Bivandsofla village with average of 2.33 and Sefidbarg village with average of 2.88 have low adaptation capacity in the face of climate hazards phenomenon, and low adaptation capacity of these two villages directly related with economic, social, infrastructure, individual knowledge and the government. The infrastructure component also has the highest adaptation capacity and the economic, social, individual knowledge and government components have the lowest adaptability capacity. It is therefore necessary to pay special attention to improving the capacity of societies to adapt to the economic, social, individual and governmental components. Prior knowledge of the factors affecting adaptation capacity and the provision of supportive policies by related organizations may allow for increased adaptive capacity in planning change management strategies.

Climate Changes affect human societies in different ways, but in the meantime, local communities, especially agricultural sectors, are the most related part of the climate. These features have made local communities to the pivot point of policy discussions and research projects on climate change. In this research, an indicator-based method was used to analyze the local vulnerability in confronting of climate change. Using a field survey and a tool for measuring the vulnerability facing climate change in target areas in Kermanshah Province, a semi-arid climate has been investigated based on vulnerability indicators facing climate change, exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. Climate changes have affected people in different ways, such as loss of agricultural, flooding, rising temperature land and water shortages on people's livelihoods, and the vulnerability of rural communities. The evaluation of the vulnerability of rural communities in the face of climate change in the three villages Gawkel (3.1), Gravand (2.93) and Shahrak hlth (2.73). The vulnerability in this region is due to non-climatic factors such as the case study and the sensitivity to climate change and inappropriate factors such as household livelihoods and infrastructure. Due to of the high compatibility capacity, the village Shahrak Helteh, has been more desirable than the two villages of Gawkel and Gravand. Also, Gravand Village has the highest environmental vulnerability of 16.4. The countries with the lowest income levels are more vulnerable and less resilient, while those with the highest income are the least vulnerable and most resilient. Extended Abstract 1-Introduction It is necessary to analyze the effects of this phenomenon in the research from the human and environmental viewpoints due to the human impacts of the climate changes phenomenon, including social, cultural, psychological, economic and infrastructural effects. The vulnerability of the characteristics of an individual or a community is their ability to predict, counteract, and resistance against natural hazards. Researchers believe that one of the ways to increase adaptation in local communities is the right using of existing resources and potential opportunities among them. This study investigates vulnerability facing climate changes in the local communities of Kermanshah province.   2-Materials and Methods To do this research, three villages of Gawkel, Gravand and Shahrak Helteh were selected randomly from the semi-arid region of Kermanshah province based on the Sylaninov climate classification. An indicator-based methodology for vulnerability analysis in dealing with climate change was used in this study. The indicators studied in this study include exposure, susceptibility and capacity-building, that included economic, social, infrastructure, individual knowledge and government. The statistical population was consisted of local communities in Kermanshah province, and a systematic random sampling method was used to select the villages. Therefore, questionnaires were distributed among local communities in three villages. Finally, the number of samples in this study was determined by 90 people and then the data were collected. Finally, the statistical methods were used to analyze the collected data. 3-Results and Discussion The results of the analysis of the status of effective components of vulnerability in the face of change in societies indicate that the vulnerability of components in the communities of the three villages studied were different. According to the average vulnerability of the components in the studied areas, the vulnerability of exposed components, sensitivity, economy and infrastructure is higher than the average vulnerability. As a result, a meaningful test and zero assumption are based on the same distribution of the data. It can be deduced that the average value is different from the mean value. Other social components, infrastructure, individual knowledge and government, sequential, with a numerical value of 0.2, 8.2, 2.5 and 3.2 are less than the mean of the average vulnerability, which is not significant. It can also be stated that the variance of exposed components, sensitivity and economics with the significance level of their values is equal to 0.002, 0.034 and 0.046, respectively, meaning that the component variance in semi-arid region has a significant difference. In addition to other components, the significance level is greater than 0.05. It can be concluded that the variance of these components in the semi-arid region is not significant and the components are homogeneous. Regarding the level of significance at the level of 0.05, it can be concluded that the average vulnerability in the components of exposure, sensitivity, economics, social and government is not significant. Besides, the significance level, in infrastructure, knowledge and government components is more than 0.05. This result indicates that the mean of vulnerability variability of components in the region is significant. The results of measuring the vulnerability of local communities in the face of climate change in three villages of Gawkel, Gravand and Helteh, indicate that the three villages are vulnerable in terms of vulnerability. The village of Helteh with a mean damage of 2.73 was better, but Gravand village with an average vulnerability of 2.93% had the greater disadvantage than the village of Shahrak Helteh. Besides, Gawkel Village with an average vulnerability of 3.1 has the most disadvantaged and vulnerable. The Levine test has a level of significant 0/163; It can be concluded that there is no significant difference between the variances of the studied communities and they are homogeneous. Considering the significance level of 30%, it can be stated that in terms of vulnerability, the difference between the three villages is not significant. 4-Conclusion Climate Changes effect on human societies in different ways, but in the meantime, local communities, especially agricultural sector, are the most related part of the climate and it is the main determinant of location, production resources and productivity of agricultural activities. In this study, using statistical analysis of societies in terms of vulnerability, the results of this study indicate that the components of exposure, sensitivity, economy, and infrastructure are more vulnerable. This is primarily due to inaccuracies such as the geographic location of the case study and the sensitivity to climate change and inappropriate factors such as household livelihoods and infrastructure. Moreover, most of the rural households have very limited adaptability capacity. Gravand Village has the most environmental vulnerability. Also, the village of Helteh has been more desirable because of higher compatibility capacity than the two Gawkel and Gravand villages. The most vulnerable communities are those which, after a catastrophe, can hardly recover and rehabilitate their livelihood conditions. Typically, the poor are more risk averse than the rich. Poorer demographic groups do not have better choices to live in a better place. So they have to live in risky areas. Creation occupation and professional opportunities in villages and institutional coordination in the distribution of tasks related to agricultural compatibility between related departments and ministries, the adoptability of local communities to climate damages can be increased.

Infections, which are caused by multiple drug resistance bacteria is an increasing problem. This is due to emergence and distribution of microbial drug resistance, and none development of new antibiotics. The use of phytochemical products and plant extract as a resistance reducing agent is an increasingly active subject of research. This study was aimed to study the effect of total alkaloides extract of Sophora alopecuroides on MIC value and intracellular accumulation of ciprofloxacin in an Escherichia coli ciprofloxacin resistant mutant. For this purpose serial dilution method for determining MIC value and spectrofluorometric assay assays for measuring intracellular accumulation of ciprofloxacin antibiotic were used. Results showed that plant extract decreased ciprofloxacin MIC. This extract also increased intracellular accumulation of antibiotic in the Escherichia coli ciprofloxacin resistant mutant. In conclusion, extract containing alkaloids of Sophora alopecuroides can increase sensitivity to ciprofloxacin in resistant mutants through its effect on membrane efflux pump, AcrAB-TolC.

One of the most important issues in watershed management is to determine priority for implementing managerial activities. According to the management and decision-making for selecting appropriate locations to implement watershed management projects and also, due to the cost and duration of watershed operations, using decision making methods are very useful. In this study, by using fuzzy SAW and AHP decision models, Parchin’s sub-basins of Tehran province have been prioritized based on eight criteria including area, average slope, form factor, time of concentration, average CN, drainage density, t average annual precipitation and elevation. The obtained results showed that according to the above-mentioned methods, the highest priority is for basin 7 among all the sub-basins. In Fuzzy SAW method, sub-basin 7 with 1.86 has the highest score while sub-basin 9 with 1.69 was in the second order. Likewise, in AHP method, sub-basin 7 with the score of 0.2102 has the first weighted priority and sub-basin 9 has the second priority. According to comparison of two methods, it can be said that the first and second priorities of both models are similar in the study, but in other sub-basins, priorities are varied.

In recent years, flood control projects have been more extended in the country. Given the cost of implementation, prioritizing the sub-basins is of most important and making decisions about flood and integrated watershed management being quite necessary.The first and most important step in the runoff flood management projects is prioritizing essential areas to carry out flood control projects. Decision-making methods provide effective tools for dealing with issues involving more than one goal. In this study, Parchin watershed basin was studied. Then, using multi-criteria decision-making methods (ELECTRE, Grey and TOPSIS) the sub-basins were prioritized.The results of Grey method were investigated by gray relational analysis for the score of 9 sub-basins. The sub-basin 7 with the highest score (0.719443) was prioritized in the first and sub-basin 1 with score of (0.466119) in second priority and sub-basin 4 with the least amount of score (.331493) was placed in the last priority.In TOPSIS method rating was done using calculated nearness to ideal solution options, sub-basins 7 with the highest nearness coefficient (0.843721) is in the first rank. The results from rating showed that all three methods were evaluated equally in first priority, in other priories methods gave different results. According to the above-mentioned results the three TOPSIS methods and gray analysis are more similar and more accurate than the electronic method.

Gram-negative multi-drug resistant bacteria cause untreatable infections. Efflux pumps have a key role in generation of multi-drug resistant bacteria. The inhibition of this pump is a strategy against drug resistance. The aim of this research was to study the effect of Sophorea alopecuroides L. extract on inhibition of AcrAB-TolC pump in E. coli mutants. The extract containing total alkaloids, was used to measure minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of extract alone and in combination with ciprofloxacin. Resistant mutants were pretreated with a concentration lower than MIC for different time periods and then MIC was measured for ciprofloxacin. The expression of acrA in mutants treated or untreated with the extract in present and absent of ciprofloxacin was assayed. Results showed that the extract had antibacterial activity by itself and in a concentration lower than MIC in combination with ciprofloxacin had synergistic effect. Meanwhile, a 36-hour pretreatment caused decrease in MIC of ciprofloxacin. Results of real time PCR showed that treatment with extract led to decrease in acrA expression. In conclusion, the extract of Sophorea alopecuroides in E. coli multi drug resistant mutants possibly acts as a pump inhibitor. Therefore, better isolation of plant alkaloids and study their effects could provide a strategy for the synthesis of new drug.

One of the most important roles of the studies and researches conducted on the family and espousal relationships has been devoted to the marital adjustment. Different surveys and studied have found that various factors such as personal characteristics and communication skills have affected the quality of the marital adjustment a lot.
The main purpose of the present study is to have a survey on the relationship between self-worth and communication styles and the marital adjustment.
The present study is a correlational survey. Its subjects included 148 married women who were the parents of the children studying in the kindergartens and pre-school centers in Ghorveh in the year 1394.The sampling procedure was a cluster sampling method. In this survey three marital adjustment scales were used: Dyadic Adjustment Scale (1976), Contingencies Self-Worth Questionnaire (Crocker & Wolfe, 2003) and the Communication Style Questionnaire (Christenson & Sullaway, 1984).
The results of the survey showed that there is no significant correlation between self-worth and marital adjustment in general but the external aspects of self-worth (scientific qualification and competency, competition and competitiveness, appearance and being approved by others) had a significant negative correlation with the marital adjustment. The results also indicated that there is significant correlation between communication styles and marital adjustment in a way that there was a significant positive correlation between the scores of the interactive constructive style and marital adjustment but there was a significant negative relationship between the scores of the avoidant style and demand/withdraw style and marital adjustment.
The results of the present survey show that the external self-worth has a significant negative effect on the marital adjustment. In addition, communication styles (interactive constructive communication) of women have significant positive effects on marital adjustment directly but avoidant style and demand/withdraw style have significant negative effects on the marital adjustment. Family counselors can actively involve themselves in instructing the mutual interactive constructive styles and try to reduce the effects of the external self-worth on the marital adjustment in their own treatments and interventions.