a. fallah

Mutation breeding has proven to be efficient for developing new cultivars adapted to normal and stress conditions, including salinity. Mutant populations developed through gamma irradiation of Tarom Mahalli, Hassani, and Anbarboo local rice varieties were evaluated and screened for agronomic traits for 10 years in saline paddy fields of Mazandaran. These traits included plant height, early maturity, yield, yield components, and relative tolerance to salinity stress. The salinity levels of both soil and irrigation water varied between 4-11 and 2-9 dS/m, respectively, in different years and locations. The tolerance indices of the mutants were either 3 or 5, with 13 mutants showing lower stress sensitivity indices than their respective parents. Most mutants reached 50% flowering in fewer days than their parents, with selected mutants (2310, 2212, and 133) flowering between 80 and 90 days after sowing. The average plant height of selected mutants (M5-M7) in the saline paddy fields of Mazandaran ranged between 110-130 cm. All selected mutants produced a higher number of panicles per hill compared to Tarom Mahalli. The average yield of rice mutants varied between 3000 and 4500 kg/ha in different locations and years, with mutants 2212 and 2310 showing the highest yields in Bahnamir and Fereydoonkenar. These mutants exhibited at least a 35% increase in yield compared to Tarom Mahalli. The amylose percentage of the mutants ranged between 18-23%. Based on these results, mutants 2212, 2310, and 133 were selected for cultivation in paddy fields with saline or brackish water.

According to Article 1 of the Civil Liability Law, liability is based on fault. However, due to the fact that the discussion of responsibility is a matter of moral challenge and in various situations conflicts arise in the confrontation of responsibilities with each other, the civil law does not necessarily consider the fault of the defendant as a condition for the realization of responsibility. Considering the importance of this issue and the fact that it is a challenging issue in the field of ethics, the present article was formed with the aim of investigating the moral foundations of fault-based responsibility in realizing civil liability by comparing the legal system of Iran and the common law system.

The basics of the theory of fault has a deep connection with ethics because the good faith and bad faith of the actor play a significant role in compensation. In the developments that have occurred in the theory of fault and led to the emergence of a new theory of fault, although social concepts It has been given more attention and ethical standards have been criticized, but Madakah in the mentioned theory shows its moral significance. The role of fault in compensating for damages is when the defendant commits ignorable negligence, and according to the law, the judge is given the authority to reduce the number of damages for the defendant, because in the moral theory, the responsibility is only based on the intent of the defendant.

Fine woody debris (FWDs) is considered as one of the prominent carbon sinks in forest ecosystems because of having chief roles for carbon cycle and green economy in association with their contribution for carbon sequestration. Therefore, estimating the FWDs carbon stock with high accuracy and certainty is essential in management. The goal of this study was to use quadratic mean diameter (QMD) of the FWDs in order to increase accuracy of their carbon storage estimation.

The plots with areas of 20 × 20 m2 were randomly located within one hectare of pure beech and mixed beech (Beech-hornbeam) stands in the Hyrcanian forests in Kheiroodkenar, Nowshahr. In line with the sides of square plots that were considered as transects (16 transects in total), the diameter of woody debris intersecting the transects was measured. Three diameter classes (including 1-2.5, 2.5-4.5, 4.5 -7.5 cm) were separated on the basis of diameter distribution in the stands. Using graphical estimation based on fitting power function of FWD diameter distribution, area under curve of each class was calculated to obtain QMD. The slope of linear logarithm model was used to calculate the area under curve of the stands that was obtained from logarithmic conversion of fitted power function.

Considering the negative fitting slope in pure beech stands (b=-1.57) and mixed stands (b=-2.03), the results indicated higher frequency of FWD distribution within the diameter classes in pure beech stands. QMD values of each diameter class in each stand had higher values with no significant differences compared to arithmetic mean and median of diameter distribution. The values were 1.63, 3.47 and 5.73 cm in the predefined classes, respectively, in pure beech stand and were 1.57 and 3.36 cm in the first and second classes, respectively, in the mixed stand.

Although the difference was not significant, it is evident that the estimation of biomass and carbon stock using QMD values in computational relationships based on line transect (parameter obtained by multiplication of number of FWDs in each diameter class and square of QMDs) had higher precision and it is expected that in in large scales (compartment, district, division) show higher values.

Given the significance of fine woody debris (FWDs) in the context of the carbon cycle, climate change, and its implications for renewable energy and economic development, it is imperative to obtain accurate information on the dispersion of FWDs volume stock for effective management of Hyrcanian forests in Iran.

This study was conducted in the Kheiroud forest in Nowshahr county, Iran, employing cluster sample plots distributed along the altitude range of 100-1815 meters above sea level (m.a.s.l.). Circular sample plots were established within each cluster, employing a line transect with a constant azimuth of 150 degrees and a radius length of 7.32 meters. Three diameter classes (1-2.5 cm, 2.5-4.5 cm, and 4.5-7.5 cm) were measured based on line-intersected fallen woods. The coordinates of the samples were recorded, and kriging and inverse distance weighted (IDW) methods were utilized to elucidate the autocorrelation of FWDs volume stock. Stand type, aspect variations, and altitudinal range were considered as main factors in the multiple-way ANOVA.

The findings revealed that the mean FWDs volume stock for each diameter class was 2.14, 6.01, and 16.23 m3/ha in the studied forest. Notably, fluctuations in the FWDs at the third diameter class were less pronounced than in other diameter classes. The goodness of fit data between observations and estimations indicated that both Kriging and IDW techniques estimated responses with low accuracy (R2 = 0.16; RMSE = 6.32) and no accuracy (R2 = 0.04; RMSE = 21.17; R2 = 0.03; RMSE = 37.11). Geostatistical techniques demonstrated that FWDs volume stock cannot be considered a regional variable, lacking autocorrelation and spatial correlation. Consequently, ANOVA results, based on observed power and partial eta squared, revealed that the interaction of altitude, stand type, and aspect did not significantly influence variations in FWDs volume stock (P > 0.05). Pairwise comparisons based on the LSD test indicated that the marginal mean of FWDs in the first diameter class was significantly different only along the altitude (P < 0.05).

In conclusion, the observed variation in FWDs volume stock at different diameter classes appears to be random and independent of the considered interactions. However, complex ecological and biological factors likely contribute to the dispersion of FWDs volume stock in the studied forest.

This study was conducted to identify the effective considerations in designing a comprehensive deterrence model based on the soft power of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The study population includes commanders, university professors, and military experts who are knowledgeable about the subject. The whole number sampling method is purposeful and for the interview they are purposefully selected in whole number. The collected data were analyzed by studying the documents and interviews and sending a questionnaire using descriptive and inferential statistics using a computer and SPSS software program.The final results indicate that all components and sources of soft power counted for the Islamic Republic of Iran in soft deterrence within the framework of comprehensive deterrence are effective and valuable and the three sources of Shiite influence and authority, art and humanitarian action have the highest impact. To be

The study of soil property variability over time in forest stands to determine the optimal age range for various management purposes is a research topic that has received limited attention in Iran. This research aimed to investigate the changes in soil carbon storage according to age in reforested stands of Acer velutinum in the Neka-Zalemroud forests. Three age groups were selected: 10-20, 20-30, and 30-40 years. Statistical analysis was conducted using 20 × 20 m sample plots and a systematic-random method with 50 × 50 m grid dimensions. Five soil samples (in the center and square of the sample plot) were taken from the surface soil (0-15 cm) in each age class studied. The results showed that among the physical characteristics, the highest soil moisture (37.33%) was found in the 30-40 year age group, and the highest bulk density  (2.17 grams per cubic centimeter) was found in the 10-20 year age group. Upon examining the chemical characteristics of the soil, it was found that apart from acidity and electrical conductivity, the rest of the characteristics had significant differences influenced by the age of the stand. The highest amounts of absorbable phosphorus (7.81 mg/kg), total nitrogen (0.35%), and organic carbon (6.1%) were found in the 30-40 year old stand, and the highest amount of absorbable potassium (638.91 mg/kg) was found in the 10-20 year old stand. The carbon sequestration study showed that the 30-40-year-old stand had the greatest ability among the stands, with 305.89 tons of carbon sequestered per hectare. Therefore, based on the optimal age of carbon storage (30-40 years) for reforested Acer velutinum, the results of this research can be prescribed for different management purposes.

Parrotia persica, a native species of the Hyrcanian forests, is distributed from the west to the east of the forests of northern Iran. This study investigated the genetic diversity of Parrotia persica using molecular information from populations collected from three habitats in Gilan, four habitats in Mazandaran, and three habitats in Golestan. Using the Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) marker, 826 bands were obtained, with more than 90% of the bands being polymorphic. The mean content of polymorphic information (PIC) and marker index (MI) were calculated to be 0.24 and 22.4, respectively. Cluster analysis based on the Jaccard similarity coefficient and Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) algorithm revealed a wide variety in the collected samples. Based on the Jaccard similarity coefficient, the range of genetic similarity varied from 0.26 to 0.44. The results of the molecular analysis of variance (AMOVA) showed that 21% of the total genetic diversity in Parrotia persica populations was due to genetic diversity between the populations of the three provinces of Golestan, Mazandaran, and Guilan. Genetic diversity within the populations of the habitats accounted for 79%. It can be concluded that there is no difference between the populations based on the diversity of molecular information, but there is diversity within the populations. The diversity among the evangelical populations seems to be more influenced by the environment than genetically. However, for a more accurate conclusion, it is suggested that different ecotones of the population be examined with molecular markers.

One of the most important challenges of climate studies in Iran is the lack of access to long-term climate data. Tree climatology, by examining the effects of climate on the annual rings of trees, provides the possibility of reconstructing the temperature and precipitation of past periods. The main goal of this study is to reconstruct precipitation from the width of annual circles of juniper trees (Juniperus polycarpus K.Koch) in the Garkhod region, located in the northwest of Khorasan province in Iran. The samples were prepared from the juniper trees with a chronometer drill and after initial preparation, they were read by LINTAB device and their time agreement was checked with TSAPWIN software. The final chronology was prepared using ARSTAN software and based on reconstructing the precipitation in the period 1850-2020. The results showed that the widths of juniper annual circles were not affected by temperature fluctuations. Still, the total precipitation of January-May showed the maximum positive and significant correlation coefficient with the growth of these trees. Between the months of the year, February, March, April, and May had the most positive and significant correlation with the width of the annual circles. In general, during the period of 1850-2020, 8 years except for positive symbolic years and 9 years were reconstructed as negative years. The highest precipitation occurred in 1864 and the lowest in 1917. It can be said that the precipitation influences the growth of juniper trees in the region. In this way, suitable conditions for the activity of cambiums are provided with the increase in precipitation.

Spatial patterns of tree species can provide valuable insights into forest dynamics, including processes such as forest establishment, tree growth, species competition, and mortality. This study aimed to investigate the structure, spatial pattern, and interactions of beech trees during the volume accumulation stage of forest evolution in the climax stage of succession. Three one-hectare sample plots with characteristics representative of this stage were selected, and tree characteristics, including species type, DBH, and location, were measured and recorded for all living trees. The results of the uniform angle index indicated a regular pattern among neighboring trees. The average mingling index was 0.08, suggesting intense intra-species competition and a low tendency for beech trees to be located near other species. The mean diameter and height differentiation indices were 0.36 and 0.28, respectively, indicating an average difference between neighboring trees. According to the results of the univariate L11 function, in sample plots one, two, and three, trees exhibited a regular pattern up to distances of 7, 4, and 6 meters between trees, respectively. At greater distances, trees were located within the Monte Carlo range. Based on the results of the L12 bivariate function, in all three sample plots, small diameter trees had a negative interaction with medium and large diameter trees up to a distance of at least 5 meters. Any intervention based on silvicultural programs should take into account the preservation of the structural features of stands at this stage of beech evolution.

This article was written with the purpose of architextuality reading of Hafez's poems based on Gerard Genet's theory of transtextuality. Genet calls the long-term relationship between a work and the type it belongs to as architextuality. For this purpose, considering the importance of the typology of Hafez's poems, this issue has been investigated in the context of architextuality reading.

This research has been conducted as a theoretical study in the form of a laboratory study. The scope of the study is Hafez's Diwan Ghazliat edited by Ghasem Ghani and Mohammad Qazvini. In this research, an attempt was made to analyze Hafez's poems based on Gerard Genet's theory of transtextuality in a descriptive-analytical way.

According to Genet's concept of transtextuality, the results of the research indicate that the main text of Hafez's poems can also be classified into the following types in terms of type and form: "political, didactic, eulogizing, appropriate, boastful, satirical and Satire, philosophical-mystical, prayerful, calumny and reproach."

Based on this, the results of this research have shown that the main text of Hafez's poems includes critical political poems, political praise poems, political resistance, political satire and political epic. Praise poems can be classified into types such as laudatory praise, descriptive laudatory, elegiac laudatory, descriptive laudatory, boastful laudatory. After the type of "prayer" and "humor and satire", the main text of Hafez's romantic and mystical poems can be classified under the philosophical and mystical type. On the other hand, the reprimanding poems of Hafez have titles such as "giving oneself over to blame and not being afraid and not angry at the slander of those who appear, avoiding the worldly world and thinking about goodness and expediency and disregarding name and shame, avoiding asceticism and ascetic sellers, avoiding hypocrisy, a critical view of It is classified as formal institutions, avoiding the claim of discovery and virtues, covering up flaws, avoiding self-righteousness and selfishness, fighting with the ego, and seeking salvation in love.

 The forest ecosystem is one of the most important natural resources of any country, which provides various functions and services for human beings. Therefore, recognizing the functions and services related to the forest and determining the most appropriate valuation method for them is of particular importance. Also, the continuation of using the functions and services of forests requires programs to protect and improve their environmental status. This issue itself requires the participation of stakeholders and finding out about their preferences for forest ecosystem protection and valuing them. But estimating the real value of some functions, ecosystem services and developing appropriate mechanisms to obtain their economic value requires economic valuation methods using non-market methods. Although there are different interpretations of the economic valuation methods of functions and services forest ecosystems but among the various valuation methods, economists have more emphasis on the value of money that is estimated through stated preferences. One of these methods to estimate the stated preferences is the Choice Experiment.

 The purpose of this study is to evaluate the preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) of native communities for the conservation of Shiadeh and Diva forest ecosystems of Babol city located in Mazandaran province using the evaluation Choice Experiment (CE) method. The Choice Experiment is a subset of the choice modeling method and the stated preference method family. Choice modeling is based on Lancaster's value theory and random utility theory. Also, Shiadeh and Diva forests are one of the green areas with all kinds of forest covers, plants and valuable trees and as one of the useful and valuable resources for the residents of the region. These forests play an important role in the lives of the forest dwellers, herdsmen and villagers on its outskirts. Also, Shiadeh and Diva forests because of the presence of natural forest ecosystem, beautiful landscapes, unique vegetation and diverse animal species, as well as special human and cultural effects, are always one of the centers of interest. This forest ecosystem is very valuable and can provide services for the residents of this area. Therefore, in this study, the statistical population of the study includes 150 native households in the villages of Shiadeh and Diva forests. In the study, research data were completed and collected by field sampling in the summer of 2020 by native communities of the region. Socio-economic variables include eight variables: age, marriage, gender, job, household size, education, income and household expenditure. The effect of these variables on the WTP of communities was surveyed. In this study, the WTP of individuals for the forest ecosystems conservation was estimated by the CE method and conditional logit model. To validate the conditional logit model, the independence of irrelevant alternatives (IIA) was performed using Hassman-McFadden statistic. Also, a multinomial logit model was used to investigate the effect of socio-economic variables on the WTP.

 In this study, the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test and was obtained as α=0.87, which indicates its reliability. WTP of each household for the conservation of Shiadeh and Diva forest ecosystem services, including regulatory, habitat and information services, from the status quo to the improvement situation was equal to 1020.68, 630.25 and 1026.49 thousand Rials per month, respectively. The study results showed that WTP native communities for the forest ecosystem conservation to provide regulatory services and its improvement is the first priority, and habitat and information services took the next positions.

 The aim of this study was to evaluate the preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) of native communities for the conservation of Shiadeh and Diva forest ecosystem using the evaluation Choice Experiment (CE) method. In general, it can be concluded that regulatory services was the most important forest ecosystem services in terms of native communities in the region. Also, the final WTP of native communities' estemated at 33329.04 Rials per year (2777.42 Rials per household per month).Therefore, considering the great importance of the regulatory services of Shiadeh and Diwa forest ecosystem, such as water protection, soil protection, carbon sequestration and climate regulation, etc., it is suggested that relevant institutions such as the country natural resources and watershed management organization, the general department of natural resources of the province Mazandaran, regional water organization and agricultural Jahad organization allocate the necessary investments for the protection of Shiadeh and Diwa forests, and implementation of projects such as forest management projects, water protection, soil protection, species protection flora and fauna of the region projects, etc.

Commercial volume trees are an important variable that contributes to economic decision-making and analysis in forest management. In this regard, Commercial Volume modeling in Hyrcanian forests is the key to implementing sustainable forest management plans. Due to time and cost constraints and the lack of local or public volumetric measurements in the equations, most forest managers still use traditional expansion factors to estimate volume. Therefore, using independent variables in volumetric modeling is an essential step in fitting models to representation. Therefore, the present study aims to model and predict business volume with minimal error using two ANN and CART algorithms. The study area was parcels 14, 16 and 24 of the educational-research forest of Sari Faculty of Natural Resources located in Darabkola, one of the functions of Sari city. After rotating the forest, masses with different forest types were studied according to the purpose of the study: Trees of pure beech, pure hornbeam and beech-hornbeam. For this purpose, at least 20 trees fell in each type and all standing trees in each sample parcel were measured. In each plot, quantitative characteristics of all trees including total tree height, trunk height (length), diameter per chest and qualitative characteristics including the degree of tree rot were measured. After measuring all the required characteristics of fallen trees at the level of Study forest types by species, to accurately estimate the volume was measured. Then the actual volume of the tree was calculated in the form of different trunk parts based on the ESmalian relationship. Finally, ANN and CART algorithms were used for modeling in STATISTICA12.0 software environment. The results of modeling the commercial volume of three masses of pure beech, pure hornbeam and beech-hornbeam with two ANN and CART algorithms showed the values of R2 explanation coefficient (0.82; 0.77), (0.44; 0.72) respectively and (0.91; 0.84). The results of modeling the commercial volume of three masses of pure beech, pure hornbeam and beech-hornbeam with two algorithms ANN and CART showed that the ANN algorithm with a R2=0.91and the percentage of RMSE%= 10.51 is more precision. Finally, the findings showed that the ANN algorithm leads to better prediction than the CART algorithm. Also, the performance of this algorithm for beech-border mixed mass is higher than any of the pure beech and hornbeam masses.

Protection and conservation of forests require access to information and awareness of structural features such as number per hectare and canopy cover of trees. This study aimed to select the optimal cluster sampling design in estimating the quantitative characteristics of the forest according to the three measures including accuracy, precision, and time required for the sampling. For this purpose, 30 hectares of watershed Olad Ghobad forests in the west of Lorestan province were selected. The Cartesian coordinates of all the trees in them were determined. In Matlab2014 software environment, the position of all trees was simulated. Then different cluster sampling designs (triangular, square, star 1, linear, L-shaped, star 2) were  defined in the research  by taking into account the number of samples (30, 60, and 90) and three distances (10, 20, and 30 meters). These processes repeated 10,000 times. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the estimated mean of different designs of cluster sampling methods of the study area. Based on the number of samples and the distance studied, it was found that sampling error for linear design has the highest accuracy compared to other designs. The results of estimating the E%2× T index for the characteristic number of trees per hectare and canopy cover showed the lowest values for the square (770.99) and linear (2347) designs, respectively. The results of accuracy estimation for both mentioned characteristics of Star 2 Design showed the lowest values (18.83) and (-5.54), respectively. The results of accuracy estimation for both mentioned characteristics of Star 2 Design showed the lowest values (18.83) and (-5.54), respectively.

Salinity stress causes change in absorption and transformation of nutrients in rice plants. In order to determine of salinity, affect in different growth stages of rice crops on the concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium ions of roots, stems and leaves, was carried out pot experiment in the greenhouse of rice research institute of Iran(Amol) in 2014. The experiment as a split plot factorial in base of completely random design with three replicates, with two rice varieties, hybrid rice (Dialam) and PSBRC88 as main plots, and three levels of salinity (0, 6, 12 ds.m-1) with three growth stages (Tilling, Stem elongation, Flowering) as sub-plots factorial. Hydroponic culture was done in pots with 6 L Yoshida solution. The content of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium ions of roots, stems and leaves were measured that salinity treatments were done about 20 days for each stage. The results showed that the content of potassium, calcium and magnesium ions of roots, stems and leaves were decreased with increasing of salinity level at each growth stage. In check treatment, the highest of ions concentration was at flowering stage and the ions content of roots was always less than stems and leaves. The concentration amount of potassium, calcium and magnesium were higher in PSBRC88 variety than hybrid rice (Dialam). Therefore, PSBRC88 variety had higher ions uptake efficiency of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium in slat stress and had more biomass.

Dead trees are one of the most important structural features in natural stands that knowledge of the processes associated with them is essential in understanding the evolution and development of forest stands. The main purpose of this study was to estimate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics in the natural beech forests during the stage of growing-up volume in the Kheyrood forest of Iran. For this purpose, three one-hectare sample plots with structural features of growing-up volume stage were selected. In each plot, species, diameter, length, shape, and degree of decay of all dead trees were measured. The proportion of snags was 32.8%, while 67.2% of dead trees were recorded as log. The highest and lowest number of deadwoods belonged to beech with 86% and alder with 6%, respectively. The results showed that 73.8% of the total number of measured deadwoods related to primary decay degrees and 26.2% were in the advanced degrees of decay. The highest frequency of deadwoods in diameter classes in the study stands was measured in low, very thick, medium and thick diameter classes, respectively. The highest and lowest mortality rates in the diameter classes were calculated in the low- and thick-diameter classes, respectively. The average volumes of deadwoods in different diameter classes were significantly different. In general, in order to identify changes in the stand structure over time and to investigate the dynamics of deadwood in the growing-up volume stage, it is suggested that the stand analyzed here be monitored in the future.

The structure of forest stands changes over time and under the influence of local disturbances, these changes are referred as the dynamics of forest stands. Changes in the structure of forest stands result in the formation of development phases. The purpose of this study was to identify the structural characteristics of natural beech forests during the stage of growing up volume in the Kheyroud forest. For this purpose, three one-hectare sample plots with structural features of growing up volume stage were selected and the location, diameter and height of all trees within each sample plot with DBH N 7.5 cm were measured. The structural properties of this stage were investigated using a set of indices based on the nearest neighbors. Based on the results, the mean values of uniform angles and Clark and Evans indices were 0.49 and 0.96, respectively, which indicated a random clumped spatial pattern of trees at this stage. The results of the mingling index showed that the tendency of beech trees to mix with other species was low. The results of diameter differentiation index indicated a clear difference and height differentiation index showed a moderate difference in dimensions of trees with each other. In general, using the nearest neighbor indices showed that these indices have a high ability to detect the differentiation of forest stands in the growing up volume stage and thus are useful tools for forest management.

Salinity stress causes change in absorption and transformation of nutrients in rice plants. In order to determine of salinity affect in different growth stages of rice crops on the concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium ions of  roots, stems and leaves, was carried out pot experiment in the greenhouse of rice research institute of Iran(Amol) in 2014. The experiment as a split plot factorial in base of completely random design with three replicates, with two rice varieties, hybrid rice (Dialam) and PSBRC88 as main plots,  and three levels of salinity (0, 6, 12 ds.m-1 ) with three growth stages (Tillering, Stem elongation, Flowering) as sub-plots factorial. Hydroponic culture was done in pots with 6 L Yoshida solution. The content of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium ions of roots, stems and leaves were measured that salinity treatments were done about 20 days for each stage. The results showed that the content of potassium, calcium and magnesium ions of roots, stems and leaves were decreased with increasing of salinity level at each growth stage. In check treatment, the highest of ions concentration was at flowering stage and the ions content of roots was always less than stems and leaves. The concentration amount of potassium, calcium and magnesium were higher in PSBRC88 variety than hybrid rice (Dialam). Therefore, PSBRC88 variety had higher ions uptake efficiency of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium in slat stress and had more biomass.

Lane detection systems are an important part of safe and secure driving by alerting the driver in the event of deviations from the main lane. Lane detection can also save the lifes of car occupants if they deviate from the road due to driver distraction.

In this paper, a real-time and illumination invariant lane detection method on high-speed video images is presented in three steps. In the first step, the necessary preprocessing including noise removal, image conversion from RGB colour to grey and the binarizing input image is done. Then, a polygon area as the region of interest is chosen in front of the vehicle to increase the processing speed. Finally, edges of the image in the region of interest are obtained with edge detection algorithm and then lanes on both sides of the vehicle are identified by using the Hough transform.

The implementation of the proposed method was performed on the IROADS database. The proposed method works well under different daylight conditions, such as sunny, snowy or rainy days and inside the tunnels. Implementation results show that the proposed algorithm has an average processing time of 28 milliseconds per frame and detection accuracy of 96.78%.

In this paper a straightforward method to identify road lines using the edge feature is described on high-speed video images. 

The present research was carried out with the aim of identification and separation of zizyphus spina christi and Astragalus sp. species as well as providing a distribution map of the mentioned species using UltraCam-D digital images in a part of the mountainous Bushehr province. Different techniques of enhancement were applied including Texture Analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and ratio of the bands. Five band groups were selected including main bands, band set obtained from image texture analysis, main bands along with indices and the first obtained band from PCA and a collection of the best bands obtained from OIF. The training samples were produced through field method. Then, 70% of the samples were applied for various classifier pixel-based algorithms including, Mahalanobis Distance classification, Maximum Likelihood classification, Neural Net Classification, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest classification. Verification of the results was carried out using 30% of actual ground samples. Results of assesment of images classified by various algorithm showed that the maximum overall accuracy (85.69%) and kappa coefficient (0.72) in separating the three classes of zizyphus spina christi, Astragalus sp. and soil from the other mixed vegetation cover are for classification by Mahalanobis Distance Classification algorithm applied on group of four main band, PC1, NDVI and SAVI. In general, the results of classification by pixel-based method represent proper efficiency of UltraCam-D digital data for identification and separation of desert regions species particularly zizyphus spina christi from Astragalus sp and shrub species.

This paper considers logistic regression analysis with linked data. It is shown that، in logistic regression analysis with linked data، a finite mixture of Bernoulli distributions can be used for modeling the response variables. We proposed an iterative maximum likelihood estimator for the regression coefficients that takes the matching probabilities into account. Next، the Bayesian counterpart of the frequentist model is developed. Then، a simulation study is performed to check the applicability and performance of the proposed frequentist and Bayesian methodologies encountering mismatch errors.

Considering ongoing developments in Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing and attending to their applications such as digital true orthophoto generation from multi view and high resolution images, have already proven the urgency and necessity of approaches for generating DSM as input of these applications. In this research we describe the “Semi-Global Matching” algorithm and then implement and test if for generating an initial disparity image from airborne UltraCameD images. SGM uses a pixelwise, Mutual Information based matching cost compensating radiometric differences of input images. Pixelwise matching is supported by a smoothness constraint that is usually expressed as a global cost function. SGM performs a fast approximation by pathwise optimizations from all directions. Furthermore, post-processing steps for removing outliers, recovering from specific problems of structured environments and the interpolation of gaps are needed, to generate an accurate and precise DSM in the next steps for other applications.

Saxaul (Haloxylon ammodenderon C.A.Mey) communities are important part of vegetations in central deserts of Iran. Due to their protective and conservative role specially in providing habitat for wildlife and soil erosion control, any research about them has an outstanding worth. In this research, primarily a 10 ha shrub-land of Saxaul in Siahkooh of Yazd was selected and fully callipered in 30×30 meters quadrates. In each quadrate, species, crown diameters, distance and azimuth from left downside angle were measured. Stem map of all plants was drawn by ArcMap software. Then spatial pattern of plants was determined by three

i) Nearest Neighbor, ii) Ripley’s K- function and iii) mean square method which is a kind of quadrat variance methods. Results of Nearest Neighbor method showed that, spatial pattern of plants is random. Other methods showed that spatial pattern is random, but by increasing the distance over 10 meters, the pattern tended to be clumped. Overall, the spatial pattern of Saxaul was random and tended to be clumped by increasing the distance. It seems that homogenous site conditions are the most important causes of random pattern for Saxaul species in small scale. In larger scale (far from playa), Saxaul shrubs were more dense and the spatial pattern tended to be clumped.

Emission of carbon dioxide via human activities is known as the main cause of global warming. Appropriate forest management practices can have effective role to mitigate carbon emission as well as adsorb atmospheric carbon. The present research was carried out to investigate the effect of 35 years old Common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), Chestnut-leaved Oak (Quercus castaneifolia C.A.Mey), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Krast) and Black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) plantations on soil carbon sequestration in Dehmianplantation. Systematic soil sampling was done randomly. Totally 54 soil samples were taken from the top soil layers (0 – 10 and 10 – 20cm depths) in four plantations. Soil texture, pH, bulk density, electrical conductivity, organic carbon and total nitrogen were measured in the laboratory. Analysis of variance indicated that the amount of soil carbon sequestration of softwood plantations stands increased in comparison with hardwood ones. Results showed that the amount of soil carbon sequestration in Norway spruce stand (124.27 ton/ha) was significantly (P<0.05) higher than Black pine (94.67 ton/ha), Common ash (87.58 ton/ha) and oak (78.11 ton/ha). Results of stepwise regression showed that nitrogen percentage and C/N ratio were the most important factors affecting soil organic carbon content.

Myotonia chondrodystrophia, which is easier to diagnose than describe, is a rare congenital disorder inherited as an autosomal recessive. Myotonia is accompanied by chondrodystrophia and epiphyseal dysplasia. Affected individuals are presenting with growth retardation, pectus carinatum, sadly appearance of face, blepharophimosis, ear and dental abnormalities, puckered lips, and hypertrophic muscles. Articular contractures especially in elbow are existing and patients had problems in gait. EMG changes are usually used to differentiate it from congenital myotonia. Immune deficiency disorders are not noted and its etiology is still remained unknown. Therapeutic affaires are of less importance. Case report: we have presented an 8-year old boy referring due to facial deformity. His parents have stated that he had facial deformity and problems in gait since 6 years ago. His problem had progressive course. He had problems in sitting, standing up, and going up stairs, but he had never fallen down. His past medical history has revealed nothing. Now, he is studying in primary school and is a good student, too. His parents were not relevant. He is the second child and the other two children are normal. He has the following indices: Body weight: 21kg, height: 116cm, head circumference: 52 cm, chest: 80cm, BP: 100/60 mmHg, T:37.1 °c.