فهرست مطالب abas ali gaeini

New studies show that inhibiting the growth of tumorsby reducing the expression of angiogenesis factors in various ways, including sports activity, can be a valuable method in controlling the progress of cancer. Galectin-1 and galectin-3 play a vital role in inducing and maintaining tumor angiogenesis. The present research aimed to compare the effect of two selected exercise programs on the expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 genes in the tumor tissue of female balb-c mice with breast cancer.

Twenty-four female balb-c mice were infected with breast tumor by injection of MC4L2 estrogen receptor dependent cancer cells. Then, they were divided into three groups of eight: tumor (T), tumor +aerobic exercise (T+AE), and tumor + high intensity interval training (T+HIIT). The T+AE group performed an aerobic exercise protocol for six weeks, five days a week, and each session lasted 60 minutes. The T+HIIT group performed high intensity interval training protocol three days a week for six weeks, and each session lasted 60 minutes. Finally, mice were anesthetized by injecting ketamine and xylazine, the tumor tissue was removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 was measured by Real Time-PCR method, and the results were expressed as fold change at a significant level (P<0.05) with GENEX software.

The results showed that the aerobic exercise protocol had no significant effect on the expression of galectin-1 in the T+AE group, compared to the T group, while it decreased the expression of galectin-3 by 1.70 times (P=0.00). In the T+HIIT group, compared to the T group, the expression of galectin- 1 decreased 3.04 times (P=0.00), and the expression of galectin-3 decreased 6.57 times (P=0.00). In the T+HIIT group, compared to the T+ group, AE, the expression of galectin-1, decreased 2.58 times (P=0.00), and the expression of galectin-3 decreased 3.86 times (P=0.00).

Aerobic exercise by reducing the expression of galectin-3 and high intensity interval training by reducing the expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 are effective in preventing the progression of breast cancer.

In the past few decades, research on the role of physical activity in the prevention of cancer and disease progression has been the subject of attention of many researchers. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of 6 weeks of aerobic training and high intensity interval training on the expression of uPA and uPAR in the tumor tissue of female mice with breast cancer.
24 female Balb c mice with breast cancer were randomly divided into 3 groups: tumor (T), tumor + aerobic training (T+AE) and tumor + high intensity interval training (T+HIIT). The T+AE group had incremental endurance treadmill running for 6 weeks/5 days/60 minutes. The T+HIIT group had a 6-week/3-day/60 min high intensity interval training protocol. Then, the mice were killed, the tumor tissue was removed and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The expression of uPA and uPAR genes was measured by Real Time-PCR method. ΔCT, ΔΔCT, fold change, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests were performed at a significant level P<0.05 with GENEX software .
The results of the present study showed that in the T+AE group compared to the T group, the expression of uPA and uPAR decreased (P=0.00) 2.07 and 2.55 times. In the T+HIIT group compared to the T group, the expression of uPA and uPAR decreased 4.25 and 7.74 times (P=0.00), and in the T+HIIT group compared to the T+AE group, the expression of uPA and uPAR decreased 2.04 and 3.03 times (P=0.00).
Aerobic training and high intensity interval training are probably effective in preventing the progression of breast cancer by reducing the expression of uPA and uPAR.

The aim of the present study, the effects of resistance training on gene expression and blocking blood flow signal transfer agent and activator of transcription (STAT3) and muscle-forming factor 5 (Myf5) is non-active young people.

The study population consisted of 20 active non-athletic young men aged 25 ± 5 years who were randomly assigned to two groups of ten eccentric resistance exercise with and without blood flow restriction (BFR). Using isokinetic, eccentric resistance exercise protocol (ECC RET) containing about 70 repetitions eccentric resistance exercise on knee extensor muscles was performed. For occlusion of blood flow using the air pressure gauge with width of 5 cm. The STAT3 and MyF5 measured by immunohistochemistry.

The expression of STAT3 gene in the samples compared to pre-test and post-test BFR group was 3.846 times the amount (p = 0.001) showed a significant difference, and gene expression in samples BFR MyF5 in the group after the test the pre-test was 3.479 times the amount (p = 0.005) showed a significant difference.

The use of eccentric resistance exercise combined with occlusion of blood flow through the increased expression of STAT3 gene and MyF5 can help maintain and improve muscle mass.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the interaction effect of endurance training and stanozolol (high dose) on gene expression and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in liver tissue of healthy male Wistar rats.

Forty male Wistar rats (12-weeks old weighing 289 ± 16 gr) were randomly divided into 4-groups: control (n=10), endurance training (n=10), endurance training+ stanozolol (n=10), and stanozolol (n=10). Endurance training+ stanozolol and stanozolol groups received a weekly intramuscular injection (5mg/kg of body weight) of stanozolol. Endurance training+ stanozolol and endurance training groups were submitted to a progressive running program on a treadmill, for 6 weeks and 5 days per week with 70-75% of VO2max. The content protein of SOD and GPX in liver tissue were measured by ELISA and SOD and GPX mRNA were measured by RT-PCR method. Data were analyzed by one way ANOVA test and statistical significance was defined as P<0.05.

The results showed that SOD mRNA expression in stanozolol group increased significantly Compared to control, endurance training (P<0.001), and endurance training+ stanozolol (P<0.01). In addition, SOD mRNA expression in endurance training+ stanozolol increased significantly compared to the control and endurance training (P<0.01). GPX mRNA expression and activity enzyme of GPX in endurance training+ stanozolol increased significantly compared to stanozolol group (P<0.05). The activity enzyme of SOD in stanozolol, endurance training, and endurance training+ stanozolol increased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.001). The content of liver tissue malondialdehyde in stanozolol group also increased significantly compared to other groups (P<0.001).

It seems that injection of stanozolol increased both of SOD, GPX, and malondialdehyde. Whereas endurance training decreased oxidant effects of stanozolol.

Breast cancer, which is a major cancer for women, affects the angiogenesis process. Exercise training can decrease the process of angiogenesis in tumor tissue. The aim of present study was to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of aerobic training on HIF-1α, miR-21 and VEGF gene expression in female Balb/c mice with breast cancer. 16 female Balb/c mice (age: 3-5 weeks and weight: 17/1 ± 0.1 g) were selected and randomly divided into two groups: aerobic training and control. The aerobic training involved running with intensity of 14-20 m/min for 5 sessions per week over 8 weeks. The gene expression of HIF-1α, miR-21 and VEGF was examined by RT&PCR. The repeated measurement ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test and the independent T-test were used to analyse the data, with a significant level set at p<0.05. The results showed that aerobic training induced significant differences in the growth of tumor volume and an increase in HIF-1α. In addition, aerobic training caused a significant decrease in the gene expression of miR-21, whereas the changes in gene expression of VEGF were not significant. It appears that aerobic training caused a reduction in the gene expression of miR-21 and VEGF, which in turn, induced a decrease in the tumor volume and a corresponding improvement in the cancer

Desnutrin is an enzyme that catalyzes the first step of cytoplasmic triacylglycerol lipolysis from white adipose tissue and several other tissues, which are disrupted by the obesity and metabolic syndrome.

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of high-intensity interval training and continuous training on the desnutrin gene expression in the subcutaneous adipose tissue and the quadriceps muscle tissue of obese male rats.

For this purpose, after 12 weeks on a high-fat diet, 30 Wistar rats were divided into two groups: continuous training (n =10) and high-intensity interval training (n=10). Continuous (80%VO2max) and high-intensity interval exercise training (100%VO2max) sessions were conducted according to the principle of overload for six weeks and six sessions per week. Forty-eight hours after the last training session, the abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue and quadriceps muscle tissue were extracted, and the expression level was assessed using the RT-PCR method.

The study showed that the difference between high-intensity interval and continuous training on the desnutrin gene expression subcutaneous adipose tissue was significant (p=0.004), but there were no significant differences (p=0.415) between them in the quadriceps femoris muscle tissue.

According to the findings of the present study, in the adipose tissue, continuous training has a greater effect on the desnutrin gene expression than high-intensity interval training. In the muscle tissue, however, there is no difference between these two training exercises.

The aim of this study was to investigate short time effect of spirulina supplementation on serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) level.
The study design was quasi experimental with pre and post-test. For this reason, 14 male endurance cyclist (age 20.5±1.4, height 180.21±4.33, weight 66.4±2.16, BMI 20.22±0.7, VO2Max 71.78±2.93) that they are/were member of Iran national team were selected as participant. 1 week before test, Participants were asked to stop all supplements consumption containing vitamins and minerals which they have been using. Resting Blood sample were taken of fasting, for assessing research variable at least 18 hours after last their training session. After exhaustive exercise and body composition assessment at pretest, participates were derived into 2 groups, based on BMI (Spirulina group n=7, control group n=7). Participants used supplements in same way and same principle (6×500mg tablet per day) for 2 weeks. After 2 weeks supplementation, blood sample was taken for resting value of MDA and SOD.
Between and within groups analysis demonstrated significant increase in SOD and MDA levels under effect of exercise and 2 weeks spirulina supplementation reduced and increased significantly MDA levels (P According to results, 2 weeks of spirulina supplementation can reduce oxidative stress in elite endurance cyclist.

Aim: RBP4 is an adipokin that participates in insulin function and glucose metabolism. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aerobic training on serum RBP4 levels and insulin resistance index in type 2 diabetic male rats.
Eighteen male 8-week-old wistar rats (233.6±13.1 g) were selected as sample research. Diabetes was induced by using nikotinamid and streptozotocin. Five days after inducing diabetes, fasting blood was measured using blood glucose strips and rats that the level of fasting blood glucose was between 400-126 mg was selected as diabetic. Rats were randomly and According to homogenization of body weight assigned into two groups including control (n=9) and trained (n=9).Rats in the training groups carried out an 8-week exercise program on a motorized treadmill with 10–25 m/min for 15-40 min/day and a 5% slope for 5 days. Serum RBP4 levels was measured with Elisa method and insulin resistance was measured by HOMA-IR index.
Induction of diabetes caused a significant increase in body weight (p=0.001) and serum RBP4 (p it seems that 8 weeks aerobic training with 60-80% vo2max can be effective to decrease the serum RBP4 levels and insulin resistance index in type 2 diabetic patients.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of HIIT run on PGC-1α gene expression in fast & slow twitch muscles of healthy male rats. For this purpose, 12 male Wistar rats divided into two groups: contorol (n=6) and exercise (n=6) , respectively. Intense interval training was consists of five days and a total of eight weeks, that was formed the three frequencies ( 90 to 100% VO2max intensity for four minutes and two minutes at an intensity of 50 to 60% VO2max). 24 hours after the last training session, extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) and soleus was extracted and relevant variables and expression levels were measured by RT-PCR. Results showed a HIIT run a significant increase PGC-1α gene expression in both muscle groups were trained (p=0/004 and p=0/001). According to the findings, implement HIIT will be increases PGC-1α and oxidative capacity in SOL and EDL muscles.

Body weight is influenced by both food intake and energy expenditure. Acylated ghrelin enhances appetite, and its circulating level is suppressed by Growth Hormone. Data on the acylated ghrelin responses to exercise of different intensities in obese individuals are currently not available. This study examined the effects of an intermittent exercise protocol on acylated ghrelin levels and hunger ratings in obese people. Nine inactive male ran on the treadmill at 0900 with progressive intensities of 50, 60, 70, and 80% of VO2max for 10, 10, 5, and 2 min respectively. Blood samples were collected before the exercise at 0845 (-15 min as the resting values), after each workload (10, 23, 31, and 36 min during exercise), and at 30, 60, and 120 min thereafter. The control trial was conducted under identical conditions with the exception of exercise. Compared to the baseline, both acylated ghrelin levels and hunger ratings were suppressed at 70% of VO2max during exercise (17.74 vs. 9.80 pmol/L and 4.84 vs. 2.96 unit respectively) and remained significantly lower than the control trial 2 h after the cessation of exercise (13.95 vs. 20.32 pmol/L and 3.33 vs. 6.04 unit, respectively). Growth Hormone increased during the exercise period and peaked at 80% of VO2max. These findings indicate that acylated ghrelin concentrations and hunger ratings are suppressed during exercise and two hours thereafter in obese individuals, and it is possible that Growth Hormone caused the suppression of acylated ghrelin.

The study tries to compare the effect of carbohydrate and protein supplements intake during exercising on the hormonal response to a resistance exercise session. The subjects of the study were 20 young men who divided into two 10-member groups. During a resistance exercise session, they received drinks containing carbohydrate (CHO group) and or protein (PRO group). The blood samples were collected before and after exercise and their cortisol and insulin contents were measured. The results showed that while PRO group experienced a 17.23-unit increase in its cortisol content, it was only 0.71 units in the CHO group. Insulin response in CHO group (8.12) was significantly more than that in PRO group (4.69) (p=0.01). The results indicate that compared to protein supplements, using carbohydrate supplements during exercising enables the human body to achieve a better hormonal environment after the exercise.

There is fairly scarce information about the effects of zinc, an essential trace element, on exercise performance. Studies concentrate mostly on the distribution of this element in the body in response to exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of exhaustion exercise on the testosterone levels and plasma lactates in road cyclists who are supplemented with oral zinc for 4 weeks.

In this semi experimental sixteen male road cyclists, who were healthy in the first evaluation were selected from the Tehran traffic team and were divided into two groups according to mass body index; zinc group and control group. After 4 weeks zinc supplementation (30 mg/day), blood samples were collected from each subject before and after an exhaustive exercise bout. Data were analyzed by independent and paired sample t test.

Total testosterone, free testosterione and lactate levels in two groups were increased by exercise (P<0.05) and there was no significant differences between total testosterone and lactate levels in two groups before and after exhaustion exercise (P>0.05). There was a significant difference between effects of exhaustion exercise on free testosterone levels between two groups (P<0.05).

According to this study, zinc supplementation has no significant effects on testosterone and lactate levels in response to exercise in subjects with a balance diet. However, free testosterone levels were increased by exercise after zinc supplementation.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how exhaustion exercise affects testosterone levels and plasma lactates in road cyclists supplemented with oral zinc and selenium for 4 weeks. Twenty-four male road cyclists volunteers, were selected from the Tehran Traffic team, and based on BMI were divided into three groups; the selenium, zinc, and controls. The status of zinc and selenium in subjects was assessed at baseline. After 4 weeks of supplementation free, total testosterone, and lactate levels of all subjects were determined before and after exercise. Data was analyzed according to repeated measures ANOVA, and the Bonfferoni post hoc test, with a significance level of P<0.05. Resting total, free testosterone, and lactate levels did not differ significantly between groups, and were increased by exercise (P>0.05). Total testosterone levels in the Zn group were higher than in the Se group after exercise (P<0.05). Free testosterone levels in the Zn group were higher than the other groups (P<0.05). There was an insignificant difference between levels of lactate in the three groups after exercise (P>0.05). According to this study, 4-week selenium and zinc supplementation had no significant effect on testosterone or lactate levels of subjects who had a zinc and selenium sufficient diet. Zinc supplementation increased levels of total testosterone in contrast with selenium group, and also increased free testosterone versus the other groups, whereas there was no change in the levels of lactate in the three groups post-test.

Body weight is regulated by both food intake and energy expenditure. Ghrelin, a hormone produced by the stomach and pancreas, enhances appetite. This study was undertaken to determine the effects of intermittent treadmill running on acylated ghrelin and appetite in individuals with obesity. Nine inactive male students, with a mean age of 20.56±0.48 yrs, a body mass index of 32.68±0.84 kg/m2 and a maximum oxygen uptake of 34.21±1.48 ml/kg/min, participated in the study in two trials (control and exercise) in a counterbalanced, randomized design. The protocol included intermittent running with a constant intensity at 65% of VO2 max on a treadmill. Blood samples were collected before, during, and 2h after cessation of the exercise. Acylated ghrelin concentrations and hunger ratings decreased significantly in the second phase and remained lower than baseline (P=0.006 and P=0.002, respectively) at the end of the exercise. The total area under the curve values and hunger ratings (all P<0.0005) were significantly lower in the exercise trial compared with the control state. Similarly, growth hormone rose significantly at the second phase and remained higher than baseline (P=0.033) at the end of the exercise trial. These findings indicate that acylated ghrelin and appetite are reduced by running at 65% of VO2 max and remain lower than baseline even two hours afterwards in individuals with obesity. Growth hormone seems to be more responsible for this suppression. Further studies are required to investigate whether this protocol could elicit the same effects in short-term training programs.

In order to study of the effects of vigorous and moderate aerobic exercises on the general health of non-active men, 43 individuals volunteered in this research. They were divided into two experimental groups and a control group by Simple random sampling.  Duration of training was 8 weeks and subjects 3 sessions per week and each session 30-45 minutes performed assigned aerobic exercises. Experimental group I (n=15) carried out vigorous aerobic exercise, and experimental group II (n=16) carried out moderate aerobic exercise, at 80-85 and 60-65% of maximal reserve heart rate respectively. Control group (n=12) didn’t perform any physical activity through research. General health of participants were evaluated by general health questionnaire (GHQ-28) of Goldber & Hillier in the initial and after 8 weeks of exercise. We applied one-way analysis of variance and LSD test for revelation results of study.  Results showed significantly  improvement in physical signs (P<0.04), anexiety and sleeping disorder (P<0.03), along with significantly increases in maximal oxygen uptake (P<0.05) and significantly decreases in waist circumference (P<0.04) after 8 weeks of vigorous aerobic exercises. In addition, we observed an inclination for improvement in the general health of moderate aerobic exercise group.  Based on the results, performing of vigorous aerobic exercise upto 80-85% of maximal reserve heart rate can improve general health, physical fitness and body composition of non- active men.

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of a period of the progressive intermittent aerobic training on the most sensitive inflammatory marker for estimating cardiovascular disease (C-reactive protein) in the obesity of female Wistar 14848 rats (325.6±4.93 gram and old-21.5 months). To do so 64 rats were prepared for the pilot study and the main study. The pilot study was performed to determine the difference of CRP in 32 obese and thin or old and young rats (each group 8 rats). Also, the rest 32 rats were divided randomly into the related – subgroubs including: pretest, midtest and posttest (control and training). The training protocol was performed for 12 weeks, 5 days in week, with 2 to 4 sets and with definite speed and duration. The blood samples of fasting were drawn in many phases including; the baseline level, after 6 and 12 weeks of training. The data was analyzed via repeated measures and post hoc least significant difference (LSD). The results showed that CRP levels decreased insignificantly (P=0.351) in the first six weeks and decreased significantly (P=0.001) after 12 weeks. Generally, base on these findings in can be said that decline in this inflammatory marker after the intermittent training means attenuate in atherogenesis process.