فهرست مطالب abbas gholipour

The main focus of the present study was to better understand the effects of altitudinal gradient factors on the photochemical processes as reflected in changes in fast chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics and related biophysical parameters in low and high-elevation ecotypes of Dracocephalum kotschyi and Nepeta crassifolia (located in Mazandaran, adjacent Central Alborz mountain range, central-northern part of Iran). In both Dracocephalum kotschyi and Nepeta crassifolia, high-altitude plants exhibited higher fluorescence parameters as compared to low-altitude plants, which was coupled with higher levels of carotenoids, suggesting proper functioning of PSII. Increased photochemical activity in high-altitude plants was achieved by increased levels of the activity of the oxygen-evolving complex (Fv/Fo), the performance index (PIabs) and the quantum yield for electron transport (φEo). In addition, a clear increase in the relative amplitude of the IP (Fm) phase from the OJIP curve was observed in high-altitude plants as compared to low-altitude plants. These results indicated a significant variation in the performance of chlorophyll a fluorescence parameter, between low- and high-altitude plants, which is apparently due to eco-physiological differences in relation to their altitudinal distributions. Summarizing, high-altitude plants have developed a series of mechanisms with respect to photosynthetic apparatus efficiency to protect themselves from adverse environmental threats.

Plants have been known and used by different societies since ancient times. The most important applications include nutrition, medicine, and industry. Acorus calamus L. (Acoraceae), is one of the medicinal plants that exists in the Iran and some other ecotypes and is used as a medicinal plant also in China, India, and Greece. Recently, it received attention, however there is lack of information about this medicinal plant. 

We performed a search in Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Google Scholar and also traditional medicine books using the following keywords: A. calamus, traditional medicine, modern medicine, laboratory studies, and biological effects.

In reliable articles and traditional medicine books, A.calamus was found with many different properties. The aerial parts, roots, and rhizome were reported to have antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-inflammatory activities. A.calamus is also used in treating nervous system disorders and in production of nanoparticle and pharmaceutical products.

According to many studies, A. calamus has many beneficial properties, but in vitro and in vivo studies are required to investigate its medicinal effects. Also, the plant is originally found in Mazandaran province, north of Iran and it can be used in medicinal and health products.

Focal cerebral ischemia followed by reperfusion causes ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) brain injury. I/R injury is a complex pathophysiological process involving inflammation and apoptosis in neurons. Previous studies reported the anti-inflammatory traits of the family Violaceae. We aimed to evaluate the effects of Viola spathulata pre-treatment on infarct volume (IV), neurological deficit score (NDS) and alterations in mRNA level of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) and caspase 3 (CASP3) in a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model.

Thirty-three male Wistar rats were randomly distributed in 4 groups: normal control, MCAO control, MCAO + 5 mg/kg V. spathulata and MCAO + 10 mg/kg V. spathulata. Two doses of V. spathulata extracts were injected intraperitoneally for 7 days before the onset of ischemia. Finally, IV, NDS and mRNA expression of CASP3 and COX2 genes were assessed 24h after reperfusion.

IV and NDS in MCAO rats were remarkably higher compared with normal control rats and pre-treatment with V. spathulata extracts markedly reduced IV and NDS in the core, penumbra and subcortical regions of MCAO rats. Also, the level of COX2 and CASP3 mRNA was higher in the MCAO control group relative to normal control. Pre-treatment with V. spathulata extracts markedly reduced CASP3 mRNA relative to MCAO rats.

It was found that V. spathulata might reduce ischemic damage in the brain of MCAO rats partly by decreasing apoptotic effects of CASP3. Further research is recommended to investigate signaling pathways involved in apoptosis.

Sweet flag (Acorus calamus) is a perennial, semi-aquatic and aromatic plant of the family Acoraceae that, in addition to its multiple medicinal properties, is used in health, food and agricultural industries (as pest control). This research was conducted to comparasion study of genetic diversity of natural and regenerated plants from tissue culture of Arzefon, Pelesk and Alandan populations of Sweet flag by using ISSR molecular markers. Out of 15 screened primers, 9 primers produced the most polymorphic bands. Totally, these primers generated 83 bands, of which 52 bands (62.65%) were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic locus for natural and regenerated plants was 43.37% and 55.42%, respectively, and Nei’s genetic diversity (H) was calculated to be 0.239 for the two studied groups. The Shannon’s index (I) for natural and regenerated plants was estimated to be 0.251 ± 0.033 and 0.299 ± 0.031, respectively. Among the natural and regenerated groups, the highest genetic similarity was observed between the samples of Alandan population (0.63), and the lowest value was observed between the samples of Pelesk population (0.44). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that 94 % of genetic variation attributed to whithin groups and 6 % to between groups. Based on the results, the genetic diversity of the regenerated plants was higher than the natural plants. According to the results of the present research, the lowest rate of genetic divergence was observed between natural and regenerated plants of Alandan populatiuon, so the plants of this population could be suitable for domestication and cultivation in Iran.

The theory of mechanical-vibration energy harvesting from the environment has been studied by researchers in the recent decade. In the present research, the vibration of the viscoelastic cantilever beam was analyzed with two piezoelectric layers including series and parallel connections. The beam was exposed under moving and rotating base excitation and aero-elastic force. The beam viscoelastic material was described using the generalized Kelvin-Voigt mechanical model. The aero-elastic force based on piston theory is considered while the base excitation is selected harmonic and randomly. The stress field coupling among the beam and piezoelectric as well as Gauss equation were utilized to extract the vibration and electrical equations respectively. The vibratory equation was converted into a set of ordinary differential equations using the Galerkin approach. The obtained equations with electrical equation were solved by the Runge-Kutta method numerically. Then, by studying the response of the governing equations, the effect of system parameters on the vibrational behavior of the beam and the output voltage was investigated. The results showed that the system and response frequencies are not affected via circuit connection types (series or parallel). The natural vibratory frequency is increased with enhancing the beam stiffness. The structural damping has a significant effect on the output voltage value. Also, the output voltage is increased by enhancing the environmental pressure.

Urtica L. (Urticaceae) including U. dioica L., U. urens L. and U. pilulifera L. in Iran. The present study has been conducted for morphological investigations in Urtica populations concerning intra and inter-specific variation in Iran by using numerical taxonomy method. 13 populations from three species scrutinized based on 60 quantitative and qualitative morphological characters of vegetative and reproductive characteristics. The obtained data from morphometric characteristics table were statistically analyzed in terms of numerical taxonomy using software SPSS- VER. 16. Based on the obtained results, evaluation of phenetic relationships from the clustering, showed distinctness of the Urtica species. New key and new descriptions for species were prepared for Urtica L. in Iran, that in addition to completing the morphological characteristics mentioned in previous flora, the characteristics related to the nut and the pollen grain features have been also used as well for the first time. Based on this study U. cannabina L. species unaccepted for flora of Iran as previous recent study.

Different ploidy levels, diploid (2n=2x=24) to hexaploid (2n=6x=72) have been reported for Acorus calamus, a perennial medicinal plant. According to available information, there is a significant relationship between the ploidy level and essential oil compositions and medicinal properties of this important genetic resource. However, there is no information about the chromosome number of A. calamus that has been recently rediscovered in Iran. This research was conducted to determine the chromosome number and ploidy level of three A. calamus populations in Iran. The fresh roots were removed from the rhizome and pretreated in 0.002 Mole of 8-hydroxyquinoline and fixed in Ethanol: acetic acid solution for 24 hours. The fixed roots were macerated in 60° C in 1N HCl for about 30 minutes. A squash technique was used with 2% aqueous aceto-orcein as the stain. The somatic chromosome number and karyotype details were studied at least in five well-prepared metaphase plates for each population. The populations studied showed interesting diversity in cytogenetic features; chromosome number and ploidy level. Arzefon and Pelesk populations had two different chromosome number; 2n=2x=24 and 2n=3x=36, while Alandan population had 2n=3x=36 chromosome number. The haploid total chromosomes length of Arzefon, Pelesk, and Alandan populations were 13.28, 11.33 and 11.3 µm respectively. The longest chromosome was 1.48 µm in Arzefon population and the shortest chromosome with a size of 0.61 µm observed in Pelesk population. The existence of this genetic diversity is important in domestication strategies and the use of appropriate cytotype. Based on the results of this research and available information, the basic chromosome number of A. calamus is x = 12.

Summary
During an exploration in boundary areas of Salmas (W Azarbayjan province, Iran) in 2016, an interesting plant from the genus Silene was collected. Determination of the plant material by using Flora Iranica was showed that, it is an unknown plant, but the specimen was determined as Silene armena Boiss. from the section Sclerocalycinae according to identification key of Flora of Turkey and Flora of the U.S.S.R. The name of species was confirmed by studying the type and other herbarium specimens. Silene armena is a caespitose, perennial plant with panicle inflorescence and leathery and glabrous calyx. Based on available data, the plants of this species grow naturally in Turkey and Armenia, but reported for the first time in Iran. The species was compared with S. peduncularis Boiss. and S. bupleuroides L., the closely related species of the section in aspect of vegetative and reproductive morphological features. In this paper, taxonomical description, photo, distribution and habitat features of the species are presented.

In the course of the study of collected specimens from West Azerbaijan province (NW Iran), Prometheum rechingeri (Crassulaceae) is reported for the first time from Iran. Based on recent phylogenetic and morphological studies in Crassulaceae family, genus Prometheum was considered as independent genus. So far, two species viz. P. pilosum (under Sedum pilosum), and P. sempervivoides (under S. sempervivoides) has been reported from Iran. These two species and the new report are specific to mountains regions and they mostly occur at elevation above 2000 m.s.l. in the northwest of Iran (West and East Azerbaijan provinces). A short discussion on the taxonomic history of the genus Prometheum and the relative species, description, distribution, illustration, ecology and a key for existing three Iranian species is provided.

During field works in Qazvin and West Azarbaijan provinces, some interesting specimens of the genus Silene were found. Silene capitellata (sect. Capitellatae) which is mostly growing in Turkey has been collected in Qazvin, Alamout Mountains. S. retinervis (sect. Auriculatae) was described from Ghandil Mountain of Iraq by Ghazanfar, were collected in three localities from Pyranshahr and Ziveh of West Azarbaijan province. In this article, these two perennial species are reported as new records in Iran. The taxonomical description, geographical distribution and the ecology of the new records are provided and their photographs and illustrations are presented.

No-till practices play an important role in decreasing production costs, increasing soil organic matter content, improving soil structure and removing unwanted environmental impacts. However, due to a lack of access to proper machinery for direct seeding in unplowed lands, such practices have failed to produce successful results since they are incapable of providing sufficient contact between soil and seeds. Introducing a machine that can plant seeds and fertilizer at two different depths in hard (unplowed) soils covered with last season’s crop residues can be the first step towards pilot no-till initiatives. This step can finally lead to the promotion of this practice in the potential areas. In this study, different components of a disk furrow opener were optimally designed in Solid Works modelling software. ANSYS was used to analyze this furrow opener and its three main related components. Finally, the coulter’s stress was determined using the von Mises criterion. The result showed that the minimum coulter stress was 1985.5Pa throughout the plane and its maximum belonged to the holes inside the hub with 1.0819x107Pa. The safety factor of the initial coulter was 17.85, while that of the optimally designed coulter was 25.

The taxonomy and nomenclature of the genus Silene species encounter numerous problems in Iran. In this study, based on the extensive examination of herbarium materials as well as new collections from natural habitats in different areas of Iran, the scientific names of Silene marschallii and S. tenella (sect. Lasiostemones) specimens were revised. According to the results of this research, S. lineata and
S. subtenella, which had been reported as endemic species of geographical boundaries of Iran, are considered as synonym of S. tenella. On the other hand, S. marschallii is an distinct species, but S. sahendica that had been considered as S. marschallii subsp. sahendica combination in Flora Iranica, as a results of the present study, is the synonym of S. lasiantha. This species that based on available information, distributes in Turkey, Iran and Armenia is distinct taxon from S. marschallii. The taxonomical description, photographs, geographical distribution and habitat remarks of S. lasiantha are presented

Advanced tactical missiles need radomes of higher strength capable of withstanding higher velocities and temperatures and longer ight durations. Radomes must be stable at temperature above 1400C and must have a low and steady thermal dielectric constant, low thermal expansion coecient, high resistance to thermal shock, high sti ness and strength, high chemical stability, and high resistance against moisture. Silicon nitride, in comparison with other materials used in the fabrication of radomes (e.g., fused Silica, pyroceramics, etc.), enjoys superior properties, and it can also be used at flight speeds higher than Mach 7. In this paper, various types of raw materials used in the fabrication of radomes have been investigated.

The genus Silene, with more than 100 species in Iran is an important genus of Iranian flora. According to available data on the northwestern parts of Iran, including three provinces of Ardabil, East and West Azarbaijan are considered as a major diversity center of perennial species of the genus Silene in Iran. In the course of a revision of Silene in this area, some interesting specimens were collected which are new records from Iran. In this paper, occurrence of Silene dianthoides (sect. Caespitosae), and S. chustupica (sect. Auriculatae) are reported. The name S. dianthoides is used for previous records of S. marcowiczii which is more likely conspecific. Both species are growing in alpine zone. The previously evaluated threatened status of S. chustupica as critically endangered according to IUCN red list categories is discussed here. The taxonomical descriptions, geographical distribution and the ecology of the new records are provided and their photographs are also presented.

In a revision of annual Silene species some interesting specimens were observed, which belonged to the sp-ecies that had not been previously reported in detail from Iran. In this paper S. nocturna from the section Scorpioideae was added to the checklist of the third important genus of the flora of Iran, i.e. Silene, and new localities for S. gallica from the section Lasiocalycinae were reported. The description, geographical distribution in Iran and photos of each sp-ecies were also presented

Silene mishudaghensis (Caryophyllaceae) from the section Auriculatae is described as a new species from Northwest of Iran. The new species is distinguished from its closely related species, S. araratica and S. longisepala by the shape of basal and cauline leaves, the shape of calyx, the length of alar and lateral pedicel and seed features.

From an economic viewpoint, tomato is considered as the second most valuable crop after potato. It is also preceded by the potato in terms of per capita consumption in the world. In 2008, the cultivation area used for the tomato as equal to 163,539 hectares in Iran and the production of it was equal to 5,887,715 tons with an average production of 117,887 tons in 4352 hectares in the provinces, respectively. Having high production volume and quality, costly hybrid seeds are currently used for the major planting areas of vegetable in Iran. Most of the used transplanted seedlings are 83%. Since the seeds are expensive, the percentage of seedlings and healthy and disease-free seeds should be used for maximized germination and be transferred to the fields of open space. Preparing seedlings in transplanting trays is a technology to respond to this need. Trays are covered with a layer of Peat and Miculite fertilizers. Then, one seed is manually placed in each cell after gauging and preparing a suitable field. However, manually placing seeds is time-consuming and requires hard labor. Sixteen working labors per hour are required for 15 × 7 cell in order to have 10200 seedlings grown in 100 trays. Due to lack of adequate labor, production capacity of greenhouses is reduced, especially in the farming season when finding labor for planting vegetable sprouts is laborious. Therefore, mechanizing tray seeding operations is essential to increase the capacity of the growing industry of greenhouses in Iran. Initially, the tomato seeds were examined in the laboratory. The most important parameters of the study included size, shape, weight, the speed of getting out of the tank and the minimum carrying speed. Then, a vacuum-based single seed picking unit was prepared to investigate the factors influencing the design, so that a single tomato seed can be harvested from the masses. The most important factors considered in the design and construction included: cost, ease of performance, portability, use of local equipment, the planter’s capacity as well as the style of picking single seeds (In Fig.1, the original scheme of the device is presented). The planter consists of several parts operating harmoniously to yield the desired results. These parts include a chassis and conveyor belt mechanism, primary and secondary fertilizer tanks, squashing unit, seed metering device and vibrating reservoir of the seed (The main text of modeling the device with SolidWorks software is shown in Fig.2). This device is designed in such a way that the position of the nozzle, the suction pressure, the height of removing seeds and the vibration frequency of the seeding tray are adjustable. Evaluation of the device was carried out by single seeding of tomato seeds in trays with 105 cells (7 × 15). Suction pressure and nozzle size were calculated for tomato seeds. Scaling distances were considered equal, based on the 30.5-mm intervals of the cells. Single seed picking efficiency of seeds was calculated by the system, as the single percentage of seeding and the total percentage of seeded cells. Seed consumption efficiency is the ratio of the total seeded cells to the total number of existing seeds in the cells. Seeding efficiency also refers to single, dual, and multiple harvested seeds. Furthermore, the device capacity is defined as the number of seeded tray cells per hour. In order to design and build a precise robot planter, an experiment including the designed planter and planting speed of workers in 10 repetitions was designed and implemented to estimate the seeding time and compare with automated and manual planting methods. Seedling trays with four replications were cultivated by the designed robot and the number of cultivated seeds per tray at each stage were correctly counted. After that, the spent planting time by a worker was determined with four replications. The planting rate of tomato seeds is different when comparing mechanized and manual methods. As it is known, the time required for cultivation in the mechanized method is at least one-tenth of the time required for cultivation in the conventional and manual method, which causes the planting rate to increase, and this robot is one of the components of cultivation in the mechanized method in cultivation and production of tomatoes. By assessing planting time using the mechanized method it was revealed that an average of 26.3 seconds is needed to fill a 7 × 15 centimeter tray of tomato seeds with 105 cells. The same planting procedure in the manual method takes an average of 357 seconds which is indicative of the high rate of the designed device. The planter capacity experimented using a seedling tray with the size of 15×7 cells, was calculated to be 17750 cells per hour showing that the suction pressure increases by a reduction in seed size. Thus, while working with small-sized seeds, fluctuations of the suction pressure must be carefully considered to be minimized and the seed being dual was only affected by the opening diameter. Therefore, the opening diameter should become the same in size in order to minimize the dual seed instances. In case of the tomato, the opening diameter had a great influence on the seeds being bulky. Manual planting takes a considerable time in comparison with the mechanized planting. Furthermore, using the designed device in addition to speeding up the planting process, caused regular and accurate cultivation of tomato seeds in order to produce seedlings. The results indicate that utilizing the device over time is highly economical for the major producers of tomatoes, and it is recommended to be used in agro-industry companies, and in the mechanized method of planting in large scales.

Grading agricultural products always has a particular important position for submission to domestic and overseas markets. The grading causes more profitable product ranges and customer satisfaction. Grading treatment is carried out based on various parameters such as color, ripeness level, dimensions and weight. Product weight is one of the most effective parameters in grading operation. Egg weight is directly related to the smallness and coarseness of eggs. In egg grading, the largeness value is very important in marketing. This research aimed to design, fabricate and evaluate the egg weighing system based on its dielectric properties. To perform this research, the stages of work are divided into several sections including, design and construction of the hardware section, writing code for the software section to collect data, conducting nondestructive tests and data collection, analysis of obtained data using artificial intelligence, and giving the results of analysis for device calibration of the system as the software code. The large eggs as dielectric substances cause more increase in the capacity of the capacitive sensor. Furthermore, by derivation of a relation between capacity of capacitive sensor and egg weight, one can predict the weight of the sample. A prototype unit of weighing system was designed and fabricated. The designed unit was composed of a chassis, a voltage source, a sinusoidal signal generator, a voltage measurement unit, an AVR micro controller, a COM port, a capacitive sensor, and an LCD and a keyboard. Neural network technique was used for egg weight prediction. The designed net receives 16 voltage values at different frequencies as inputs and its output is the egg weight. In order to calibrate and evaluate the weighing unit, 150 fresh egg samples were provided on egg laying day from a local poultry farm. Experiments were divided into three groups. The experiments were carried out on egg-laying day, and the second and fourth day after laying. In this study, two networks were built and evaluated. In the first series, two-layer networks and in the second series, three-layer networks were developed. In the two-layer neural networks, the number of neurons in the hidden layer was changed from 2 to 10.According to the given results for two-layer networks, two layer networks with 10 neurons offer the best results (the highest R-value and minimum RMSE) and it can be chosen as the most effective two-layer network. Three-layer neural networks have been composed of two hidden layers. The number of neurons in the first hidden layer was 10 and in the second layer it was changed from 1 to 20. Between three-layer networks, the network with 7 neurons with the highest R-value and the lowest error is the most appropriate network. It is even more efficient than the two-layer network with 10 neurons. So, the most appropriate structure is 1-7-10-16 and it has been selected for calibration of the weighing device. To evaluate and assess the accuracy of the weighing machine, weights of 24 samples of fresh eggs were predicted and compared with the actual values obtained using a digital scale with the accuracy of 0.01 gr. The paired t-test has been used to compare the measured and predicted values and the Bland-Altman method has been used for charting the accordance between the measured and predicted values. Based on the findings, the difference between the measured and predicted values was observed up to 5.4 gr that is related to a very large sample. The mean absolute error is equal to 2.21 gr and the mean absolute percentage error is equal to 3.75 %. According to the findings, 95% of the actual and approximate matching range to compare the two weighing methods is between -5.3 gr and 3.36 gr. Thus, the dielectric technique may underestimate the egg weight up to 5.3 gr or it may overestimate it up to 3.36 gr more than the actual prediction. The best results were obtained with a 3 layers net having 10 and 7 neurons, respectively in the first and the second hidden layers with the highest R-value, 0.983 and the lowest error, 0.502. Therefore, this net was applied for egg weight prediction. To evaluate the device, the weights of 24 fresh eggs were estimated using the device and were compared with actual values and the maximum error was observed to be equal to 5.4 gr.

In this study, morphological seed diversity of 16 species of the genus Silene and Vaccaria hispanica was examined to survey the taxonomic significance by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The matured seeds of the species were collected from natural habitats in Iran. Fifteen qualitative and quantitative characters were measured based on SEM photographs. The shape of seeds was reniform in the 69 percent of species and the rest was asymmetry reniform, circular reniform and spherical. The dimension of seeds varied from 0.56×0.83 mm in S. araratica to 1.02×2.1 mm in S. swertiifolia. The lateral surfaces of 64.7 percent of the species studied were concave and the other species have flat or convex surface. The species studied have showed noteworthy diversity in seed coat cells features such as the dimension, the shape, the anticlinal walls and the sculpturing. An identification key was represented. According to the results, seed morphology features possessed taxonomic significance at the genus and species level.

Acorus calamus has already been reported based on a single specimen collected from Guilan province. Yet، this species has not been reported during last 50 years in Iran and thus، its herbarium specimen is not available. A sample of the species was collected from southern area of Sari during a study on aquatic plants of Mazandaran province. According to the new finding، the natural occurrence of the species was confirmed in Iran. Complementary botanical description، photographs of plant habitat and distribution map of the species were presented. Although، according to the Flora Iranica and Flora of Iran Acorus was considered as a genus of Araceae the recent phylogenetic study considered its taxonomic position in Acoraceae as a distinct family. Therefore، Acoraceae is introduced as a new family to the Flora of Iran with a single representative i. e. Acorus calamus.

In this paper, dynamic behavior of a functionally graded cantilever micro-beam and its pull-in instability, subjected to simultaneous effects of a thermal moment and nonlinear electrostatic pressure, has been studied. It has been assumed that the top surface is made of pure metal and the bottom surface from a metal–ceramic mixture. The ceramic constituent percent of the bottom surface ranges from 0% to 100%. Along with the Volume Fractional Rule of material, an exponential function has been applied to represent the continuous gradation of the material properties through the micro-beam thickness. Attentions being paid to the ceramic constituent percent of the bottom surface, five different types of FGM micro-beams have been studied. Nonlinear integro-differential thermo-electro-mechanical equation based on Euler–Bernoulli beam theory has been derived. The governing equation in the static case has been solved using Step-by-Step Linearization Method and Finite Difference Method. Fixed points or equilibrium positions and singular points of the FGM micro-beam have been determined and shown in the state control space. In order to study stability of the fixed points, beam motion trajectories have been drawn, with different initial conditions, in the phase plane. In order to find the response of the micro-beam to a step DC voltage, the nonlinear equation of motion has been solved using Galerkin-based reduced-order model and time histories and phase portrait for different applied voltages and various primal temperatures have been illustrated. The effects of temperature change and electrostatic pressure on the deflection and stability of FGM micro-beams having various amounts of the ceramic constituent have been studied.

Kiasar National Park is a mountainus region of about 9027 ha. located in south –east of Sari, provintial capital of Mazandaran province, at position of 36 ° 8′ - 13′ N and 53 ° 28′-43′ E. In this research vascular plant biodiversity had been studied during different seasons of 2004-2005. 450 specimens had been collected during field work. Herbarium specimens had been determined by floristic referances such as Flora Iranica, Turkey, Iran, Russia. As a result 258 species belonging to 211 genus and 65 families had been determined that belongs to 5 divission (Equisetophyta, Polypodiophyta, Coniferophyta, Gnetophyta and Magnoliophyta). As whole 18 species are endemic, Astragalus vereskensis is vulnerable, 23 species are lower risk and others are aboundance. Based on life form, 45% of species are hemicryptophyte, 22% geophyte, 18% phanerophyte, 12.5% throphyte and 2.5% chamaephyte. 37% of species are Euro- Siberian, 30% pluri regional (Euro-Siberian/ Iranoturania/ Mditerranean), 26% Iran – Turanian, 3% Mditerranean and 4% Cosmopolitan elements. In comparission with Golestan National Park and Dodangeh wild life refuge the plant biodiversity of Kiasar is lower