abolfazl ranjbar

Dust particles originating from internal and external sources have adverse effects on public health and the environment. Considering the unknown contribution of the mentioned resources to dust production, it is very important to investigate this issue in different regions of Iran. In addition, the analysis of spatial and temporal changes of events with different origins can be an effective step toward identifying areas more sensitive to the phenomenon of wind erosion and reducing the risks caused by its occurrence in the affected areas. The present study was conducted considering the mentioned topics as the main objectives. For this purpose, internal (codes 07-09, 98 and 30-35) and external (code 06) dust phenomenon statistics recorded in 11 synoptic stations of Kerman province in the common time frame of 2002-2020 were used. After calculating the frequency of events, the contribution of internal and external dust sources in different regions of Kerman province was determined. Using the classified map of the dust events occurrence frequency and Mann-Kendall test were respectively analyzed their spatial and temporal changes. The results showed that in the three cities of Jiroft, Anar, and Sirjan, the contribution of external events was higher than other regions of the province, about 80%, 53.8%, and 53.2%, respectively. The contribution of internal events in Shahrbabak, Rafsanjan, Shahdad, and Baft was more than 73% and in Zarand, Kerman, Bam and Kohnuj more than 52%. On average, the share of internal and external events in Kerman province was estimated to be 60.6% and 39.4%, respectively. The spatial distribution pattern of internal and external dusts showed that Bam and Jiroft were the most sensitive areas to wind erosion in the study period. In the study period, the events originating inside and outside the station in Shahdad and Zarand had a significantly increasing trend. A significant increasing trend of events with internal origin was observed in Kohnouj, Rafsanjan and Anar, and an increasing trend of dust originating outside the station was also observed in Sirjan (Z>+1.96).

On a global scale, the importance and danger of wind erosion is less than that of water erosion, but its size and magnitude is sometimes greater than that of water erosion. Wind deposits are important for the development of desert landscapes, especially in arid and semi-arid lands. In fact, wind erosion is a major process in arid and semi-arid regions and the landscapes created by it include sand sheets and different forms of sand dunes. Sand dunes are one of the types of natural hazards that cause a lot of damage every year, especially in dry and desert areas of the world. Depending on the wind regime and sand supply, the hills include several shapes such as barkhans, transverse hills, linear star hills and satellites, each of which has its own characteristics such as height, width and distance. Dunes are a potential source of dust caused by wind erosion, which strongly affects loess formation and biogeochemical and ecological processes by supplying nutrients to marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Sand dunes are always important in terms of human threats, so it is necessary to study these dunes because of the effects they have on water and soil resources, plant and animal life, and communication facilities and roads.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the morphology of sand dunes under the influence of plant communities using telemetry indicators (Normalized Differential Vegetation Index (NDVI)) and also to investigate the effectiveness of each species in the field in the Kashan Citadel region during the period 1995-2020 was done. In order to check the height and slope, Google Earth images were used, and to calculate the vegetation, Landsat TM and OLI8 images and field visits were used. Correlation between morphological factors and vegetation was investigated using geographically weighted regression (GWR).

The identification of sand dunes indicated the presence of six different types of dunes in the study area. Quantification of height and slope based on images extracted from Google Earth showed an average height of 33 meters and a slope of 3.6%. The changes in the height and volume of the sand dunes of Arg Kashan showed an increasing trend, so the height change rate and its correlation were calculated as 0.0455 and 0.85, respectively. Also, the volume change rate and its correlation were calculated as 0.216 and 0.9, respectively, and the surface volume of sand dunes in Kashan region increased by 1.02 cubic kilometers during a 25-year period.Also, the temporal changes of NDVI increased in this study period, and the relationship between the height and slope of the sand dunes and NDVI showed that the highest amount of vegetation cover was in the fixed hills and the lowest amount was in the Star and Buklieh hills. Barkhani is located. The results of the correlation between the morphological characteristics of sand dunes and NDVI through GWR showed that there is a positive correlation between these factors in all sections (r= 0.57 and r=0.46). The sand-loving species of the region were Calligonum comosum, Cyperus conglomerates, Smiriniva iranica and Stipagrostis plumosa species. The results of the analysis of the efficiency of these species in the morphology of hill ranges showed that the above species do not have the same performance. So that the combination of the species and the Stipagrostis plumosa species had the greatest effect on the partial slope of the range by increasing the partial slope of the range by 40% and 30%, respectively, and the Smiriniva iranica species had the least effect on the partial slope of the range.

The height of the sand dunes at the beginning of the citadel is low and gradually increases until it reaches its maximum value in the center of the citadel and then decreases, which is due to the prevailing winds in the area. According to studies, the winds in Kashan region are capable of carrying a lot of sediment throughout the year due to their abundance, which play an important role in the formation of sand dunes. The prevailing winds in the study area are mostly east to north-east, which affects the sand dunes. Converging and local winds have caused the formation of sand pyramids and thus increased the height and volume of sand dunes, especially in the central parts of Kashan citadel. In terms of spatial distribution, the highest value of NDVI was observed in the southwestern and western part of the study area, which was consistent with the stabilized sand dunes, which can be seen mostly by man-planted forests. The reason for increasing the stability of the range in the case of a combination of species and basket species can be said that the height and volume of the canopy of the plant has an important role in the height of the sand dunes because the taller and bulkier the plant is, the more sand it traps. and as a result creates a higher sand dune with a greater slope. In the case of tree and shrub species such as skambil, it can be said that tree and shrub species act more as a protector than a sediment trap due to the lack of significant aerial organs. The results of the analysis of the efficiency of these species in the morphology of hill ranges showed that the above species do not have the same performance. Morphological changes in sand dunes provide important information with which we can understand the possible arrangement of ancient wind dunes. Therefore, this work is an important step in developing improved models to describe stratigraphic complexity and heterogeneity in desert environments. Also, the variety of vegetation has led to the variety of yield in the morphology of the hills, and this shows that the ecosystem uses the role of all species against the wind process.

One of the new and unique sections, especially in internal studies, is the quantitative examination of unevenness. The scientific and quantitative study of topographic position has always been one of the topics that have received little attention in domestic research. So, classification and identification of different morphometrically distinct regions are necessary. Thus, the present study aims to classify landforms in the northwest of Fars province, Kharestan region and investigate its factors affecting. In this regard, the Topographic Position Index (TPI) method was used in the first stage to classify landforms, followed by the CORINE method to determine erosion risk classes. Additionally, Landsat 8 satellite images from June 2017 were used to determine the normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI). The next step was to determine the relationship between different types of landforms and terrestrial factors such as height, slope, slope direction, topographic wetness index (TWI), Terrain Ruggedness Index (TRI) and NDVI. Finally, the status of different landforms was determined based on erosion risk classes. Results showed ten different types of landforms existed within the study area. Small plains (1.18%) were the lowest in the study area, while waterways (27.71%) and high peaks (27.48%) were the highest. The TWI was significantly correlated with landform classes at 95% level. Most of the region (91.71%) had NDVI classes of 0.1 to 0.3. Stream and u-shaped valleys were found to have higher NDVI values. Real erosion risk was classified into three classes: low, medium, and high with areas of 31.14, 31.11, and 37.78%. There were 44, 57, and 59% erosion levels in the low, medium, and high erosion classes, respectively.

Introduction and goal: 

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of reading novels by teenagers on improving cognitive fusion and social adjustment of female students of the first year of high school in Shiraz in Iran.

The quasi-experimental research method was a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a follow-up period. The statistical population of the research included all female students of the first year of high school in Fars province. In order to determine the sample size, 40youth members of artistic cultural centers of the Center for Intellectual Development of Children and Adolescents were selected using available sampling method and were randomly placed in groups of 20 people as evidence and experiment.In order to carry out the experimental project, 9 titles of novels from the collection of novels for teenagers today were introduced to the teenagers of the experimental group and read by them. After reading each book title, a book discussion session was held. The research tool was Gillanders et al.'s cognitive fusion questionnaire (2015) and Sinha and Singh's students' social adjustment questionnaire (1993). Data analysis was done in two stages: descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (univariate covariance analysis test).

The results of this research showed that by studying teenage novels, the mean values of both cognitive-fusion and social adjustment variables have decreased in the post-test compared to before the implementation of the experimental plan. Also, based on covariance analysis, the effect of studying teenage novels on improving cognitive fusion was 0.82 and increased social adjustment was 0.78 in female students aged 13to 15.

Reflecting on the basic needs of students in accordance with the current conditions and expectations based on the document of fundamental transformation in indirect and effective education and considering the impact of reading teenage novels; Allocating an hour from the extracurriculars of teenagers to non-curricular studies in order to prevent and improve the inevitable disorders caused by the growth process of students in schools is suggested by planners at the macro level.

Desertification is a serious ecological, environmental, and socio-economic threat to the world, and there is a pressing need to develop a reasonable and reproducible method to assess it at different scales. Therefore, in the present paper, changes in cover and desertification of Kashan, Aran and Bidgol regions in the north of Isfahan were developed using Landsat ETM and OLI data. According to this research, NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), TGSI (Topsoil Grain Size Index), and land surface albedo were selected as indicators for representing land surface conditions from vegetation biomass, landscape pattern, and reflection. A Decision Tree (DT) approach was used to assess the land cover change and desertification of the study area from 1995-2020. Temporal changes indicated an increase in NDVI, TGSI, and albedo trends during this period. The spatial distribution of NDVI showed that values greater than 0.5 were observed only in a small part of the west and southwest, while high values of TGSI and albedo occupied a large area of the study area. There was also a correlation between the above three indicators at 95% (R = 0.99). The results also showed that desertification is increasing in the study area, so that the intensity of desertification from 1995 to 2020 in classes without desertification was low, medium, and severe. The high desertification class decreased by 1420.75 square kilometers (13.54%), while severe desertification increased by approximately 1388.8 square kilometers (13.23%). The highest NDVI values were found in the non-desert area and the low desertification class, while the highest TGSI and albedo values were found in the high and severe desertification classes.

Provision of independence, territorial integrity, and establishment of security and peace in society is one of the main functions of any polity for which military and police are organized. To that end, the draftees are organizedly trained to reinforce the national security in many countries. In the same vein, the current paper studies the skills of draftees to reinforce the national security and impede unemployment.

the present study has been conducted upon descriptive-analytic method and on desk.

Skill-learning and accountablity of draftees impedes unemployment during the military service as a deterrent mechanism that, if well provided by executive bedrocks in tandem with international standards, while reinforcing the national security, it provides for skill-based employment in the post-service period.

Draftees’ skill-learning while impedes unemployment of the youth, reinforces the national security and their accountability in the society. In the same vein, this paper studies contradictions in the regulation on labor and the national military service and provides for the new legal requirements for development of skill-learning of draftees.

The statement of the second step of the revolution as one of the upstream documents deserves to be studied and researched in the field of foreign me-dia propaganda methods and the researcher’s goal is to identify the foreign media propaganda methods based on the second step statement of the revolu-tion, including False news, biased analysis, distortion of facts, concealment of hopeful manifestations, magnification of small flaws and small showing or denying great virtues, and scientifically demonstrate its connection with domestic crises .To achieve this goal, library methods and fish-picking tools have been used, and what is certain is that hard methods such as war or coup d’etat for various reasons, including heavy costs, change of mindset and at-titude of international communities and ... regarding the system of the Islamic Republic of Iran has lost its functions and global arrogance has come to the conclusion that in order to bring this revolution to its knees, soft war and media propaganda must replace the methods of war,and the recent protests show that since 2009, the activities of soft war of foreigners based on media propaganda against the Islamic Revolution of Iran have increased. Thus, me-dia propaganda techniques in the first stage change the thoughts, in the sec-ond stage change speech, and finally lead to behavior change, which requires governments to be aware of the consequences in order to be safe from security surprises in the future

Vegetation is one of the essential factors in structure and function of terrestrial ecosystem and it is one of the principal loops in water-soil-plant-atmosphere continuum. Several studies have demonstrated that vegetation covers are sensitive to alteration of climatic, edaphic, topographic and human activities. Thus, alteration in vegetation and its relation with the mentioned factors are important of high importance. In order to investigation of vegetation changes and its effective factors, the current study was conducted in Kharestan region placed in Fars province, Iran. In this regard, the images obtained from ETM Landsat 7 (2000-2017) and meteorological data gained from local and 17 regional meteorological stations were used. Using these images, temporal and spatial changes NDVI and NDVI anomaly were studied. A supervised classification method was used to extract land use map. Finally, the relationship of NDVI with climatic, topographic and anthropogenic factors was investigated. Relationship between NDVI and climatic and topographic factors was estimated using GWR and OLS methods, respectively. Generally, temporal variations showed a slow increasing trend in NDVI value. NDVI anomaly was mostly negative before 2008 but it turned to positive after 2009. NDVI spatial distribution showed an increasing tendency from north toward center and continued to south-west of the study area. The study shows that the vegetation cover change was caused by both natural factors and human activities. NDVI increased in agricultural and pasture lands. Also, natural vegetation has been affected by climatic factors more than irrigated vegetation (agricultural and gardens). Furthermore, vegetation variation influenced by topographic factors likes height, slope and aspect. Also, with an altitude over than 2500 m, NDVI showed a decreasing trend, on slopes lower than 5° it increased. NDVI values in north and east directions were higher than in southern aspects. The overall trend indicates an increase in temperature and a decrease in precipitation during the study period. The maximum positive and negative correlation between mean annual precipitation and NDVI using ordinary least squares method were 0.93 and 0.83, respectively. Also the maximum negative and positive correlation between NDVI and temperature were 0.65 and 0.5, respectively. The highest local R2 values between NDVI with precipitation and temperature were 0.45 and 0.44, respectively, which was observed in the central parts of the region. According to the obtained results through the present study, it can be stated that environmental factors like precipitation, altitude, slope and aspect are the Influential factors controlling vegetation in Kharestan (Fars province, Iran).

Evapotranspiration is one of the most important parts of the water cycle (Boegh and Soegaard 2004). Precise prediction of actual evapotranspiration () is essential for various fields, such as agriculture, water resource management, irrigation planning and plant growth modeling. Therefore, accurate determination of actual evapotranspiration has always been a major concern of experts in these fields. Due to the limited number of weather stations and the fact that collecting ground information is both time consuming and expensive, remote sensing and satellite imagerycan be a suitable tool in determination of actual evapotranspiration (Brisco et al., 2014). Satellite productions are usually divided into images with low, medium and high spatial resolution (Rao et al., 2017). Surface energy balance is a method usually used in combination withremotely sensed spatial data for estimation. Information collected from various sources, such as remotely sensedimageries and meteorological data, are used in this method. The present studyinvestigatesspatial distribution on different scales (from field- to regional-) using remotely sensed imagerieswithdifferent spatial and temporal resolution. TheSurface Energy Balance System (SEBS) is one of the most important methods used for the estimation of in remotely sensed images (Ochege et al., 2019). This model needs thermal maps produced using satellite images. Daily maps produced with RS are usually very large, and their pixelsize is usually so large that it can provide the spatial diversity found in the basins with respect to the errors (Mahour et al., 2017).

In order to estimate the actual evapotranspirationin satellite images collected from Zayanderud basin,the effects of Co-Kriging downscaling of surface temperature (LST) were investigated in June 2017 using two different methods.To reach this aim, we first applied a co-kriging downscaling method to a low-power LST product collected from MODIS at 1000 meters. Then based on the results and using the SEBS system, the daily  was obtained from images with average spatial resolution (250 m).In the second method, map produced usinghigh resoultion satellite imageswas downscaled to medium resolution (250 m). For both methods, 250 m resolutionMODIS NDVI products were used as co-variables.Then, validation was performed using Landsat-8 imagery, and land surface temperature was extracted from its thermal bands. SEBS algorithm was used to determine in Landsat 8 30-meter resolutionimagery. Accuracy of measurements wasexamined based on a comparison between down scaledLST and maps (250 meterresolution).

In the present study, mean LST equals 3/312 K (SD = 1.74) and average daily equals 12.5 mm / day (SD = 0.86). In the downscaling phase, the relationship between LST parameters and and vegetation index(as a co-variable)was investigated.Moreover, to investigate the relation betweenhigh resolution variables and NDVI, we re-sampled LST and   variables from a 1000 mresolution to 250 mresolution.In250 mresolution, there is a negative linear relation (r=-0.85) between LST and NDVI, but the relation betweenand NDVI is positive (r = 0.80). Thus, lower LST (> 305k) indicates more vegetation (NDVI >0.3) inthe region, while higher LST results in lower NDVI or lack of vegetation. As a result, more vegetation can be observed in regions with higher(12 mm/day). Results indicated that the difference between average  downscaled-SEBS (12.56 mm/day) and reference  (13.11 mm/day) is negligible. The RMSE between the reference and the downscaled  equaled 1.66 mm/day (r = 0.73), and RMSE between the reference LST and the downscaled LST equaled4.36 K (r = 0.78). Thus,values obtained from two downscaling methods were similar, but the  obtained from downscaled LST showed a higher spatial variation. Therefore, LST has greatly influenced the production of maps using remotely sensing images, and Co-Kriging downscaling has been useful for providing daily  maps with intermediate spatial resolution.

Evapotranspiration downscaling using the co-kriging method is not significantly different from the SEBS product and the results are similar. The results of -SEBS method isalso acceptable, but the  derived from the SEBS algorithm is more variable due to the LST downscaling.

Land surface temperature (LST) is an important indicator of habitat quality assessment for a local and global scale. In the present study, the effects of multiple factors on land use, geological formations, topographical and climate factors on LST in Kharestan region were investigated. To this end, images of July Landsat 7 and 8 satellites during the period 2000-2017, digital elevation model, geological map and topography were used. The surface temperature was extracted using a split-window method and also land use extracted from the supervised classification method which has been done in 2017. The correlation between surface temperature and elevation, aspect, slope, vegetation, soil moisture, and air temperature variables was investigated using statistical methods. The results indicated that the surface temperature average was 43 °C, Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) was 0.144 and Normalized difference moisture index (NDMI) was 0.068. According to the classification of images with an overall accuracy of 99.96% and kappa coefficients of 0.96, pasture and horticultural land cover the highest and lowest area, respectively. The highest surface temperature, 53 °C was observed in bare soil and residential areas and the lowest 29 °C in horticultural land. Moreover, the highest and lowest surface temperatures were related to Pabdeh-Gurpi and Asmari formations, respectively. In sunny slopes, the highest correlation, R2>0.5 was observed between surface temperature, elevation, temperature, vegetation, and surface moisture. Furthermore, in shady slopes, the surface temperature had the highest correlation, R2>0.5 with elevation, temperature, and vegetation. Among the above factors, elevation and temperature had the most influence on surface temperature. In addition, the correlation between vegetation index and a normalized moisture index with inverse surface temperature was >0.9. Also, the correlation between surface temperature and the air temperature was positive. Therefore, land use, geology, topography, vegetation, soil moisture, and air temperature are important factors in ecosystem temperature equilibrium.

Water deficiency is one of the most important environmental stresses that limit plant growth and crop production. Measurement of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters is considered as an important indicator to evaluate the photosynthetic apparatus. In the present study, the effects of regulated water deficit, investigated in four water-regimes in pistachio orchard with 12-year-old trees of Akbari cultivar (Pistacia vera cv. Akbari). The water regime treatments included 20, 15.6, 10.4, and 6 % of field capacity (FC) equivalent and irrigation intervals of 4, 12, 18 and 24 days. Chlorophyll fluorescence indices of photosystem 2 (PSII), photosynthetic pigments, and leaf water status parameters were studied. Drought stress inhibited PSII activity and induced alterations in thylakoid proteins. The results showed significant effects on effective quantum yield of PSII (ΦPII), maximum quantum efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), electron transport rate (ETR), quantum yield baseline (F0/Fm), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), and photoinhibition (PIHN) rate. Such changes may be due to either degradation of photosynthesis apparatus function or photoinhibition process. From the results of the present study, it can be concluded that exposure of pistachio trees (P. vera cv. Akbari) to an interval of 18-days (T18) may not significantly affected the parameters measured. This means that with an increase in irrigation intervals to 16-days, compared to the traditional interval (varies from 8 to 10-days), soil may be able to provide enough moisture for the pistachio trees to complete metabolic activities.

Several factors affect the temperature gradient of the Land surface, one of the factors affecting human activities is land use changes that can lead to global temperature changes. Land surface temperature changes affect the natural climate of the region, so understanding its changes and balancing it is essential to understand the indirect effects of human intervention on ecosystems and their management. The aim of this study is to investigate land use, land surface temperature characteristics in each land use as well as correlation between land surface temperature variations and normalized difference index (NDVI). In this study, land use, land temperature and NDVI analysis was used from Landsat 5TM in 1990, 2010, ETM7 2000, and 8OLI for 2017. Land use was studied using supervised classification method. The results showed that the amount of land surface temperature in each land use was different and the maximom amount was found in the bare soil and in the built areas and the lowest in the garden. The difference in land surface temperature between built areas with vegetation in the years 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2017 was 3.58, 2.27, 3.20 and 2.12 ° C, respectively. Also, the difference in temperature between bare soil with vegetation cover in these four periods was 3/3, 0.8, 0.81 and 2.38 ° C respectively. In this study, the relationship between NDVI and surface temperature showed a negative correlation, so that areas with low NDVI had higher temperatures than those with high NDVI. The relationship between vegetation changes and surface temperature changes showed a significant correlation between these two parameters (R = 0.63). Therefore, it can be stated that land uses with more vegetation have lower temperatures than land uses with less cover.

Despite the capabilities of Markazi province in horticultural products, and development of related industries, the challenges such as the lack of proper strategies for development of Horticultural Crops Processing Industries, has led to failing in utilization of Value-Added Benefits of its products in the province. Therefore, the present study was conducted to formulate strategies for the development of Horticultural Crops Processing Industries in Markazi province. For this purpose, the SWOT analysis method was used in this research. The data of this survey research was collected by questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS software. The statistical population of this research include 41 managers and experts of agricultural industry and horticultural processing industry owners in Markazi province. The results showed that the high added value of horticultural industry products and the high cost of product inputs for processing industry owners were considered as the most important strengths and weaknesses respectively. The existence of national tendency at the three levels of decision-making to support of Agro-Processing industries and the need for horticultural processing industries to Capital in circulation in the working season, respectively, have been identified as the most important opportunities and threats for the development of these industries in the Markazi province. Development of Horticultural Crops Processing Industries in Horticultural production poles, modernization of horticultural processing industries and equipping them with appropriate technology and human resource empowerment in the field of horticultural industry are strategies that can development these industries in Markazi province.

Energy is one of the most important factors in the development of human societies and is one of the essential factors in economic, social development and quality of life.Population explosion and growing energy demand, increasing living standards, the risk of global warming due to the greenhouse phenomenon, falling of acid rains, environmental problems and threats to human health, and finally lack of fossil energy sources are among the issues that attract the attention of the world's nations to the use of renewable energies,so that, in their planning, they take the provision of a percentage of the energy needed by their country through wind turbines, solar energy, geothermal energy and other renewable energyinto considerations. Due to the limited resources of fossil fuels and savings for future generations, there should be a need to replace and use renewable energies such as solar energy. More than 85% of Iran's territory is covered by arid and semi-arid regions, where the energy share of solar radiation is high.Solar energy, as one of the sources of clean energy and free from environmental degradation, has long been used in many ways. Due to the limitation of fossil sources and their pollution, as well as the increasing demand for energy, it is necessary to take measures to optimize the use of the solar energy source in Iran.
Given that most of the work done in the field of estimating radiation energy has been made using weather or climatic data such as temperature, cloudiness, radiation, etc., and remote sensing data and satellite imagery have not been used generally, therefore, the purpose of this research is to investigate the radiation potential in a part of the central regions of Iran using remote sensing data and albedo, brightness, vegetation, moisture and land surface temperature indices.

Material and Methods: The study area is situated in central region of Iran in the geographical range 33º, 41ʹ,50ʺ-35º, 28ʹ, 30ʺ northern latitudes and 50º, 41ʹ, 40ʺ-52º, 30ʹ, 27ʺ eastern longitudes. The present research is an applied one, and its methodology is a combination of remote sensing and Geostatistical analysis. The data used in this research was obtained from the May 17, 2015 images of Landsat 8 satellite, with the course 164 and the row 36. In order to study the radiation potential, indices such as albedo, brightness, NDVI, greenness, moisture, and ground surface temperature were used. To calculate each of the aforementioned indices, the equations and functions related to each index on the Landsat 8 image were used in ENVI 5.3 and GIS 10.3 software. In order to calculate the Earth's surface temperature index (LST), the thermal bands 10 and 11 of Landsat 8 must first be converted into the radiance, and then to the brightness temperature, and finally to the temperature of the satellite's brightness. Then, the map relating to each standardization index, and the potentiometric map were prepared by takingthe mean of all indicators. Finally, the potentiometric map was also classified into five classesaccording to the estimated amount of solar radiation, including very inappropriate, inappropriate, moderate, appropriate, and very appropriate. The results obtained from Albedo, brightness, NDVI, greenness, moisture and land surface temperature indicators are shown from low to high. For Albedo index, the least amount (6668.87) was observed in the northwest of Qom, south ofGarmsar, southwest of Abu Zaidabad, Niasar, Golestan, northwest of Kashan, and the highest amount (61352.7) was observed in the northern parts of Garmsar, south and southeast of Qom, and West of Aran-o-Bidgol. For the brightness index, the lowest value (15441.9) was observed in the northwest of Qom, south ofGarmsar, southwest of Abu Zaidabad, Niasar, Galak, northwest of Kashan, West of Pishva, Gharchak, and the highest amount (129881)was observed in northern parts of Garmsar, Center and South and South West of Qom and West of Aran-o-Bidgol. For NDVI index, the lowest vegetation cover (-0.393175) was seen in the central and northwestern parts of Qom, south of Garmsar, Abu-zaidabad, north ofAran-Bidgol, northeast of Kashan, and the highest value (0.639655) was observed in the northeast of Garmsar, Qarchak, Pishva, Northwest of Javad-abad, south of the Kahak, west of Niasar, southeast of Kashan. For the greenness index, the lowest value (-43887.6) was observed in the northern parts of Garmsar, in the north of Hassanabad, south and southwest of Qom, south of Javad Abad, southwest andcenterofKashan, west and southwest of Aran-o-Bidgol, and the highest value (-3385.181) was observed in the southern parts of Garmsar, Niasar, Kahak, Northwest of Kashan, Center and Southeast of Abu-zaidabad. For the humidity index, the lowest and highest values (-52599.1 and 11.56 respectively) were seen in the northwest of Qom, south of Garmsar, southwest of Abu-zaidabad, Niasar, and northwest of Kashan. For the LST index, the lowest value (19.585) was observed in Qarchak, Javadabad, southern Garmsar, southwest of Abu Zaidabad, Niasar, Kahak, north and northwest of Kashan and the highest value (577.557) was observed in Garmsar, central Qom, West of Aran-o-Bidgol, eastern and northeastern parts of Abu-zaidabad.
The results of the land suitability analysis showed that the solar radiation potential ranged from 0.13882 to 0.71867. These values show the regions with less radiation as it gets closer to 0.13882, and more radiation as it gets closer 0.741867. The regions were classified into 5 categories includingvery appropriate, appropriate, moderate, inappropriate, very inappropriate, on the proportionality analysis map according to the solar radiation potential. Surface temperature and radiation are two important factors for the study of solar radiation. Based on these two factors, the best regions with the highest radiation potential and the highest albedo and the highest surface temperature were observed in Aran-Bidgol and Abouzid-Abad regions. The highest value (61352.72) of albedo was observed in the eastern part of Aran-o-Bidgol. However, the highest brightness value (129881) was found in this region. Based on Spatial Approach Analysis Map of solar radiation, the west of Aran-o-Bidgol region has the highest amount of radiation. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the places whereverthe Albedo and the brightness indices are higher, NDVI and greenness will decrease.
As a result, the albedo index has a direct correlation with the brightness index and an inverse correlation with NDVI index. Therefore, in the central regions of Iran, it is possible to determine the appropriate regions in terms of radiation potential through quantitative and qualitative calculation of suitable indicators such as albedo, temperature and brightness through remote sensing data and the relationships between each of these indices. Finally, it determines the best areas for acquiring solar energy and the construction of solar power plants. It is suggested that the remote sensing indices be combined with radiation models in order to obtain more accurate information in a shorter time and at a lower cost.

. In recent decades, special emphasis has been placed on qualitative methodology to overcome these problems. One of the most important qualitative research strategies is the theory of grandeur. The theory of theory plays an important role in identifying the hidden and obscure dimensions of the subject. Despite this, generally, quantitative research methods were used in academic research and the use of qualitative research from Academic research has encountered barriers and challenges. In this regard, this research was conducted as a barrier to using the qualitative research method in academic research. The statistical population of this study was the statistical community of this study, which was composed of professors and Ph.D. students of agricultural extension and agricultural education and agricultural development. They were selected by snowball sampling (chain reference). The interview was used to collect data. In this study, 16 faculty members and PhD students were interviewed, interviewed by asking questions about the barriers to using the qualitative research method in academic research (open interview) and the remaining questions were based on the responses of the interviewee. Data analysis was based on Strauss and Queen's paradigm model. The results of the study finally presented as a model with a lack of tendency to qualitative research in academic studies. In this model, the causative conditions, intervener and dominant context were identified and the main category in this model was tendency to qualitative research and the interaction of interactions was related to the component of educational system improvement.

Global stratospheric ozone depletion is elevating surface ultraviolet-B (UV-B) levels. Increase in UV-B levels can alter crop productivity as it affects photosystem II, pigments, and growth regulators. Cadmium is a potentially toxic heavy metal that hampers plant productivity by interfering with their photochemistry and physiological processes of plants. The changes in gas exchange and pigment contents in lettuce seedlings (Lactucca sativa) exposed to an 8.2 kJ m-2 day-1 biologically effective UV-B radiation (UV-B, 280-315 nm) and 40 μmol Cd2 (as Cd3O12S3*8H2O) either alone or in combination were investigated under greenhouse conditions. Compared to the control, photosynthesis rates (PN), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (E) and content of photosynthetic pigments decreased significantly (P

Development of tourism activities in desert ecosystems is one of the important strategies for sustainable development in arid and semiarid regions that if proper planning can lead to the development of the economy and infrastructure. Improper management policies are effective directly and indirectly on the destruction of the natural environment and more severely on drylands and deserts. Therefore, eco-friendly policies can be preventing from land degradation. Ecotourism development in arid regions can act as a management strategy in line with the environment and also an alternative policy to combat land degradation, ecosystem survival and optimum utilization of nature. Maranjab area in addition to attractions such as the historic castle, with geomorphological and geological phenomena such as sand dunes, Salt Lake and various forms of wind process, including sites geotourism which is capable of absorbing tourism based nature at the national and regional levels, but has yet to find its place in the country in terms of natural tourism. In this regard, the present study with plan of scenarios of desert tourism development in the form of site selection of salt hotel and safari park can provide the solutions to comply with the conditions of arid ecosystems. Therefore, the principles of this study are basis on recognizing the potential and capacities of Maranjab area and planning and management of desert tourism in the form of developmental scenarios based on the location of safari park and salt hotel.

Maranjab area with the geographical position 51 degrees and 15 minutes to 52 degrees and 8 minutes of east longitude and 34 degrees and 35 minutes to 34 degrees and 5 minutes of north latitude, is located in the city's political boundaries of Aran and Bidgol in Isfahan province. The region covers an area of ​​256 763 hectares, with average elevation about 850 meters. Long-term average annual precipitation in the region is 111.4 mm, and July and January, respectively, with average temperatures of 33.25 and 3.51 degrees Celsius are the warmest and coldest months of the year.
The research is applied and its methodology is based on analysis of spatial and field data in ArcGIS software and analysis of questionnaire data in Expert Choice software. The research process includes the definition of proposed scenarios in the form of salt hotel and safari park, identify of criteria and indicators of each scenario individually and collecting their data, determination of criteria and indicators weight using questionnaires and prioritize them using Analytical Hierarchy Process model, preparation of weighted maps and integrate them according to their weight, and finally zoning of land suitability of study area and priority zones to land allocation for each scenario. Site selection of mentioned scenarios were conducted according to criteria of available, landscape, environmental protection and limitation (risks). By applying the obtained weights of AHP model on layers of criteria and indicators, their weighted maps were prepared. Combination of weighted layers was resulted to layers of land suitability of safari park and salt hotel that in order to determine the location of the suitable zones, the layers were classified into five priorities by natural breaks methods.

In the salt hotel scenario, criteria of available, landscape, environmental protection, limitation and raw materials (salt) were assessed that according to results of AHP model have the weights of 0.495, 0.234, 0.132, 0.094 and 0.044, respectively. Also, the weighted maps of salt hotel scenario showed that digital ranges of distance to roads from 0 to 0.2415, distance to tourism attractions from 0.0158 to 0.1305, distance from residential centers from 0 to 0.1002, landuse from 0 to 0.234, vegetation covers from 0 to 0.0529, geological formations from 0.001 to 0.0137, wind erosion condition from 0.0016 to 0.0135, possibility of surface moisture from 0 to 0.0948 and distance to salt mine from 0 to 0.044 are fluctuate.
In the safari park scenario, criteria of available, landscape, environmental protection, and limitation were evaluated that according to results of AHP model have the weights of 0.418, 0.326, 0.161, and 0.093, respectively. Also, the weighted maps of salt hotel scenario showed that digital ranges of distance to residential centers from 0 to 0.22005, distance to roads from 0 to 0.1299, distance to health centers from 0 to 0.0214, landuse from 0 to 0.2353, vegetation covers from 0 to 0.123, wind erosion condition from 0.002 to 0.0153, distance from marsh areas from 0 to 0.0626, distance from aqueducts from 0 to 0.0223 and distance from mines from 0 to 0.0084 are fluctuate.

final map of land suitability of desert tourism in the region Maranjab represented that the salt hotel scenario layer has weight range between 0.3208 and 0.8351 and the safari park scenario layer has weight range between 0.2294 and 0.8351. Also, according to land suitability maps, 959 and 45403 hectares (0.3745 and 17/6828 %) of Maranjab area have very suitable capability as the first priority for allocation to salt hotel and safari park, respectively. The first priority of salt hotel has an area over 345 hectares, which along with the second priority with area of 614 hectares are generally compliance with Erratic Island in Salt Lake. This compatibility is due to the access to roads, landscape, lack of surface moisture and numerous tourism attractions. The first priority of safari park has an area over 16910 hectares, which is generally matches on sandy areas and sand dunes of north of Aran Erg. This conformity is due to the relative proximity of these lands to road and high weight of sand dunes landuse.

Smirnovia iranica, a native valuable woody species from Fabaceae, is an adaptable plant from the central sandy areas of Iran. Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic pigment characteristics were analysed in the course of dust accumulation during April (Ap); April and May (AM); and April, May and June (AMJ) periods, respectively. The results obtained from the analysis of variance indicated that there was a significant difference among different dust-loading periods of S. iranica in terms of the characteristics mentioned. Extending dust accumulation resulted in a significant reduction in the Fv /Fm ratio in AM and AMJ. A significant effect of dust deposition on thermal dissipation of the light energy (D) value was observed in AM and reached the highest value in AMJ. In all evaluated plants, during the course of dust accumulation, there was a decrease in the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (ΦPSII), and from AM. A similar influence of the extending dust accumulation periods on ΦPSII was observed for the electron transport rate (ETR). Our results proved that dust deposition decreased overall plant performance through its severe effect on pigment content and resulted in a significant inhibition of PSII efficiency throughout this study period.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of water deficit stress on chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) characteristics of photosystem II (PSII) and pigment contents in two rootstock seedlings (Pistacia atlantica L. and P. khinjuk L.). Three levels of soil water potential (Ψs) was used, including WWD (-0.05 MPa), MWD (-0.7 MPa) and SWD (-1.5 MPa). It was found that water stress increased the minimal fluorescence (F0), quantum yield baseline (F0/Fm) and decreased the maximal fluorescence (Fm) and maximum quantum yield of PSII photochemistry (Fv/Fm) parameters in dark adapted leaves. In light adapted leaves, a significant increase in non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and thermal dissipation of light energy to heat (D) and a decrease in electron transport rate (ETR) and photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (ΦPSII) occurred. The results demonstrated a decline in photosynthetic pigments (Chla), (Chlb) and carotenoids (Car) content with increasing water stress, whereas there was no significant effect on Chl (a/b) and Car/(a) ratios. Our data revealed there was no different in terms of performance between the two rootstocks in the alteration rate of pigment contents and photosynthetic features against soil water deficit conditions.

Bank branches location-allocation problem belongs to NP-Hard problems which can be possibly solved only in exponential time by the increase in the number of banks and the large number of customers; especially when the location model includes various datasets, several objectives and constraints. As a consequent, we need to use heuristic methods to solve this type of problems. Also, since majority of data and analyses applied in the location-allocation problems are spatial; GIScience’s abilities should be employed beside optimization methods.
Nowadays, to perform particular financial tasks bank customers often need to be present at their bank. For the sake of its customers, a bank should increase its branches in the city to attract more customers in the race with competing banks. However, establishing new branches is too expensive and banks prefer to carry out an optimal location finding procedure. Such procedures should consider many criteria and objectives including spatial data of customers, new and existing bank branches as well as level of attraction of banks –in the real-life. Customers often select a bank that is closer to them, has better services or financial records and also consider other human or physical factors. Hence, planning to increase the number of customers for a new branch of a bank considering spatial criteria and various other objectives appear necessary.

This paper determines the location of bank branches. Finding an optimum location of branches depends on many factors and these problems are known as NP-hard problems. Despite being approximate methods, meta-heuristic algorithms seem suitable tools for solving NP-hard problems. In this paper, Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), Genetic Algorithms (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Cultural Algorithms (CA) and Invasive Weed Optimization (IWO) are applied for finding the best location of bank branches. From marketing point of view, the aim is to attract more customers while the number of attracted persons to a new branch should be acceptable. The new methods have capability to find the optimum location of new branches. The location of a new branch should be as far away as possible from branches of the same bank. The other condition is that the total number of customers for the new branch should not be less than a specified number, while the new branch should not attract customers of old branches of the same bank more than a threshold. To fulfill this propose a part of the Tabriz city was selected for implementation.
The assumptions for the defined problem can be expressed as the following statements: a)We consider four different banks (Melli, Mellat, Sepah and Meher) in our study area.
b)Population density (of people over 15 years of age) is available at the building block level.
c)Banks have infinite capacity for accepting customers.
d)Each customer refers to only one bank.
e)New bank branches should have maximum distance from branches of the same bank, so that; it attracts minimum number of customers from branches of the same bank.
According to the above-mentioned assumptions, mathematical model of the function for optimization is as follows: Maximizes the distance between newly established branch and other existing branches of the same bank.
Constraint1: Not less likely to attract new customers to the bank established a certain extent.
Constraint2: Other branches of the same bank customers not less so after the creation of a new bank branch.
To assess the accuracy of the algorithms in the problem, suggests, in this study, repeatability and convergence of the algorithm is used. The results from the convergence of the algorithms used in this study, 100 iteration, is provided. For comparison, the cost for the logarithmic axis is provided. The axis can be said that IWA algorithm has better convergence than the other four algorithms. The convergence of the algorithm optimization methods, PSO and GW are next in priority. The answer and the cost of repeated 5 times 50 algorithm implementation of this algorithm is compared. It also answers the PSO algorithm and GW are next in priority. It should be noted that the number of adjustable parameters optimization algorithm optimization method IWA far more than the PSO and GW.
Finally, to evaluate quality and accuracy of the algorithms, several iterations are performed. The results of statistical and final tests indicate that the accuracy and convergence speed of Invasive Weed Optimization are more than other Algorithms in finding optimal location of bank branches.

This paper determines the location of bank branches under competitive conditions with different attractive conditions. Finding an optimum location of branches depends on many factors and these problems are known as NP-hard problems. Despite being approximate methods, meta-heuristic algorithms seem suitable tools for solving NP-hard problems. In this paper, Genetic Algorithm (GA), Simulated Annealing (SA) and Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm (COA) are applied for finding the best location of bank branches. From marketing point of view, the aim is to attract more customers while the number of attracted persons to a new branch should be acceptable. The new methods have capability to find the optimum location of new branches under competitive conditions. The location of a new branch should be as far away as possible from branches of the same bank. The other condition is that the total number of customers for the new branch should not be less than a specified number, while the new branch should not attract customers of old branches of the same bank more than a threshold. To fulfill this propose a part of the Tabriz city was selected for implementation. Finally, to evaluate quality and accuracy of the algorithms, several iterations with different seeds are performed. The results of statistical and final tests indicate that the accuracy and convergence speed of Cuckoo Optimization Algorithm are more than the Simulated Annealing and Genetic Algorithms in finding optimal location of bank branches under competitive conditions.

At the present, erosion is one of the most important of environmental problems in the Iran watersheds. Therefore, determine the sediment and soil erodibility is very important for conservation and management of natural resources. The aim of this study is evaluate the spatial distribution of soil erodibility and relationship with some of the soil properties using geostatistical methods in the Khoor and Biabanak region. For this purpose, 33 soil samples were taken from depths of 0-50 cm along three transects from playa until mountain units to determining the components of sand, clay, silt, organic carbon and organic matter. Values of K factor and SEI were calculated by values of these parameters. Finally, to determine the spatial distribution, interpolation methods were tested and the most suitable method was chosen. The results showed that Radial Basis Function was the most suitable of interpolation method for the spatial distribution of the elements of sand, clay and K factor with RMSE 3.27, 3.22 and 0.0036, respectively. The simple Kriging method was suitable for carbon components and organic material with RMSE 0.34 and 0.59, respectively. For silt, Kriging Ordinary with RMSE 0.88, and for SEI index, Universal Kriging method with RMSE 0.0014 were suitable. According to the results of soil erodibility values, minimum and maximum amount of K factor with 0.025 and 0.07 t h MJ− 1 mm− 1, as well as minimum and maximum values of SEI with 0.03 and 0.07 are extensive in the East, and West and North West area, respectively.

Smirnovia iranica, a native valuable woody species from Fabaceae, is an adaptable plant of central sandy areas of Iran. Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthetic pigments characteristics were analyzed in the course of phenological stages including vegetative, flowering, seed ripening, and seed falling stages, respectively (VS, FS, SRS, and SFS). The results obtained from analysis of variance indicated that there was a significant difference among different phonological stages of S. iranica in terms of the mentioned characteristics. Extending phenological stages along with increasing water deficiency resulted in significant reduction in Fv /Fm ratio in SRS and SFS. A significant effect of progression in phenological stages on thermal dissipation of light energy (D) value was observed in SRS and reached to the highest value in SFS. In all evaluated plants, during phenological development, there were decreases in photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (ΦPSII), and from SRS. A similar influence of the extending phenological stages on ΦPSII was observed for electron transport rate (ETR). In SRS to SFS, the decrease of Chl. (a) and Car was paralleled with the decrease of Fv/Fm, which indicated that pigments breakdown was accompanied by the decreasing of the maximum photochemical efficiency. The results of this study suggest that extending phenological stages along with increasing water deficiency stress resulted in significant alterations in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and pigment contents in SRS and SFS.

Due to changes in landuse that is done mostly by human activities, change detection of landuse and assessment of theirs environmental impact is essential, in order to future planning and manage the resources. Therefore the aims of this study are monitoring, detection and trending of landuse changes in Abarkooh basin (1976-2014), in order to
assess the environmental issues such as human stress on earth without considering tolerance capacity, and identify the regions having management stress. In this way, the data of Landsat satellite images, sensors MSS (1976), TM (1990), ETM (2000 and 2006) and OLI (2014); and techniques of remote sensing, such as supervised classification
and accuracy assessment of post classification were used to identify the type of land use. Also, principal component analysis, tasseled cap and Image differencing were used to monitor the landuse changes. The Classification results show the seven types of landuses, including urban, agriculture, bare, rock, range, clay and playa lands, and which 2014 year, with kappa values of 82.18%, and total accuracy of 0.76 have the highest accuracy of classification. The trending result of landuse changes indicate the increasing trend of area in the range (5.65%), rock (2.52%), bare (3.63%) and agriculture (1.04%) lands, and the downward trend of area in the urban (4.33%), clay (6.89%) and playa (6.03%) lands, respectively. From the base of principal component analysis and tasseled cap functions, respectively 1.748% (306.4912 km2) and 3.989 % (699.961 km2) of the study area has been faced with positive changes of landuse, but the general trend of positive changes classes is increasing. The most of the changes are devastating and are according to the human community centers such as Abarkooh and Mehrdasht cities. It is evident that continuation of this trend, in the near future, converts Abarkooh basin into a dead and inactive ecosystem that has no potential ecological and biological of production.

Knowledge and evaluation of land suitability and potential for physical development of urban settlement is the initial steps of spatial and environment planning. Therefore, this research has been try to investigate the effect of forms and natural processes in the physical development of Yasouj city based on knowledge data using GIS. Data Knowledge is include the using and application of numerical value of each parameter in site selection of physical development without acts opinions and preferences of expert. To achieve the objectives, first with respect to the natural features of study area, the 15 parameters and 84 classes had identified to explain the effect of natural forms and processes in the future locating of Yasouj city using data knowledge that each parameter has assigned the specific numerical value. After calculating the classes weight and designing the data knowledge models; raster layer of parameters are combined together based on the weight of the mentioned models in Arc GIS software, and attempted to provide a zonation map of future development of Yasouj city based on data knowledge. The results show the very suitable zone for that appropriate 41.72% (8.72 km2) of the current settlement area can expend to 77.45 km2 in future. Also, the suitable zone that involve 16.08% (3.36 km2) of the current settlement area of study area, can develop to 36.35 km2 based on future locating map of Yasouj City.