arash mousavi

The prevalence of participation in large-scale research projects among different actors from the industry, governments, and academia makes the occurrence of challenges more likely in the field of intellectual property. This could be mainly attributed to the diversity of different participants, each with different interests and motivations. Therefore, in such projects it becomes crucial to develop an intellectual property policy. In Iran, the national macro research projects of the Supreme Council of Science, Research and Technology are an example of such partnerships, and in this paper, there has been an attempt to recommend a special policy for them. In this regard, the opinions of three groups of intellectual property experts and collaborators in macro research projects were obtained. The opinions are regarding the different states of the main intellectual property issues, in the three stages of (i) prior to, (ii) during and (iii) after the termination of the partnership. The statistical index of the cluster mode of the questions were first calculated. Then by obtaining the acceptable agreement coefficient, the appropriate content of the intellectual property policy in each of these three stages was proposed for national grand projects. Among the proposed recommendations was the necessity of determination of issues such as: previous intellectual assets, intellectual assets expected from the project, ownership and payment of related expenses and their confidentiality considerations at the time of the submission of proposals by the participating parties in the projects.

The aim of this study is to explain the policy model of university entrepreneurship development in the higher education system of the country to answer the main question that in the desired situation (from the perspective of experts and managers) what elements and components should be implemented in which entrepreneurship development policy To play a role? Identifying the dimensions, elements and variables of the university entrepreneurship development policy model and identifying the appropriate policy model for the development of university entrepreneurship in the higher education system were identified as the main questions of this study. For this purpose, in the research method in the qualitative stage, 20 experts were considered and purposeful interviews were conducted with them. From the results of the interview, a questionnaire was developed and its validity and reliability were confirmed by statistical tests. In the quantitative method, 72 professors, managers and experts of Tehran, Allameh and Qazvin universities and managers of policy-making organizations were considered. By performing tests in spss and eqs software, the correlation and the effect of the proposed model elements under its variables were examined by testing structural equations. The results of the model fit test were obtained by examining the RMSEA variable (mean error of mean squares) of 0.059, which is less than 0.1, which confirmed the fit of the model. At the end, suggestions for entrepreneurship development in the university were presented.

Entrepreneurship development is one of the important concepts of recent decades that higher education has an important role in promoting it. As a result, the present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the status of entrepreneurship development levels in the Iranian university system.

This study was a descriptive from type of survey. The research population was managers of calligraphy organizations and professors of entrepreneurship disciplines of country in 2020 year. The research sample was 72 people who were selected by cluster sampling method and answered the researcher-made questionnaire of entrepreneurship development in the university system (82 questions). The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 20 experts and its reliability by Cronbach's alpha method was obtained 0.91. Data were analyzed by binomial test in SPSS software.

Findings showed that the entrepreneurship development in the Iranian university system at the institutional level (and its components including cultural factors and social factors) and policy level (and its components including actors in the field of entrepreneurship areas, entrepreneurial elements, policy-making stages and policy-making institutions) was above the average and at the individual level (and its components including individual factors and psychological factors) was below the average (P<0.05).

According to the findings of the present study, officials and planners of entrepreneurship development in the Iranian university system should take steps to improve the curriculum and holding entrepreneurship training courses in order to improving the individual level of entrepreneurship development and the personal and psychological characteristics of entrepreneurs

The expansion of research partnerships between industry, government and university has resulted in some challenges about intellectual property due to different participants with diverse natures, interests and motivations. Especially in the case of publicly funded projects, existence of a framework for intellectual property policy becomes doubly important. In this research, we attempt to design a framework for intellectual property policy in such projects using grounded theory method. For this purpose, we reviewed related scientific sources and conducted interviews with experts with relevant knowledge and experience to obtain theoretical saturation. The proposed framework has four main dimensions: "contextual factors", "objectives and expected outcomes", "policy process" and "policy content", 13 factors and 42 components. Based on the results, to adopt an appropriate intellectual property policy for collaborative research, the characteristics and conditions of the project and its stakeholders as contextual factors and the expected consequences in the short, medium and long term, should be considered. Depending on the characteristics and nature of the project and its stakeholders, different consequences are expected from the policy. Also, the development, implementation and evaluation of this policy are affected by contextual factors and its expected consequences and can affect the content of the policy.

“Kashf Al-Salsala‘An Wasf Al-Zalzala” by Al-Suyuti (d. 911 A.H.) is the most comprehensive book written about the earthquake in Islamic culture. In this article, Suyūti's explanation of this natural phenomenon and his reports on earthquakes of the Islamic period are examined. This book is a collection of everything that Muslim scholars before him, from narrators and commentators to historians, have said and written about earthquakes. In this book, both the causes of earthquakes and an annual list of earthquakes that occurred in the Islamic era are discussed. Suyūti's explanation of the earthquake is not a scientific and natural explanation but a religious and supernatural explanation. Referring to narrative and interpretive sources, he seeks the truth and the origin of the earthquake in the image of Qaf Mountain, an idea that had pre-Islamic mythological roots and took on a religious and Islamic dress among the Medieval Muslims. Suyūti also considers the cause of the earthquake to be the result of the wrong and improper actions and behaviors of the servants, citing narrations from the beginning of Islam. The Suyūti chronological list of earthquakes that occurred in the post-Islamic period contains data on the number and severity of earthquakes and their human, social, and natural consequences, which can be used to study the social history of Medieval Muslims.

Intellectual property related issues play an important role in the field of research and innovation. Especially in the case of research and projects carried out with the participation of research institutes, universities and other various parties from government and industry, it is necessary to have some special measures and methods for identifying, managing and assigning ownership of results and created innovations; In such a way that interests of all parties be served and also the highest efficiency be achieved. In this study, we attempted to investigate intellectual property issues related to publicly funded cooperative research and development projects. For this purpose, a comparative study has been conducted between two cases of ongoing worldwide programs; the EU’s Horizon 2020 program and the Australian Cooperative Research Centers program. These two programs have been selected for this study due to their long history and continuous improvement in the settings related to intellectual property and assets. All documents in these programs which are related to intellectual property have been reviewed. Based on the comparative study, the main phases, steps and issues related to intellectual property and assets in such projects have been extracted, which include three phase; before the start, implementation and end of the partnership. These phases consist of five, three, and three steps, respectively, in which the main and important issues related to intellectual property and assets are identified. These identified issues at each step can be a practical guide for managing intellectual property in collaborative R&D projects funded by public resources and budgets; In this way, all aspects related to intellectual property as well as the interests and goals of all parties are considered and adequately secured.

In the last four decades, the commercialization of scientific research has ‎become a common discourse in the world science and technology ‎management. In Iran, too, the proponents and opponents of this discourse ‎have been debating in terms of theory and operation for nearly a decade. It ‎seems that a trans-temporal and trans-spatial view of science and its ‎commercialization has dominated this discourse. This paper shows that the ‎commercialization of scientific research is a context-based phenomenon. This ‎phenomenon has taken place over a hundred years of evolution in the ‎organization of science in the United States and the world. From this, we ‎conclude that the appropriate theoretical framework for entering the discourse ‎of commercialization, and also analysis of the situation in Iran, should pay ‎attention to the Time-Location dependent of that. In this regard, we propose a ‎suitable conceptual framework for analyzing the situation in Iran. The method ‎used in this paper is the theoretical-philosophical analysis. Finally, to the ‎extent that the available documents and information allow, we will assess the ‎context conditions for the commercialization of scientific research in Iran.‎

Explaining and predicting earthquakes has always been a human issue throughout history. Despite advances in seismology, the science has not yet been successful in efficiently predicting earthquakes, that is, in short time and space scales. Tectonic plate theory, as a successful theory for explaining earthquakes in a “general” form, is compatible with both explanatory approaches in the philosophy of science, that is, argumentative and causal. However, to predict earthquakes efficiently and locally, we seem to need a different approach to this science. Wilhelm Windelband has made the distinction between the nomothetic sciences and idiographic sciences. This distinction has inspired empirical sciences such as medicine and psychology. In this paper, we show that in seismology, like medicine and psychology, to achieve effective forecasting, these two approaches can be used simultaneously, and we suggest, based on ethical interests and that seismology is a science that deals with the lives of millions of people. In addition to the nomothetic approach, it is necessary for experts in this field to use an idiographic approach so that they can predict the desired earthquake in a short time and place.

These days, the corona-related crisis has left its birthplace (China) and become an International hard problem. The problem seems, in the first place, to be a medical issue concerning the relationship between physician and patient. However, the extent and complexity of this issue is so that it includes all economic, social, political, and cultural aspects of today’s societies across the world. For this reason, this crisis is a problem to be explored and analyzed within the field of public policy. This paper explores the relationships between the corona crisis and the theories of public policy. For this purpose, firstly we conduct a quick review on the theoretical foundations of the field of public policy and then, integrate different views on the issue in a systemic approach to public policy. After that, we apply this systemic perspective and its ingredients to study the current situation of covid-19 and the policies related to it. By this way, we try to provide an analysis on the policy aspects of this pandemy. The analysis developed in the paper explains firstly the main circle of policy namely the epidemiological part of the system. After that, we explore the economic and institutional limitations of policy making in the issue. We also explain restrictions caused by the actions of advocacy coalitions and also limitations caused by ideas and beliefs of players connected to this crisis.

Some of the Iranian-Muslim scholars, including Avicenna, have written about the earthquake and what causes it to happen. The study is attempted to explain the views of Avicenna, Qutb-al-Din Shirazi and Mohammad Hassan Shirvani on why and how the earthquake would happen. Following the Aristotle, Avicenna and even his followers, provided natural explanations for the earthquake. To explain the main cause of the earthquake, These books referred to a natural breath within the earth pushing the surface out. The study concluded that most Muslim scholars, following Avicenna, tended to use the natural factors on explanation of the natural phenomena, including earthquake; Thus they used a so-called scientific methodology to explain it.

Information technology makes possible the relationship between people around the ‎world. Hence, the information ethics theorists, such as Charles Ess, are trying to ‎propose a global ethical theory. Ess believes that this global theory in the field of ‎meta-ethics requires some kind of pluralism, in the name of interpretive pluralism, ‎and in the normative field of care ethics, virtue ethics and confucian ethics. This ‎paper, by using library research method and conceptual analysis, while introducing the view of Charles Ess, illustrates some of the most ‎important theoretical gaps in his project. His interpretive pluralism does not solve ‎the problem of relativism in relation to ethical judgment about “the other”. Also, his ‎defense of interpretive pluralism based on two incorrect assumptions. First, he has ‎supposed that cultural differences necessarily entail ethical differences; secondly, ‎he argues that pluralism is an accepted theory in all ethical approaches of the world. ‎In the normative field, the defense of the ethics of care, virtue and Confucius, in ‎contrast to consequentialism and deontologism, is not justified. The critiques do not ‎falsify the whole project, proposing a global information ethics; these clarify the ‎future paths of research to strengthen it.‎

The National Innovation System as a systematic approach to innovation includes elements and communications that interact with each other to produce, disseminate and apply new and economically beneficial knowledge and operate within the borders of a country. The National Innovation System approach, which encompasses the various institutions and functions involved in the scientific and technological development of countries, is one of the most appropriate approaches to analyzing the state of science, technology and innovation and providing comprehensive policies and strategies to foster innovation in the country. The purpose of the present study is to extract the main features of the national innovation system of Iran that is used to achieve this by a systematic combination of research methods. The results show that weaknesses in policy making, monitoring and evaluation system from policy making to implementation, governance of national innovation system, facilitating and directing research and innovation activities, research and development, entrepreneurship, human resource development, technology diffusion Negative features of Iran's national innovation system were facilitating, directing, and financing research and development activities and gaps between actors in the national innovation system. And the positive features of Iran's national innovation system include quantitative development (academic development, human resource development, developmental and applied research, and young and talented researchers).

In this article, the effects of different foam production times and temperatures on the mechanical, physical, and structural properties of polypropylene (PP) foam has been investigated. The microcellular PP foams were carried out using supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) as a physical foaming agent in a batch process. The samples were placed in a pressure vessel and were saturated with sc-CO2 at room temperature (23 - 25 °C) and saturation pressure of 40 MPa for 35 hours. Then, samples were removed from the vessel after releasing the pressure and were immersed in a glycerin bath for different times of 90, 180, and 270 seconds and different temperatures of 155 °C, 165 °C, and 175 °C. The mechanical responses of samples, e.g., flexural, Izod impact, and dynamic mechanical thermal properties, and physical characterization containing water absorption and relative density, were studied. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) was applied to investigate the surface morphology. The cell size, cell density, and cell structure of PP foams were investigated by morphological parameters. X-ray diffractometer was utilized to evaluate the interaction effect on the samples. Results showed that in the semi-crystalline polymers such as polypropylene, the foaming temperature must be higher than the melting temperature of PP. A simultaneous examination of mechanical, physical, and morphological test results as well as cell structure properties indicate that the best temperature and time conditions for producing PP foams are the temperature of 175 °C and time of 270 seconds, respectively. These optimum conditions could be used in the industrial production of PP foams.

The aim of the present work is to illustrate the most important theoretical gaps of commercialization of scientific research, in inside and outside of the country. In addition, some of the most significant research ideas are proposed to depict the future path of this topic. The utilized method in the investigation, which was led to this paper, was the library research and conceptual analysis. In World Literature, it is observed that some of the literatures have been mainly reasoned on the basis of sociological theories of science against the commercialization of scientific research, and some others, used the objective and empirical results, to provide their defense for commercialization as an existing reality. In domestic literature, five main topics, which attract the attention of authors, are as follow:definition the concepts of commercialization of scientific research, appropriate executive models in Iran, the success factors of commercialization of science in universities of the world and Iran, present obstacles in Iran, its positive and negative consequences. The two recent issues have more importance in domestic literature, mostly the scientific community of management, and to a lesser extent, the sociologists have been entered to this debate. Other scholars in the fields of science policy, economics of science, and philosophy of science have been disregarded to this issue. The debate on commercialization of scientific research within the country lacks the theoretical frameworks for analyzing, evaluating and proceeding to the necessity of the subject.

Death has preoccupied the minds of sociologist, philosophers and historians who have tried to deconstruct it in recent decades and suggested new ways for understanding, acting and living besides it (Walter, 1994). Despite the last centuries in which people faced death directly, new ways of understanding and deconstructing death is influenced by mass media images, interpretation and representations developed by social scientists (Jacobsen, 2013: 15). These studies have been carried out under the title of " Thanatology".. Although death is a natural phenomenon, it is also a social and cultural thing or as sociology is concerned a social construction. It must seem obvious that religions have always and everywhere been concerned about death, even in prehistoric times when what we now call “religion” was not yet institutionalized (Bregmen, 2010: 1). From religious point of view, Death is the gateway to the other world. According to most theories of early religion, a great deal, if not all, of religious inspiration has been derived from it. The idea of immortality was also derived from religions (Lifton and Olson, 1974: 35 ). So it is necessary to describe these ideas if one wants to deal with them. This paper aims at recognizing the cultural condition ,related rituals and representations to Buddhism. It tries to answer this question that death representations in Buddhism show what aspects and values of their society?

This is a qualitative research which uses document analysis technique. Social representations have content and structure. Content includes information, believe and attitudes which are used by special groups to refer to social things. On the other hand, structural elements show the way that content is organized. They can be divided into two parts: core and periphery. This approach is called Central Core theory (Abric, 1994). So the data was gathered using this approach to recognize social representation of death in Buddhism. Based on this approach, there are three criteria to identify representations: symbolic value, expressive value, associative value. In this paper the emphasis is on the symbolic value that is defined as: symbolic element has a symbolic value that is identified via recognition of elements which can change the meanings.
The history of Buddhism is a mixture of fact, myth and legend. Traditionally, Buddhists claim their faith is eternal, synonymous with reality itself. While the teachings may seem abstract, they come from specific, concrete situation that all human beings can relate to. Death is regular occurrence in any society. Buddhist teachings stress the inherently fragile and impermanent nature of existence and try to promote acceptance and understanding so that we may transcend the suffering that comes with life and its inevitable end. Death is merely a fact of existence. death is intimately tied to birth. Anything that is born will inevitably die. Life is, in this sense, a perpetual perishing. Every moment, thus, is essentially marked by death, and it leads inevitably to another birth, another death, and so on. Thus, samsara is a thoroughly interdependent and interconnected cycle. The interconnectedness of birth, life, and death was a cornerstone of traditional Indian cosmology.
It may seem that all of this focus on funerals and death gives Buddhism a gloomy demeanor, many people are concerned about the religion being reduced to ‘‘Funeral Buddhism’’.Nonetheless, facing death is an important part of Buddhism. After all, the Buddha taught that one overcomes suffering by understanding and acceptance rather than avoidance. By and large, cultures where Buddhism has flourished are resigned to death, regarding it as the basic accompaniment to life. They think funeral rituals are a regular part of the Buddhist life cycle. Moreover, because life is a constant process of change, grief too, as part of life, shall ultimately pass. Buddhist teachings and practices, by promoting depth of understanding, attest to one of life’s great paradoxes: that joy can be found even in the midst of suffering. Certainly Buddhism from its inception has insisted that death must be accepted rather than denied or ignored. Such acceptance, though, should not be confused with a morbid, necrophiliac curiosity. In this, perhaps, Buddhism is no different from other major world religions. Moreover, like other religions, Buddhism offers a host of ritual practices for handling death, and its teachings offer hope and consolation for both the deceased and the bereaved. As far as Buddhism is concerned, then, it seems to be a source of great psychological and sociological wisdom when it comes to dealing with our inevitable mortality.Yet Buddhism offers more than this. In its focus on death, Buddhism paradoxically prompts us to ask ourselves whether we are really living. Since death is inevitable and could happen at any moment, life is precious. In truth, it is in this moment and this moment alone that we live, and we should embrace it here and now in all its awful glory.

Cultural industries are engaged in creation, production and commercialization of themes with cultural nature within the framework of goods or employment services and include such cases as publication, cinema, toys, fashion and clothes. The cultural industries innovation system refers to a network of governmental, private or public institutions and their interactions to create, product, distribute and exploit cultural products and services.
The objective of this paper is to conduct a pathological study of the cultural industries innovation system of the Country. Using "institutional mapping" and "stakeholder analysis" methods to analyze the innovation system, authors diagnose 5 selected clusters of the cultural industries including publication, toys, computer games, fashion, clothes and stationaries. The results show several institutional issues in cultural industries innovation systems: lack of interactions of Hawza and academia with cultural firms in generating basic concepts required for cultural products and services; redundancy in institutions assessing and supervising cultural products and services; lack of effective supervision of cultural products imports; ineffectiveness of cultural and public diplomacy institutions in foreign marketing and cultural products exports; lack of effective communications between cultural industries firms and institutions supporting entrepreneurship, technology development and knowledge economy including incubators, technology parks, and technology development funds; lack of institutions for communication and networking within the innovation system like unions and guilds, lack of effective relations between effective institutions such as the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, the Basij Organization, and the Education Ministry for information dissemination, publicity and promotion of cultural industries.

importance of technology and applied sciences for the process of economic development. Basic sciences and the role of these sciences in the process of development though have been not studied enough and there is no widespread consensus about the importance of these sciences for development. In this paper, we introduce and assess the arguments for and against the importance of these sciences for developing countries. We also provide a non-linear argument in favor of basic sciences. From an economic point of view, we argue that basic sciences and the researches related to them play a role like national transportation substructures which are necessary for the performance of private sector and hence, for economic development. We show that notable parts of this knowledge sub-structure are in the form of non-tradable capabilities. These capabilities, therefore, should be developed through indigenous ways. In the end, we add to this economic approach a discussion about functions of basic sciences for development of rationality, formation of social capital, and political and cultural development.

Since digital media have affected daily life, the philosophers of ethics are trying to offer an appropriate normative framework for Information Technology. This paper introduces the views of Charles Ess, as one of the contemporary thinkers in this field. Ess defends the normative approaches of the Confucian, Virtue and Care Ethics. He demonstrates that due to the role of emotion in moral decision making and more flexibility, these theories have solved the ethical problems better than consequentialist and deontological theories. Furthermore, Ess argues that pluralism is the best meta-ethical theory to encounter different values and norms in different cultures. The ethical pluralism, unlike relativism, allows an intercultural dialogue .It also ,unlike absolutism, prevents cultural imperialism.

Social networking services have created a new and different world of human communications and interactions. Facebook, Twitter, Linkedin, Viber, Telegram, Whatsapp and and other neumerous mebmers of the speedly groowing family form of a necessary technological foundations in our life. The technology has prepared possibilities and abilities for us, yet, it is necessary for moral scholars to study it critically for making society immune from its damages and dangers. In the field, there may be found three views; consequentualism, functionalism and moral virtue. Though each being of its special in philosophy of moral, most important analysis in the field by deputies of ethical virtue like Shanon Vallor and Chrles Ess. The paper has supported this view and criticized Vallor`s view and finally a native proposal has been presented.

Cultural industries are those industries whose main functions are to create, produce, and commercialize themes with cultural nature in the form of products or services, and include industries like computer games, toys, publication, fashion and clothes. Given cultural, social, economic and even defensive importance of cultural industries, these industries play an important role in different aspects of national development.
Despite different functions of cultural industries, statistics show that there is a gap between current and desired status in their different branches. Bridging this gap requires developing desired status for these industries and designing and developing a set of policies and strategies to achieve it. One of the requirements for developing effective vision and strategies for cultural industries is to identify current and desired approaches regarding them.
The primary question of this paper is: “what are the current approaches regarding national cultural industries, and what are the desired approaches?”
The method used in this paper was identifying possible or alternative approaches to cultural industries by literature review, and then identifying current and preferred approaches by surveying cultural industries stakeholders with a close-ended questionnaire. Cultural industries innovation system model was used to identify stakeholders. Finally, the research methodology, survey questions and results were validated through in-depth interview with 5 cultural industries experts and the alternative approaches were modified accordingly.
Survey results analysis shows that "controlling, defensive and security" approaches are currently dominant regarding national cultural industries; however desired approaches, in order of importance, should be economic, social, and political.

The ethics of social networks is a nascent research branch which has sprouted from the main trunk of applied ethics. This growing literature discusses Web-based social networks in their relations with issues like identity, privacy, and the concept of friendship. In this paper, attempts have been made to develop the list of subjects discussed in the field to include the phenomenon of solitude and its relations with broad changes that social networks have brought about in today’s man lifestyle. Solitude is a rich experience in human life and has been broadly reflected upon in literary, mystical, and philosophical writings of all traditions in the East and West. Contrary to the feeling of loneliness and isolation, this experience is not an unpleasant one. It is full of outstanding exclusive spiritual qualities. In this paper, attempts have been made to discuss the nature, dimensions, and virtues of solitude to show that newly emerging technologies, particularly social networks, will gradually put this experience out of human reach if they are used carelessly and recklessly.

This research is a philosophical critique of Samuel Huntington’s The Clash of Civilizations and, an important theory in current discourse on international relations. According to Huntington, the world can be divided into several distinct civilizations and civilization beliefs/values will determine how countries will act towards each other. By drawing upon philosophical critique as a theoretical stance and methodological path, the text of Huntington’s theory was analyzed. In this theory, cultural essentialism can be found in two forms: monoculturalism and multiculturalism. While the research aims to identify specific discursive patterns, open them to criticism, and explain their existence in the text, it also discusses questions related to understanding of the nature, form and function of the clash of civilization discourse. Compacted within the theory is the ideology of cultural essentialism in their two components. The first is that there is a core set of basic beliefs that remains immutably important through time. The second is people of similar cultural background resort to these values, even if they migrate to other countries and in times of crisis, relative countries and emigrants will unite together. The findings show the leaders and their policies, rather than covert cultural beliefs are determining in political interaction and evolution. When a country’s culture values are seen as determining the actions of its political leaders, the importance of individual leadership and the supervisory power of nations are underestimated.

The our main question we address in this essay is “Why and policy tools techniques are becoming so popular in Iran?”. Our focus is on the rationales that lead policy makers and policy analysts to use such tools and techniques. We argue that this phenomenon can be analyzed as a special case of policy transfer. Based on a survey, we found that in Iran, a “scientific justification” could be assumed as the main motive of policy makers and policy analysts for using such tools. Some other actors, on the other hand, try to disseminate these tools and techniques as a part of their “commercial business”. This goes hand in hand with a lack of in-depth knowledge on the part of policy makers about these tools which, in turn, facilitates the process of import and distribution of modern policy tools and techniques in the country.