esmaeil malek akhlagh

The research’s aim is to investigate the effects of the success of strategic alliances on the strategic learning ability of member companies in the Iranian Electricity Industry Syndicate in 1402, emphasizing the important role of strategic foresight. In the school of learning strategy, strategy is an activity that is learned by the members of the organization and also emerges from the heart of learning processes, and on this basis, it has attracted the attention of many organizations and companies. In other words, organizations with a learning attitude to strategy design can improve their speed of action and effectiveness to face environmental changes and the future of the organization.

The research’s problems achieved by finding answers to the three main questions about the influence of strategic alliance on strategic learning and strategic foresight finally about the nature of strategic alliance. The research is descriptive correlational research based on the structural equation modeling method in terms of the practical purpose and the method of data collection, which has been carried out cross-sectionally. The data of this research was collected through a questionnaire survey method. This sample was produced by searching in the organizational database of the Iranian Electricity Syndicate in the spring of 1402. which included 609 companies and according to the survey of senior managers, a statistical population of 609 people was produced, which was used by simple random sampling method. In recent studies, Cohen's formula is used to determine the sample size based on the effect size and power of the test. Another advantage of this method is that the number of main variables and questionnaire questions is also involved in the calculation of the sample size. Based on Cohen's formula, the sample size was considered equal to 106. The questionnaire included 55 items. Strategic foresight consists of three sub-components – environmental scanning, strategic choice, and integration capabilities – and was measured using a total of 31 items developed by Polianite and Passa (2014) [51]. To measure the strategic success of the alliance, we used five items taken from the evaluation criteria established by Robertson and Gatignon (1998). These measures can be used to determine the success of strategic alliances in innovation and new product development and to identify whether a company's profit and sales have been positively affected by strategic alliances or not [56]. Also, to measure strategic learning, a four-item scale proposed by Charlotte Siren (2012) and using 19 items is used [72]. To achieve content and face validity, the questionnaire was reviewed by experts, and according to their opinions and making necessary corrections in the parameters, the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed and then the questionnaires were distributed. To measure reliability, Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability were calculated. This study uses SmartPLS4 to verify the research framework and hypotheses.

The results of the research data analysis showed that strategic alliance on strategic learning and strategic foresight; Also, strategic foresight has a positive and significant effect on strategic learning. Finally, strategic foresight mediates the relationship between strategic alliance and strategic learning. This research empirically proves the positive effect of strategic alliances on foresight as well as on strategic learning. As a result, this issue is useful for company managers to start tending to strategies based on cooperation and forming strategic alliances. This research showed that the more investment in strategic alliances, the better the future-oriented competencies. Furthermore, the better the foresight performance, the greater the strategic learning. In a business environment characterized by continuous and often disruptive change [81], companies face increasing pressure to identify future opportunities that enable them to create new products, services, and markets and maintain their ability to compete in the future. Therefore, a growing number of companies see foresight as an important tool to prepare for the future [67]. However, conducting foresight with an exclusive focus on internal knowledge and capabilities may prevent companies from finding new and important ideas [27]. Corporate foresight research thus far integrates networks as a means of capturing external data, often at the unit level [61]. The ability to extract knowledge and skills through alliances may become critical to survival [34].

Learning is becoming a central tool for future competition in strategic relationships [52]. Foresight activity promotes collective forms of learning that rely heavily on the cognitive virtues of a foresight attitude [18]. Strategic learning refers to learning that affects the identification and implementation of information and strategic initiatives to provide future capacity for organizational growth and survival [2]. Company managers must plan for the future to stay ahead of threats and be aware of growth opportunities. Our proposal is a systemic approach to close relationships with customers and suppliers the creation of diverse networks in the business environment and the development of strategic foresight capabilities: environmental scanning, strategic choice and, integration capabilities to create a learning organization, especially in the field of dynamizing the process of redesigning, implementing and controlling strategy to achieve strategic agility. To achieve this goal, researchers must be in close contact with the marketing team, who often understand the expectations of customers and suppliers. Managers must also learn to consider both short-term and long-term costs simultaneously. By considering the cost of missing out on new product opportunities or early warnings of future threats, managers can understand the importance of foresight. As a manager, they must also learn to evaluate costs but also consider returns. As a result, it is better to consider the additional cost and risks caused by resource sharing and the creation of foresight systems as strategic investments, which enable the achievement of dynamic competitive advantages by changing the strategic direction of the organization and providing information and resources for these changes.

Democracy is one of the most powerful words in the world. In other words, democracy can be understood as an ideology, a concept or a theory. Democracy has been created in the field of politics and has been discussed in governance, but in recent years this concept has placed itself in organizations and companies and the business world in general. Commercial democracy is a concept that can be a way to achieve success, growth and development of organizations and companies. The aim of the current research is to present and formulate the commercial democracy model of Iranian petrochemical companies. This research was done qualitatively. The data research strategy is the foundation. The intended community includes business management specialists, professors with books and research in the field of business policy, as well as experts in the field of political science and political economy and high-ranking people of commercial organizations. Sampling is snowball and purposeful. Also, the data analysis method is based on the foundation's data analysis method with a systematic approach to the coding method. After analyzing the data, the results show that 27 categories for causal, central conditions, strategies, interveners, environmental categories and consequences have been obtained by the researcher.

Among the most remarkable economic developments of the past fifty years have been stunning progress made in East Asian societies, despite wars and unrests and absence of any industrial foundations in their recent history. There has been a multitude of research conducted on such developments and numerous results have also been reported; however, there is no integrated model with regard to the topic. The current research aims at presenting a comprehensive approach and designing a coherent model according to effective experiences of selected East Asian countries using strategic opportunities that can be applied for other nations. The current research is based on Sandelowski and Barroso's meta-synthesis method embedded in a content analysis study. With regard to purpose, it is considered as an applied research and as for data collection a descriptive one. According to findings, 110 components in 14 areas and 4 dimensions were extracted and results were eventually presented in a conceptual model. According to results obtained in the study, a model for managing strategic opportunities was proposed. It was accordingly determined that managing strategic opportunities as a result of government interventions, improvements made in infrastructures, developments in industry and trade and enabling work force have all led to economic development of East Asian countries.

Rapid environmental changes and especially technological changes on the one hand and the globalization of business on the other hand have made the managers of technological companies face serious challenges. This has caused the development of strategy in a traditional way in technological companies, due to the chaos and uncertainty in the environment, they are not flexible and do not have the ability to respond appropriately. In the current uncertainty, many people and organizations believe that strategy has lost its meaning, concept and position. By reviewing the background of the research, it is clear that the concepts of this field have undergone many changes and developments, and the newer perspectives emphasize the way of strategy formation emerging in technological companies. Therefore, the aim of this research is to investigate how the emerging strategy is formed in technological companies in the field of information technology in Iran. For this purpose, for a deep understanding of the phenomenon, an interpretive approach was adopted and the metacomposite method was used to consolidate and expand previous theories. After studying and evaluating the content of the articles and extracting related codes and concepts, the components of the 3 dimensions of emerging strategy (content, context and process) were identified.

The intent of this study was to identify the effects of absorptive capacity and intellectual capital on the export performance of technological companies in Guilan Province, considering the mediating role of innovation and imitation strategies.

This research was a quantitative and descriptive survey. Using non-probability sampling method, 220 companies were selected. The collected data were analysed by structural equation modelling and the partial least squares approach through Smart PLS software.

Results show that there is a significant relationship between absorptive capacity, innovation strategies, imitation, and export performance, but the relationship between intellectual capital and imitation strategies is not confirmed. Also, only the mediating role of innovation strategy in the relationship between intellectual capital and export performance is confirmed.

Originality: 

This article expands the existing literature in the field of imitation strategy by using a model for the effects of absorptive capacity and intellectual capital on export performance with the mediating role of innovation and imitation strategies. It also investigates the characteristics of imitation strategy. The findings of the research increase knowledge and awareness in this field and can be a basis for practical and effective measures.

The The current research has sought to identify and level indicators that are effective in branding family businesses. This research is applied from the objective point of view and mixed from the method point of view. The research community in the first part (qualitative) was experts, university professors related to the research field and managers of family businesses, and in the second part (quantitative),senior managers and employees were selected as respondents to the questionnaire questions. The data collection tool was based on semi-structured interview in the first part and questionnaire in the second part. The method of data analysis in the first stage is based on a systematic review of theoretical literature and thematic analysis (reflective approach) and in the second stage Interpretive-Structural Modeling (ISM) has been used to measure the most influential variables. after collecting all the articles done in this domain as well as the number of 8 semi-structured interviews with the target community, finally 16 factors from the theoretical literature and 4 factors from the qualitative section were selected as the main foundations of family business branding, which in the final part of the results of this activity showed that government support, the role of a powerful leader, High initial capital is the most influential factors and pricing system, quality, suitable packaging are the influencing factors of this research. The results of the present research can be new foundations for the formation and stability of branding of family businesses in the country.

The aim of this study is to understand the nature and factors that shape the land of opportunities in small and medium enterprises.

The method used in the research is a mixed-method and a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. The qualitative part is done using "Grounded theory" and the quantitative part is done using "structural equation modeling". Necessary data were collected through interviews with academic experts, managers, and consultants of small and medium industries in city rasht. The tool for collecting information in the qualitative section is semi-structured interviews. The text analysis of the interviews was performed in three stages of open, axial, and selective coding. And In a quantitative part, Using a researcher-made questionnaire, Its validity and reliability were examined.

Using the codes extracted from the text of the interviews and extracting the codes using the software maxqda 18; Number 353 open coding 28 axial coding, and finally 9 selective coding were extracted. Among these, the dimensions of the land of talent, the land of the market, the land of professional management, the land of finance and investment (central phenomenon), the land of innovation, the land of professional policymaking, the land of democracy, the land of social development and the land of expectations were identified as causal conditions.

According to the research findings in the qualitative section (extracted codes), by confirming the relationship between dimensions and the variables "land of opportunities" and "structural equation model" which was

Emerging economies Firms (EMFs) are unfamiliar actors in a new host market. Hence, foreign market entry should be studied more as a position-building process. Given that position-building process lead to tensions and conflicts among key EMF stakeholders. Business Diplomacy (BD) is a practices that facilitates this process. Therefore, the purpose of this research is the typology of BD in EMFs, based on their positioning-building process over period of time. Through the lens of Path-dependence Theory, we review the literature to formulate a typology of Business diplomacy, then we identify statistical control variables.    For the purpose of this study, we used Sequence Analysis to identify sequence patterns of BD in EMFs position-building process. Iran Exemplary Exporters in the period of 2012-2020 are chosen as the statistical population of this research that 36 Firms were studied as a sample based on the judgment criteria. Data were collected through the board of director's activity annual reports in Codal Database. Using TraMineR in R-package, data analyzed through optimal matching (OM).   We empirically identify three different sequence patterns of business diplomacy. Firms in the Automotive, Petrochemical and Chemical Industries, Machinery and Equipment, Engineering Services, and the Paper Industry mainly follow first path. Firms operating in the Steel Industry, Automotive Industry, and Machinery and Equipment follow the second path. Firms operating in the Oil Industry, Steel Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Electrical Equipment and Paper industry follow the third path. The findings also show that business diplomacy pathways differ significantly in terms of firm's characteristics (i.e. industry, size, and international experience). We argued that EMFs follow different BD strategies in their position- building process in the host markets. In the first pattern, the most of EMFs execute reactive and proactive strategies, and few Firms have follow other strategies. In this pattern, the dominant strategic priority is pay attention to the business related stakeholders, and the pressure dimension has insignificant effect on changing the strategy. Also, we argued that the Firms in the automotive, petrochemical and chemical industries, machinery and equipment, technical and engineering services, and paper industries use the one-best-way approach. The dominant strategy in the second pattern is proactive strategy. This strategy has become the dominant view of firms in last years, and the strategic agenda of firms has shifted from business-related stakeholders to none-business-related stakeholders. In addition, we argued that this turn to none-business-related stakeholders has significantly occurred in the steel, automobile manufacturing, and machinery and equipment industries.    As a result, the contingency approach is prevailing in the second pattern. But the dominant strategy in the third pattern is defensive strategy. We argued that firms try to avoid unintended changes in the political environment, through defensive strategies, and manipulating none-business related stakeholders. In other word, they maximize profits in host markets through neutralize the non-market environment pressures. This turn to defensive strategy has been significantly occurred in the oil, steel, pharmaceutical, electrical equipment and paper industries. in addition, the results showed that firms in the automobile industry and machinery and equipment, simultaneously follow the first and second patterns, and firms in the paper industry simultaneously follow the first and third patterns, as well as firms in the steel industry follow the second and third patterns at the same time. To explain it more clearly, the dynamics of the environment exposes firms to continuous changes and companies may use strategies that conflict with each other. As a result, firms may follow a paradox approach. In nutshell, we argued that, firms by turn in strategic agenda from business related stakeholders to none-related stakeholders, facilitate their position-building process in host market. And this practice turn, influenced by Firms-level characteristics such as industry, size and international experience. Our research has implications from theoretical and methodological aspects: First, the existing research focused on advanced economy firms. But our research conducted in emerging economies context, which are very different from advanced economies context. Second, the results of this research have proposed a mechanism to overcome on emergingness liabilities. Third, the paradox approach in strategy emphasizes that in the complex and evolving world, firms faced with a heterogeneous environment and contradictory demands of business related and none-business related stakeholders. As a result, firms that follow the paradox approach in BD are more successful in creating and maintaining legitimacy. Fourth, the results of this research have confirmed the potential of quantitative research in process studies, especially in the strategy as practice area. In other words, identifying a pattern at the macro level through micro level data leads to the emergence of innovative insights that cannot be achieved only through a qualitative research design. Finally, some issues in management research, such as evolutionary view of strategy, require the analysis of sequence data; as a result, analyzing these data and identifying emerging patterns creates significant challenges, and traditional quantitative and qualitative researches suffer from this issue. Therefore, optimal matching approach has solved this challenge.we empirically identify Three different sequence patterns of business diplomacy. Frims in the Automotive, Petrochemical and Chemical Industries, Machinery and Equipment, Engineering Services, and the Paper Industry mainly follow first path. Firms operating in the Steel Industry, Automotive Industry, and Machinery and Equipment follow the second path. Firms operating in the Oil Industry, Steel Industry, Pharmaceutical Industry, Electrical Equipment and Paper industry follow the third path. the findings also show that business diplomacy pathways differ significantly in terms of firm's characteristics (i.e industry, size, and international experience).

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of scenario planning on strategic innovation considering the mediating role of strategic thinking and strategic flexibility. This research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey in nature. The statistical population of the study is the manufacturing companies of Bushehr province. In order to determine the sample size, the test-software method (G-Power) was used. Based on this, 222 observations were calculated. Using a simple random sampling method with the online survey, 176 questionnaires were finally received by the researchers. Data analysis was performed using the structural equation method and Smart PLS 3 software. Research findings showed that scenario planning has a positive and significant effect on strategic innovation. The mediating effect of strategic flexibility and strategic thinking in the relationship between scenario planning and strategic innovation is also significant. The present study expands the management literature by filling in research gaps. Organizations today need to change their past strategies to be able to understand and meet customer needs faster and more competitively than other competitors.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of knowledge management (KM) and dynamic capabilities (DCs) on the improvement of the performance of knowledge firms through the mediating role of sustainable competitive advantage (SCA). The study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlational in terms of nature. A number of knowledge firms in Tehran province were selected as the statistical sample. The optimal sample size was calculated to be 288 people using G-Power software version 3.1. Using a simple random sampling method and through an online survey (Response Rate of 64%), 186 questionnaires were collected. Data analysis was carried out using Smart PLS 3. The findings revealed that KM and DCs enhanced the performance of knowledge firms through strengthening SCA. The current study extends the literature on management by bridging the research gap. It is suggested that creating and applying KM and DCs simultaneously, through SCA, can provide the essential setting for the significant improvement of knowledge firms’ performance and assist managers and policymakers understand how to improve the firm performance (FP) in dynamic environments. This paper is built on the assumptions of the resource-based view and the perspective of the firms’ dynamic capabilities. The findings of the study help firm managers and practitioners to create and maintain a SCA and improve performance through a KM approach and DCs. In addition to theoretical contributions, this study provides a variety of practical advice for managers and policymakers to succeed in applying KM and DCs to achieve better performance.

Businesses must constantly evaluate their performance in order to determine their position and survive in a dynamic and highly competitive environment. In this environment, achieving superior performance requires the adaptation of companies' services and products to the needs of customers and markets, which can be facilitated by several variables. Recent research shows the positive and critical effect of variables such as business model innovation and organizational learning capability. Through business model innovation, organizations can take the advantage of changing customer demands and expectations. Also organizational learning is an ability to absorb and transform new knowledge and apply it to the development of new products with a competitive advantage and a high production speed. On the other hand, organizations must have a great ability to respond and be willing to provide new products and services that are created through strategic agility and entrepreneurial orientation in order to improve the firm performance directly and indirectly through business model innovation and organizational learning capability. So, they will achieve better performance than their competitors. This study aims at the direct effects of entrepreneurial orientation and strategic agility on the firms’ performance and the indirect effects of these two variables on the firm performance. In this regard, the mediation roles of business model innovation and learning capability are taken into account.

This article is applied in term of purpose and descriptive in term of method. The data collection tool is a questionnaire with 18 specialized items. The managers of 96 production and service companies in Rasht industrial park (Sefidroud) participated in this research. The structural equation modeling (SEM) approach was used to analyze the hypotheses. Also, the Smart PLS-3 software was applied to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of the variables.

Firm performance refers to the companies’ ability to compete with their rivals, improve their market share and gain the competitive advantages. But according to the rapid changes in the external environment, we have to consider more dynamic variables to respond to the chaotic and unpredictable environment so as to improve company’s performance. In this regard, business model innovation can redesign organization’s operations and activities to adopt the key factors of success and gain competitive advantages. Also, organizational learning capability can lead to higher firm performance by making an easier path for a free information flow through creating, transferring and integrating knowledge and experience. This is because finding a solution for the changes of unfavorable conditions needs a flexible and quick reaction that can be solved by these two factors. This study shows the direct effects of business model innovation and   organizational learning capability on firm performance. Moreover, other variables such as strategic agility and entrepreneurial orientation can affect the firm performance directly and indirectly through business model innovation or organization learning capability. In other words, strategic agility is introduced as the best solution to respond to the external environment and the rapid changes because it enables companies to change their competitive characteristics and adapt themselves to market trends. Also, entrepreneurial orientation includes risk-taking, innovativeness, and proactiveness which can provide a better atmosphere for firms to foster an innovation- and change-driven environment in order to pioneer a new business, enter a new market and capture opportunities before their rivals can. The results of this study show that strategic agility and entrepreneurial orientation have positive and direct significant effects on firm performance.  Through these two factors, the condition of adapting to a change gets easier business model innovation and organization learning capability can get a better chance to be accepted by employees. Therefore, strategic agility and entrepreneurial orientation affect the performance of firms indirectly through business model innovation and organization learning capability. These hypotheses are confirmed in this study. 

This study investigated a few critical dynamic variables including business model innovation, learning capability, strategic agility and entrepreneurial orientation in order to maximize the firm performance in an environment with rapid changes. Better performance leads to better market conditions and helps the company to survive or become the leader of its own industry. Therefore, the results of this research can facilitate the path of organizations toward getting superior performance by creating a sustainable competitive advantage, higher market share and inaccessible competitive position. Although this study makes a number of beneficial contributions, it has some limitations. Specific national context is one of the limitations. To generalize the results, we have to apply this research in different cultural contexts. Next, we have not considered the moderating effect of turbulent environments. For future studies, researchers are suggested to consider this variable too. Moreover, a longitudinal study may lead to richer findings.

provide a model of international strategic branding of Iranian wrestling with export and currency approach.

The research method is qualitative with exploratory nature and the grounded theory was used in it.The data collection tool was in-depth and structured interviews with experts in the field of international sports based on wrestling. Selection of individuals and conduct of interviews continued until the theoretical saturation was reached. Also, snowball sampling method was used to select the interviewees and the data obtained from the interview were coded and analyzed by grounded theorizing method.

A total of 153 initial codes were obtained from the analysis of 12 interviews. After extracting similar codes and after examining and putting them together and removing duplicate concepts, 53 main concepts were identified and were divided into 20 sub-categories. axial codes were categorized into 7 main categories. The obtained examples and concepts were in the form of a paradigm model including causal conditions, main phenomenon, intervening conditions, contextual conditions and consequences.

: the results in the form of a qualitative model showed that by adopting appropriate strategies such as having a strategic approach to wrestling, holding a quality wrestling league, global marketing, creating sports tourism, facilitating the possibility of exporting and currency wrestling, It can be achieved by gaining domestic and national interests, reducing political tensions, preventing the violation of wrestlers' rights in world competitions, and facilitating the acquisition of hosting world events.

Today, sustainable global value chain management is recognized as one of the prominent dimensions of global companies' competitiveness. Managers need a framework for strategic analysis, policy-making and decision-making with a sustainable development approach in order to adopt appropriate policies for the transition from a traditional value chain to a sustainable global value chain and to respond to stakeholder demands and external pressures. The purpose of this study is to identify and extract the appropriate strategic components for enabling global value chain management to achieve sustainability. Due to the scope of the research literature on various aspects of global value chain stability, the meta-synthesis method has been used in this research. Based on the research results, 171 components were identified and extracted, which are presented in the form of 40 themes and 8 categories, which are considered as components of the sustainable value chain management enabling model. The extracted categories are: drivers of sustainable value chain management development, external pressures, sustainable value chain management enablers, sustainable value chain management acts, social results of sustainable value chain management, environmental results of sustainable value chain management and economic results of sustainable value chain management.

Customers' use of technology-based intelligent information can put forth some key decision variables as a good starting point for investor decisions in financial and banking markets. On the other hand, the increasing number of commercial banks has raised concerns about customer turnover, especially for old and well-known banks. In this regard, the data about the interactions of banks and customers on online social media and mobile phones have always been an important source of banking marketing research. Analysis in banking research is generally based on questionnaires. Nowadays, however, macro-databases include numerous words, images, videos, and non-numeric outputs in terms of the volume, speed and variety of digital processes and often obscure traditional statistical analyses. Researchers have become interested in macro-databases for marketing decisions and creative marketing campaigns, and some have suggested them for the analysis of customer behavior. The use of macro-databases has, thus, significantly become a successful approach in today's marketing. In order to conduct this research, first, the behavior of customers in creating a large database, especially in the social media environment, is examined through surveys and by studying customers' attitudes toward a product, service or bank. Then, the relationship between the customer-centric banking marketing mixed with the data-driven macro-database and the referral system is examined. Finally, the paradigm model of research is presented for the behavior of banking customers in online social media.

This research seeks to provide a new model for analyzing the behavior of bank customers using the big data method. It is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of data collection. In order to finalize the analytical model of bank customers' behavior using big data, a qualitative research method was used. Also, the data theory method was used as a basis for tthe construction of the theory. The statistical population of the study consisted of two groups. The first group contained the customers who were significantly active in online social networking cyberspace, and the second group was for the bank managers who were well acquainted with the social media space. Accordingly, the statistical sample of the study included 15 bank customers who had extensive online financial and credit transactions with the bank as well as 10 bank managers who were well acquainted with the social media communication environment. The sampling method in this research is theoretical. For this purpose, the sampling continued until the model reached the saturation. The researcher collected and selected the data in such a way that he could discover the hidden background of various texts and images of online social interactions using the NVIVO10 software to formulate the final theory.

In intervening situations, the customer behavior was created using the psychological characteristics which represented five factors of personality. In this case, the internal and external sources of control and certain complex concepts were identified and explored. There were two categories of customer behavior to deal with. It was found that positive advertisement can increase online space-based negotiations using three types of knowledge in this area. Customers seek knowledge about others by looking at their profiles, photos and texts and also try to motivate others by sending them texts and comments. Thus, they make product and theoretical comparisons that result in mutual awareness.

Based on an operational model, this study suggests that the netnography method (blogging) be used to analyze the content of users' comments on virtual networks and discover the hidden layers and underpinnings of comments and texts written by users and members of virtual networks. Also, the culture of bank customers in relation to values, customs, and Iranian cultural meanings should be analyzed so that banks can have the knowledge of common concepts in this area. It is also suggested that a combination of social media data and transaction records be used to study the impact of social media behavior on banking purchasing behavior. Another suggestion is that, before commercializing their products and services, banks should place them in the online space to notify the groups there and use their opinions. They can thus offer better products and services according to the views and behaviors of customers. In addition, it is suggested that banks invest in marketing intelligence to become a competitive source for customers.

In order to gain social legitimacy and long-term survival of the goals of Education Administration, any change in human resource management practices, must be adapted to the existing institutional context. Therefore, in this research, an attempt has been made to identify and prioritize the institutional pressures of the Ministry of Education and the related components, and to design a human resource management model appropriate to these institutional pressures.

The present research enjoys a mixed-method design (qualitative-quantitative) with the purpose of being applied study. First, by systematically reviewing the literature and content analysis of the objectives of the Fundamental Reform Document, the initial research model was formed and then explained by using the opinions of experts and evaluating the content validity. In order to use and measure the model, 219 questionnaires were distributed among senior managers, policy makers and experts of the Ministry of Education in a stratified random method and data analysis was performed using confirmatory factor analysis. Finally, a fuzzy expert system was used to achieve the most appropriate combination of pattern dimensions.

The Institutionalism model of human resource management in Education Administration was identified in the form of 7 main categories, 24 components and 68 indicators. The prioritization of institutional requirements showed that normative pressures, coercive pressures and imitation pressures have the greatest impact on the human resource management model of education, respectively.

To achieve the optimal combination and alignment of human resource practices, it is necessary to pay attention to different combinations of institutional pressures in each of the dimensions of human resource management.

The today's business environment is so dynamic and complex and this conditions became made even more complicated when economic depression has shaded the economy and the production and service sectors are in the grip of the depression. In the situation the firms are under the depression, to adopt marketing strategies that can help them improve their performance by focusing on optimization opportunities, sales growth and acheiving to sustain competitive advantage. At present, the textile and construction industries in Iran are in such a complicated situation so that they face lowered demand and need right marketing strategies. Thus, this research was aimed to explore the significance of marketing strategies for the marketing performance of textile and construction industries and to rank them under economic depression. To this end, the library study was accompanied with field studies. A questionnaire composed of 27 questions was designed and its content validity was confirmed. Then, it was administered among production, marketing, and R&D, and higher managers of nine textile manufacturing firms and 20 construction firms sampled by purposive judgmental technique. After the questionnaires were collected, the reliability of the questionnaire was estimated at greater than 0.7 by Cronbach’s alpha. Data were analyzed by structural equations modeling. The results of confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the values of model fitting indices were appropriate. According to the results of path analysis, the segregate marketing strategy and centralized marketing strategy had significant positive impacts on the market performance of the firms. But, indifferent marketing strategy influenced market performance negatively. Also, Friedman test revealed that the segregate marketing strategy was ranked in the first in both industries.

The Very complex and competitive environment requires more attention of organization to internal employees as internal customers. When staff can provide customers satisfy that their needs have been met by the organization and satisfaction in them toward the organization. This is the same logic that the study Barry, Hansel and Burke mentioned that the use of internal marketing toward organizational capabilities recommended to meet in order to achieve effective protection of consumers. On the other hand, the most important asset of any organization is staff of it. The higher of quality of human resources will be a success and survival of the organization and one of the most important attitudes that try to improve the quality of human resources and adjust the values of the people, are management's commitment to internal marketing. Management's commitment to internal marketing program, spontaneous and voluntary activity for the local marketing programs promote and increase communication with employees and employee job satisfaction and ultimately improve the performance of the entire organization. Since, this paper has been done the literature review of preceding studies on internal marketing, management's commitment to internal marketing and job attitudes to explain the relationship between them. Results show that management's commitment to internal marketing with the ways related to internal marketing includes formal and informal internal communication and management's commitment to internal marketing and informal internal communication influence employee attitudes.

Strategic alliance formations have increased dramatically over the past decade and, in many industries, alliances are now a central strategic component and a core offensive and/or defensive competitive weapon. Strategic alliances have shifted the fundamental competitive paradigm in many domestic and international markets from traditional firm-to-firm competition to more alliance-based, network-vs.-network competition. It's better to say regardless of the industry or type of business, strategic alliances are the best way for a company to compete and succeed in today’s networked economy. One of the industries which needs to this competitive tool is tourism industry. The tourism industry is global and big business and encouraging the development of the tourism sector is all the more important today given its important role in country’s economic, cultural and political development. Also, attention to the industry for developing countries like Iran which relies on oil-incomes is necessary. The main goal of this research was investigation the effect strategic alliance on Iran’s tourism industry development. So, we have developed and tested a conceptual model related to the most important dimensions of strategic alliance which can have a significant impact on tourism industry development and its indicators. The structural equation model was tested with Amos using data gathered from four Free Trade and Industrial Zones in Iran (Anzali, Aras, Maku and Arvand). The results show that the overall fit of the model was satisfactory, which indicate a sufficient validity of the model. As well, of the four hypotheses tested, all were accepted. Therefore, the claimed importance of the strategic alliance was confirmed. The findings suggest that top managers should form strategic alliance to compete and succeed in today’s environment inherent uncertainties and issues, though building a strategic alliance and making it work are not easy, and after building it, manage alliance and evaluate their alliance periodically and modify/improve it for achieving to more desired performance. In final we offered some avenues for further research.

According to importance of the customer in today's competitive world, especially in industrial marketing, it is necessary that firms understand customer's needs. Nowadays more than before rely on knowledge, with emphasis on knowledge as a key factor of competitiveness in the global economy; companies seek a key component that customer knowledge is called. Since the customer is a key member to achieve the organization's goals, According to customer knowledge is important. This paper examines the impact of customer knowledge management on improving relationships with industrial customers. Thus, the need to manage customer knowledge faced organization with a challenge For test of the hypotheses was used Spss software. After checking the normality of the data, to test of hypotheses is used to test hypotheses one-sample t-test and binomial test, as well as to prioritize the variables, we used the Friedman test.

Strategic Entrepreneurship (SE) works as a stimulus to meet competitive advantage requirements in both developing and developed countries since entrepreneurship considers identifying opportunities and strategic management acts as a factor to change opportunities into competitive advantage. According to previous studies، SE enjoys various dimensions that may lead to entrepreneurial opportunities and competitive advantage. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between SE dimensions and competitive advantage. Hence، a structural model is formulated to represent the relationships between SE dimensions and competitive advantage. To hit the goals of the study، documentary studies were supplemented by field studies on the institutions in charge of construction industry in Iran through a questionnaire. The questionnaire validity was checked and confirmed through content validity test and factor analysis. Cronbach''s Alpha test proved 95 percent reliability. Having categorized the indicators by factor analysis، the structural relationships of the model were tested through structural equation modeling and AMOS software. Findings illustrated the model fitness indicator as appropriate، and only one out of five hypotheses was rejected to show significant influence of SE dimensions on competitive advantage. The results of the study recommend SE to top managers both to facilitate the way to achieve more competitive advantage and to identify and exploit potential opportunities.

Choosing the best coach requires identifying critical criteria or characteristics for leading the team. Therefor the purpose of this paper was based on 2 subjects; determining critical criteria of choosing a coach and selecting the best coach for sport teams.
For achieving the research goals; at first, based on library studies, 20 criteria were identified as coach selection criteria. Then by using Fuzzy Delphi method and seeking other's opinion with a five Likert scale questionnaire from 32 masters and the PHD students of physical education of university of Guilan and based on Pareto rule, 11 criteria which achieved scores more than 0.8 were identified as critical criteria. According to 11 critical criteria and 3 coaching alternatives, final questionnaire was prepared and distributed among five decision makers on coach selection in Guilan's Damash Sports Club. After gathering the data, it was analyzed by TOPSIS technique.
After identifying and determining critical criteria such as technical, managerial and leadership, psychology-mental, social, communication, sports and motivational skills, initiative and intelligence, background and personality characteristics, a decision structure was designed in three levels and accordingly a selection process was carried out by using developed TOPSIS MADM technique. Results showed that the first option was selected as the best coach. The proposed approach minimizes subjective judgment in selecting coaches. It also can assist club's decision makers and managers to identify and determine the critical criteria before coach selection.
This approach also helps the decision makers to better select the best coach of the sports team by considering several criteria and options. Also, the suggested research methods could be used in other sports.

Innovation could be recognized as a key factor in an increasingly competitive environments and it is difficult to find an industry that is not engaged in innovation. However، innovation success and achievement to important advantages such as performance improvement is not easy and it relies on applying innovation strategies from firms'' top managers and consultants. The objective of this paper is to select the best innovation strategy for improving performance criteria of construction projects. So، a combined Delphi and ANP approach is provided and a practical study is carried out in MAPSA Company. The first stage is Delphi method، where identification، synthesis and prioritization of key performance criteria of the industry and classification of innovation strategies are performed. The second stage is Analytic Network Process (ANP) for selecting the best innovation strategy based on the selected construction projects performance criteria. Findings show that leading and technology importer strategies have high priority as innovation strategies. Because of its facilitating role for firms'' top managers to make complex decisions and to select the best strategy، this approach has highly functional properties.

With business being more competitive and complicated at international level, necessity of managers’ attention to entry strategies to global markets was introduced as a commercial advantage for companies. In current arena, performance evaluation plays an important role in companies’ success according to complicated and dynamic environments. Various models are developed to measure performance. One of these models is balanced scorecard which has many priorities upon similar methods. This study deals with performance assessment of Iran khodro strategies to enter foreign markets during years 88 and 89 using balanced scorecard. Company strategies and effective index upon these strategies performance is exhibited on the basis of research literature and identification questionnaire and by using experts’ views in balanced scorecard. fuzzy AHP technique is used to determine the degrees of parameters priority to each other. Based on the results of the degree of success of the balanced scorecard perspectives are: Innovation and development prespective 65%, customer 46%, business processes 44% and financial 19%.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the physical education and sport sciences graduates’ employment status in Iran.
The sample of this study consists of 115 physical education and sport sciences faculty members of higher education institutions, major sport managers and graduates of physical education and sport sciences who were selected as a non-random target and had the expertise and experience on the research topic. To gather the data, library sources, literature review, background analysis, interviews, forms and questionnaires were used (a SWOT identification form that contained open and close questions, internal factors questionnaire, external factors questionnaire, and a form of employment strategic positioning). For determining validity of the it questionnaire was reviewed and confirmed by 14 faculty members of sport management and entrepreneurship. Finally, in the pilot study on 30 subjects the internal consistened of questionnaire by Cronbach\'s alpha was (r=0.94). For analyzing research hypotheses ,the Friedman rank test, internal factors evaluation matrix (IFE) and external factors evaluation matrix (EFE) and strategic position and action evaluation matrix (SPACEM (were employed.
Having analyzed environmental situations (internal and external) of physical education and sport science graduates’ employment, 18 strengths, 40 weaknesses, 33 opportunities and 33 threats were identified and their priorities were determined. The results showed that physical education and sport sciences graduates’ employment in Iran was located in the worst position possible (T-W & defensive area).
Depending on the conditions for explaining employment strategies of physical education and sport sciences graduates, besides using ST, SO and WO strategies, using WT strategies is also recommended.

Innovation strategy is the basis of success in innovation and performance improvement. This paper represents a model related to the most important innovation strategies which have a significant impact on performance of industries. Then, it examines the relationships between innovation strategies and diversity and development of the performance. So, the empirical research was carried out in Iranian construction industry and practical data were gathered out of7main industry institutions and 93 construction SMEs by questionnaires to examine paper objectives. The findings show that innovation strategies such as proactive, analyzer, futuristic and aggressive strategies influence on the performance development of the industry. Also, strategies such as proactive, risk taking and futuristic ones are the most effective innovation strategies in the performance diversity. Results of this study suggest that to achieve performance diversity and development, construction industry's policy makers and top managers should implement and promote pro active and futurity strategies, simultaneously, across the industry.