fatemeh sadat hosseini

Optical character recognition (OCR), also referred to as text recognition, extracts text from scanned documents and camera images. OCR has numerous applications in reading forms and cheques, converting archived documents to digital files, and reading books and papers. An accurate OCR system speeds up these processes by eliminating time-consuming manual tasks. Despite advancements, OCR remains challenging for languages like Farsi due to their complex structures and lack of diverse datasets for evaluation. IDPL-PFOD, a new synthetic Farsi dataset, addresses this gap by including various backgrounds, fonts, distortions, and blurs. This paper evaluates Tesseract and EasyOCR on IDPL-PFOD to highlight their limitations. Tesseract and EasyOCR achieve 84.41% and 73.28% overall accuracy, respectively. Tesseract outperforms EasyOCR in most cases but drops to 67.17% on textured backgrounds, while EasyOCR achieves 75.8%. Tesseract reaches its peak accuracy (92.45%) on plain backgrounds and shows robustness to Gaussian blur and slope distortion, with minimal accuracy drops. In contrast, EasyOCR performs poorly on salt-and-pepper noise (4.79%), and moderately on sinewave distortion and Gaussian blur (61.45% and 63.73%). These findings emphasize the need for training OCR engines on more diverse datasets to improve their performance under real-world conditions.

Verse 3 of Surah An-Nisa is the only verse in the Holy Qur'an that permits polygamy. The problem in understanding this verse is that the beginning of the verse addresses orphans, while its continuation deals with the permissibility of polygamy, and these two subjects seem incompatible. A general criticism of the interpretation of both Shia and Sunni scholars, as well as more recent views that limit the permissibility of polygamy to marriages with the mothers of orphans, is that this verse has been understood in a way that overlooks the condition, “and if you fear that you will not deal justly with the orphans” (وإن خفتم الا تقسطوا فی الیتامی) [4:3]. In this paper, considering the Holy Qur'an as a coherent text with a network structure, and focusing on the thematic and conceptual connection between verses 3 and 127 of Surah An-Nisa, an interpretation and translation of these verses is provided that resolves the inconsistency between the beginning and continuation of verse 3 and also significantly limits the scope of polygamy. If we accept that verse 127 was revealed before verse 3 and that the women mentioned in verse 3 are the same women introduced in verse 127, then the ruling on polygamy in the Holy Qur'an becomes exclusively applicable to the marriage of a man with the mother of orphans whom the man has already assumed financial guardianship of the women who are unable to manage the financial affairs of their orphaned children and have entrusted the responsibility of their children's financial matters to that man.

Located in the Alpine-Himalayan seismic zone, Iran is considered one of the most seismic countries in the world. After recent disasters and extensive destruction of urban and rural housing, various approaches to rebuild housing have been noticed by planners and policy makers. However, few researches comprehensively have dealt with this issue and considering many different factors.Identifying, categorizing and scoring the effective criteria on the reconstruction of housing after the earthquake, the research purpose is creating a comprehensive model for the management of after disaster housing.

The research strategy is Analytical one based on Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). At first, more than 200 qualitative contents of technical literature of permanent housing reconstruction were extracted, and in the next step, a comprehensive list of effective measures was identified in the planning of the housing reconstruction program. In the third step, by analyzing the obtained sources, the number of 58 criteria that have the greatest effect on the successful implementation of a reconstruction program was identified. In the fourth step, after discussing and exchanging opinions with experts and considering the practical aspects of implementing the model, as well as based on the quantitative information obtained from the results of the second step, it was decided to reduce the number of criteria to 4 groups of main criteria and 17 sub-criteria. These factors have been fully described in the extraction of criteria and effective factors in reconstruction. The final step was to set up a pairwise comparison questionnaire and conduct a survey by 31 experts. The results were analyzed using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, and their validity was determined by scoring each of the criteria.

The criteria are categorized in 4 main groups of “Coordination and organizational affairs”, “Technical and engineering affairs”, “Economic and financial affairs”, and “Social participation and community affairs”. Prioritized by experts, the factors of “Economic and financial affairs” and “Coordination and organizational affairs” are recognized the most influence, and it is followed by the next priorities “Technical and engineering affairs” and “Social participation and community affairs”.sub-factors would be listed as:Cooperation between public authorities, Coordination between local and national administrations and volunteers in the reconstruction program, The existence of government structures and organizations, Coordination between governmental and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) (Organizational sub-factor)“Updating and modifying construction standards and regulations”, “Applying new construction methods and technologies” and “Considering the principles of sustainable development in construction”, “Use of local labor”, “Qualification of contractors and skill of local workers”, “Continuous monitoring and evaluation” (performance evaluation), “Quality and speed ofconstruction”, (Technical sub-factors)“Expediting the payment of emergency funds” (financial assistance and loans), “Long-term budget plans to finance the reconstruction in the country”, “Public accident insurance coverage” (Financial sub-factor)Considering local culture and lifestyle, Safety and public health, Considering the situation of vulnerable groups (indigent people, female-headed households, the elderly, etc.), Effective consultation with key stakeholders and beneficiaries of the reconstruction (Social sub-factor).Among the sub-factors higher priorities are “Long-term budget plans to finance the reconstruction in the country”, “Public accident insurance coverage”, and “Coordination between local and national administrations and volunteers” in the reconstruction program, found to have the greatest impact on the success of post-disaster reconstruction. Factors such as “Use of local labor”, “Updating and modification of construction standards and regulations”, and “Effective consultation with key stakeholders and beneficiaries of the reconstruction program” were identified as the three factors with the least priority.The prioritization shows that, despite common opinion, from the point of view of this group of experts, factors such as social participation, are not among the main success factors of reconstruction programs, and instead, financial and organizational affairs are more important. This issue can be investigated and evaluated in other groups of experts.

The analysis finally led to a model that shows a prioritized set of main factors affecting the success of reconstruction project and can be used to evaluate the success of reconstruction projects and programs.

The main purpose of this article was to critically investigate the book "Holy Ignorance: When Religion and Culture Part Ways” written by Olivier Roy. Specifically, this research tried to examine the conflict or coexistence of religion and culture through the analyses of the author of the book, and discover the impact of ideological positions on the text. To this end, using the critical discourse analysis method by Fairclough (1989), this research analyzed and criticized the content of this book within three stages of description, interpretation and explanation. The findings showed that the key idea of ​​this work is to introduce religious fundamentalism in the world as a result of the disconnection of the links between cultural and religious signs. However, the book goes wrong in identifying and explaining the relationship between religion and culture and has proposed the convergence of these two based on evidences which are on the contrary, at least in the case of Islam. Moreover, the author's interpretation of Islamic fundamentalism is vague and insufficient and implies a false justification of the political identity of Islam in the contemporary era.

With extensive changes in educational environments, such as changes in students' needs, different teaching methods, changes in the characteristics of educational environments, and changes in teachers' demands, the need to acquire new knowledge is of great value and encourage teachers to actively participate in the yourself knowledge sharing process with colleagues seems essential, because acquiring new knowledge can have a positive effect on the level of learning, creativity, innovation, readiness for change and flexibility of teachers and increase their job success. But despite the many benefits inherent in knowledge sharing, many teachers refuse to share their knowledge with others. Hiding knowledge is a relatively common phenomenon in educational organizations and schools, which leaves destructive effects. For various reasons, teachers may not share the knowledge related to their job with other colleagues and in some cases, hide the knowledge from them. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the effective variables on reducing knowledge hiding in the organization. It is likely that variables such as psychological ownership of knowledge, altruistic behavior and intrinsic motivation are effective in increasing or decreasing knowledge hiding. Thus, the purpose of this research was the moderating role of altruism behavior and intrinsic motivation in effect of knowledge psychological ownership on knowledge hiding behavior in teachers.

Type of research, descriptive correlation and statistical population including teachers in Aran & Bidgol City that sample size was obtained equal to 250 people through the Monte Carlo model. The research tool included four questionnaires of psychological ownership of knowledge, altruism, internal motivation and knowledge hiding. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed as construct, convergent and divergent. The reliability of questionnaires was obtained through Cronbach’s alpha for psychological ownership 0.74, altruism 0.77, intrinsic motivation 0.84 and knowledge hiding 0.71. The data analysis of the research was done at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS version 26 and Smart Pls software.

The results showed that the mean of variables of psychological ownership and knowledge hiding were lower than criterion score and altruism and internal motivation were higher than criterion score. The path coefficient of variables showed that psychological ownership with (Beta=0.24) has a positive & significant effect on knowledge hiding, altruism (Beta=-0.17) and intrinsic motivation (Beta=-0.16) has a negative & significant effect on knowledge hiding.

Considering the positive and significant effect of intrinsic motivation and altruistic behavior in reducing the negative effect of psychological ownership of knowledge in knowledge hiding behavior, it can be seen that the moderating role of intrinsic motivation and altruistic behavior in reducing knowledge hiding behavior is significant and confirmed. Because motivation theory emphasizes the motivations that lead people to exchange knowledge and broadly determines knowledge behaviors, and altruistic behaviors consist of helping colleagues in the performance of their duties. That is, if teachers who have a high sense of psychological ownership may hesitate to exchange and share knowledge when requested due to internal motivation and altruistic behavior. Thus, it can be said that hiding or sharing knowledge depends not only on the level of one’s property relative to the purpose of ownership, but also on internal motivation and altruistic behavior. To prevent this phenomenon among teachers, the sense of collective ownership instead of individual ownership should be strengthened among teachers.

Marriage, as a primary institution in society, is the first pillar of forming a family. Many critical variables of society such as fertility rate, population growth, resource utilization, consumption, saving, poverty, crime, etc. are affected by marriage. From this perspective, family studies needs considerable attention. Potential changes that occur during the development process in the societies can influence Individuals decision to marry, but the process of this effect is not clear. The Human Development Index, as a multidimensional index, can be a reliable index to understand the effect of the development process on the marriage rate. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of the human development index on marriage rate in selected OECD and Non-OECD countries during the period 2000-2018 using the System Generalized Method of Moments (System_GMM). This study reveals that the human development index has a significant negative effect on the marriage rate in both of the study groups. However, the estimated coefficient in Non-OECD countries is lower than selected OECD countries. The coefficients of the life expectancy and income index are significantly negative in both of selected countries. The education index also has a significant negative effect on the marriage rate in Non-OECD countries, but its significance has not been confirmed in OECD countries. The results also show that the unemployment rate of men and the urban population growth in both groups of the countries have significantly negative effect on the marriage rate.

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of psychological capital through group counseling on the components of psychological capital and academic passion in female adolescent students. The research had a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design with a control group. The statistical population included all female adolescent students in the age range of 13 to 18 years in Semnan city in the academic year 2019-2020. Among them, 24 students were selected by random sampling and divided into experimental and control groups (n=12 per group). The samples were evaluated using Luthans’ psychological capital questionnaire (2007) and the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire by Pintrich et al. (1991). The findings showed that psychological capital training increases the total score of psychological capital (η2=0.58, F=29.77) and academic passion (η2=0.44, F=16.64) (P<0.01).

Media literacy education for users, or virtual citizens, is an indispensable necessity for individuals to effectively utilize the global Internet network and its components. A new form of education, which is evident in recent legal documents and approvals of the country, including the resolutions of the Supreme Council of Cyberspace, the Document of Fundamental Transformation, the Charter of Citizenship Rights, and the Plan for Protecting the Rights of Users and Audiences in the virtual space, is observed. The duty of the government to support the right to education, in order to realize the forty-third principle of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, transforms the virtual citizen from a passive consumer to an influential actor in this space. Undergoing continuous and up-to-date educational courses and acquiring sufficient proficiency and skills, especially in times of societal inflammation, provides the necessary insight for the complete utilization of this space by the virtual citizen, ensuring their health and that of others, and ultimately guaranteeing the health of society. This article endeavors to introduce the elements contributing to the effectiveness of this important matter and the widespread role it plays in the positive and influential activities of virtual citizens. The precision of the legislator's consideration in managing and directing the optimal use of media and elevating it to a desirable level, due to the universal use of media in the general sense, is demanded in the legislative realm. It is necessary to clarify that in this research, media includes radio and television broadcasting, as well as virtual networks related to national media programs, which are established and active in line with their objectives and for engaging with audiences.

One of the most central debates that has been raised throughout history and among theological sects and religions is the issue of the doctrine of "salvation" and the question of whether the followers of other religions and religions are people of salvation or not. In the western tradition, the adherents of this theory can be divided into three groups: exclusivists, inclusivists, and pluralists, a subject that is not mentioned in the literature of Islamic theology, and if it is used, it is simply a borrowing of the word from the western tradition. This article has analyzed the opinions of two influential thinkers regarding the question of how to save the followers of other religions. On the one hand, Ibn Taymiyyah's opinions have been examined, which have a significant impact on the formation of the current Sunni Wahhabi intellectual system. The current research method is descriptive-analytical and comparative, and the content was collected through analyzing the works of both. The findings of the research indicate that Ibn Taymiyyah had an "extrinsic" view of the verses and traditions and based on this attitude, he considered only the people of the Salaf and their followers (Ahl al-Hadith) to be the people of salvation and called other Muslims, especially the Shiites, to be heretics. And he does not know about the saved people. But Professor Motahari, emphasizing the teachings of the Quran and the traditions of the innocents, divides people into different groups according to their destiny. He considers various degrees to save people. He makes a distinction between a regional Muslim and a real Muslim, a disbeliever and a non-disbeliever, an incompetent infidel and a culpable infidel, as well as a person with good deeds and one without good deeds. Master Motahari Jahlan Qasir considers the intellectually weak and those who act according to their divine nature and have righteous deeds to be the people of salvation. According to the findings of this research, it seems that Ibn Taymeh considered salvation to be exclusive to the people of the Salaf and its followers, while Professor Motahari considered the circle of salvation to be wider in such a way that it can include the followers of other schools of thought and other religions, provided there are conditions

The main purpose of this article is to review and critically evaluate the book "Holy Ignorance: The Time of Religion Without Culture" written by Eliwieh Rua (Roy), one of the followers of the sociological thought of Islamism. The present research, using the method of six-step methodical criticism (Abadi Jafari et al., 2016), while expressing the strengths and weaknesses of this work, challenges this basic idea of the author of the book, "separation of religion from culture" and its examples and explanations. By listing the violations, show the true face of Islamic fundamentalism and prevent religious dogmatism. The findings show that this work, despite some positive points, has several weak points, among which are his incorrect perception of religious assimilation, especially regarding the Shia religion, simplifying the analysis of Islam in Europe and Muslim countries, neglecting all the positive aspects of religion in interaction with culture, exaggerating He pointed out the role of secularization in religious societies, the unjustification of the claim of separation of religion from culture, and the unjustification of the commodification of religion and religious signs, and the incorrect analysis of Islamic fundamentalism and political Islam.

In the case being examined, the plaintiffs are a couple whose first child was born with a genetic disease and some doctors forbade them from having a second pregnancy. Because of this advice, the said couple consult two other doctors. These doctors considered the risk of the second child having a genetic disease to be low and therefore judge the ban on further pregnancy to be unfounded. Trusting the latter advice, the mentioned couple attempt to have another child. Following the pregnancy, the aforementioned doctors, after examining the relevant tests, declare the fetus to be healthy and disease-free. However, unfortunately, following the birth of the second child, it becomes clear that, just like his sibling, is also sick. As a result, the parents are forced to bear the heavy costs of maintaining the sick child and the suffering having such an offspring entail. Following these events, the said couple initiate a lawsuit for compensation of material and moral damages. Relying on the opinion of experts, the trial judge determines an amount based on blood money to compensate for material and moral damages, which ruling is also confirmed by the appeals court.In this article, an attempt is made to examine the basis of the civil liability of defendants, the elements of their civil liability, and finally, the way to compensate damages. The researches of this study showed that a doctor who is unable to carry out his mission correctly within the limits of human knowledge and technical facilities, will be responsible to the people who have referred to him to determine the path of their destiny. The doctor's responsibility in this assumption can be imagined based on the rule of pride. He made other/others proud of the health of the fetus, as a result, if his statement is proven to be false, he must be responsible for the damages caused by the birth of the sick child. Undoubtedly, the birth of such a child will result in material (maintenance and possibly treatment) and spiritual (discomfort and mental suffering) losses for his parents. As a result, although the current judicial procedure tends to use the dowry as a basis for compensating these losses, however, it seems that relying on the dowry is worth considering, especially that the dowry itself is based on the assumption The damage has been established and it is doubtful whether it corresponds to the actual amount of physical damage, let alone whether it is a basis for compensation for material and spiritual losses. For this reason, it is suggested to the judicial procedure, in such cases, the necessary expenses for the maintenance and treatment of children such as a sick child are calculated and the cause of the loss is condemned to pay these expenses continuously (and not once). In order to compensate for the moral loss, it seems that the judge should consider the most suitable method for compensating the moral loss according to the circumstances of the case.

The present study was aimed to address the role of general self-efficacy and psychological resistance to psychological management in Premier League basketball players. The statistical population of the present study included all the players of 11 Premier League teams in the women's basketball league in 1998. The data collection tools in the present study were the self-efficacy questionnaire of Scherer et al. (1982), the researcher-made questionnaire of psychological resistance and the researcher-made questionnaire of psychological management. In order to analyze the data of the present study, the structural equation method was used. The results showed that general self-efficacy had a significant positive effect on the psychological management of Premier League basketball players in a positive direction and psychological resistance had a significant negative effect on the psychological management of Premier League basketball players. Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested that the basketball clubs of the Women's Premier League establish training to improve the self-efficacy of their athletes. These clubs will also evaluate their athletes for psychological standards to screen people with psychological problems.

Temporary marriage is one of the most controversial topics among Muslims, about its permissibility. Even though some sects, according to their accepted hadiths, consider it haram and some others consider it halal, there is no serious difference between them, in terms of its Qur’anic permission; and by shia, and many of sunni commentators, the phrase “فما استمتعتم به منهن فآتوهن اجورهن فریضه” in the verse 24 of surah an-Nisa is considered as a permit for temporary marriage in the Quran. In this article, assuming the Qur’an as a coherent and exact text, by examining the verses on paying remuneration we show the phrase, which is taken to be the only Qur’anic permit for temporary marriage, does not imply that; and it just expresses a law in permanent marriage. Then, the Qur’anic reasons of commentators on the legitimacy of temporary marriage, as well as the flaws that they have taken to the ideas like the writer’s is extracted from research articles and books, and then answered to them. The conclusion is that if Qur’an is considered as a text, no license can be found for any non-permanent marriage, whether temporary marriage, white marriage, misyar or any other name and definition. In the Qur’an, sexual intercourse is allowed only in case of permanent marriage which is mentioned by the word “نکاح”, everywhere.

Privacy is a valid inquiry within the field of law and The Government cannot interfere in the Private Life of the People, Except in Cases of Legal Authorization. One of the examples of Governments’ intervention in people’s Privacy, can be seen in article 23 of Family Protection Act. This Article includes the provision that in order to register the marriage in the registry office, the registrar must ask the couple for a medical certificate proving that they are not addicted to drugs and they are not suffering from the Diseases that are the subject of this Article. Also, the text of this Article deems it necessary to prohibit procreation in the presence of Contagious and severe diseases, if the couple wishes to marry. Now The Main Question of this research is that if a couple wants to have children despite the Knowledge of the Spread of the Disease to the Child, are they viable in a civil court? It Seems that According to the literature and concerns, we Can Consider the Civil Liability to be Certain, Because a child born with severe illness will surely suffer many Financial and Spiritual Losses. Appropriate Methods Can be Used for Compensation and at the Same Time, The Pension payment method is suggested.

 The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of awareness training on the harms of smoking based on the cognitivism theory on raising the awareness of female health activists about smoking and its negative consequences.
The present study was a semi-experimental project with a pre-test/post-test design on a group of subjects. The statistical population included women active in the field of health in 22 districts of the Tehran Municipality during 2018 and 2019 (with a total of 862 people). The sample size included 456 women who were selected by purposive sampling from among the participants in a workshop, which was held in one session in each district for three hours. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire to evaluate the awareness of the harms of tobacco products, which was adjusted using face validity, and the reliability of the questionnaire was determined through Cronbach’s alpha, which was at an acceptable rate of 0.755. Due to the non-normality of the distribution of the statistical population according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the pre-test and post-test changes by the SPSS software (SPSS Inc., SPSS version 26).
Findings showed that after the educational intervention, there were significant differences between the following indicators: awareness of the effects of second-hand smoke on fetuses, infants, children, and pregnant women, the harms of smoking for men and women, hookah compared to cigarettes, tobacco-induced cancers, and the average awareness of second- and third-hand tobacco smoke (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in the index of awareness of hookah and cigarette second-hand smoke (p = 0.621).
 The educational intervention about tobacco use and its harms improved women’s awareness of the harms of tobacco, and health professionals can use the mentioned intervention method.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of fatigue on timing and imagery vividness in skilled and semi-skilled karate athletes. A total of 60 skilled and beginner karate athletes were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Pretest and posttest included mental exercise of task as internal vision, external and motor vision. The results showed that, fatigue had no significant effect on imagery vividness of external, internal and movement imagery in skilled athletes. Also, fatigue did not have a significant effect on the temporal mental imagery of external and internal vision. But, it caused an increase in the time of movement imagery. Fatigue had no significant effect on the imagery vividness of external and internal vision in semi-skilled athletes, but caused a decrease in the imagery vividness of movement. The effect of fatigue on the vividness and timing of imagery seems to be influenced by another factor called the level of excellence.

According to previous reports, treatment of infertile women who are candidates for in vitro fertilization (IVF), about 15% of the oocytes remains immature. Therefore, finding an efficient approach to make these types of oocytes usable in the clinic, especially in women with limited oocytes, is necessary. One of these approaches is the laboratory culture of immature oocytes in such a way that the expression of genes involved in cytoplasmic maturation increases.

Forty-eight infertile women candidates for IVF donated their immature oocytes at the time of oocyte retrieval. The obtained immature oocytes were randomly divided into two groups: the control group without in-Vitro culture and the intervention group in the form of 24-hour culture. The total oocytes of both groups (ninety-five immature oocytes) were pooled separately and analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR).

The level of expression of MT-ATP6 and BMP15 genes in the intervention group has a significant increase compared to the control group, with a fold change of 7.867± 3.12 and 6.327 ± 0.78, respectively (P<0.001). Furthermore, according to the morphological changes, 54% of the immature oocytes in the intervention group had resumed meiosis.

Increasing the expression of two cytoplasmic maturation genes, MT-ATP6 and BMP15 can cause the resumption of meiosis in immature oocytes. Therefore, this strategy can be promising in women with low eggs.

Could the way an event is encoded in language affect people’s perception of the responsibility attributed to the agent of the event? This article aimed to empirically investigate the effect of nominalization on the participants’ perception of the responsibility attributed to an agent in discourse. To answer the research question, two tasks were designed. In the first task, 331 participants read two scenarios, namely “An Accident in the Restaurant” and “Environmental Pollution”, in two nominalized and non-nominalized versions. Then, they answered two questions regarding the responsibility of the agent in bringing about the accident and the amount of damage on a Likert scale. The results showed that the nominalized version of the Restaurant scenario had caused participants to rate the responsibility of the agent in the accident significantly lower than in the non-nominalized version. No effect of nominalization was found for either question in the Environment scenario, nor for the question asking about the amount of damage in the Restaurant scenario. In order to test the reliability of the observed effect, a second task was designed in which an accident happened in an interview session. One hundred forty-six new participants participated in the second task. The results of the second task showed the same patterns as in the first task. Participants had rated the responsibility of the agent in the nominalized version of the scenario significantly lower compared to their responsibility in the non-nominalized version. The findings confirm the role of nominalization in concealing agency in discourse.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of one type physical fatigue on the mental imagery ability in skill athletes with emphasis on duration of movement. Thirty skilled athletes were randomly assigned into two groups of fatigue and control. Pre-test and post-test measures included internal vision external and motor vision. The experimental group performed the exercise protocol for fatigue (running at 70% of maximum heart-rate until fatigue), while the control group did not do any physical activity. The results revealed that one-part fatigue significantly reduced the accuracy of imaging. In both tasks, the accuracy of external visual imagery was higher than that of the internal visual imagery, and the accuracy of internal visual imagery was higher than that of the motion. Also, fatigue did not have a significant effect on clarity of short and long task mental imagery. Finally, fatigue had no significant effect on controllability of short and long task mental imagery.

The present study was aimed to address the role of general self-efficacy and psychological resistance to psychological management in Premier League basketball players. The statistical population of the present study included all the players of 11 Premier League teams in the women's basketball league in 1998. The data collection tools in the present study were the self-efficacy questionnaire of Scherer et al. (1982), the researcher-made questionnaire of psychological resistance and the researcher-made questionnaire of psychological management. In order to analyze the data of the present study, the structural equation method was used. The results showed that general self-efficacy had a significant positive effect on the psychological management of Premier League basketball players in a positive direction and psychological resistance had a significant negative effect on the psychological management of Premier League basketball players. Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested that the basketball clubs of the Women's Premier League establish training to improve the self-efficacy of their athletes. These clubs will also evaluate their athletes for psychological standards to screen people with psychological problems.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of one type physical fatigue on the mental imagery ability in skill athletes with emphasis on duration of movement. Thirty skilled athletes were randomly assigned into two groups of fatigue and control. Pre-test and post-test measures included internal vision external and motor vision. The experimental group performed the exercise protocol for fatigue (running at 70% of maximum heart-rate until fatigue), while the control group did not do any physical activity. The results revealed that one-part fatigue significantly reduced the accuracy of imaging. In both tasks, the accuracy of external visual imagery was higher than that of the internal visual imagery, and the accuracy of internal visual imagery was higher than that of the motion. Also, fatigue did not have a significant effect on clarity of short and long task mental imagery. Finally, fatigue had no significant effect on controllability of short and long task mental imagery.

Women of reproductive age have important responsibilities such as pregnancy, breastfeeding, and children raising. This study aimed at surveying the effect of educational interventions, based on the health belief model (HBM), in the prevention of self-medication (SM) in women of reproductive age.

This quasi-experimental study was performed on women of reproductive age in Jahrom in 2019 (January-September). Simple multi-stage random sampling was used to select the participants, and the sample size was determined 60 people for both intervention and control groups. Data collection tool was a questionnaire including demographic information and HBM construct questions. The questionnaire was completed in person by both groups before and three months after the educational intervention. The educational intervention was performed based on the HBM in the intervention group, including holding 4 educational sessions each lasting 60 minutes. The data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software using the chi-square test, paired t test, and independent t-test.

The results showed a significant difference between intervention and control groups in terms of knowledge, perceived severity, benefits, and barriers, as well as cues to action on the correct use of drugs after the intervention (P<0.05). Three months after the intervention, the practice mean of women in the intervention group was significantly decreased compared with the control group (P<0.001).

Overall, educational intervention based on HBM was effective in preventing SM, but the extent of this effect varied for different HBM constructs. Nonetheless, measuring the effectiveness of the intervention based on the HBM in preventing SM behaviors requires studies with a long follow-up period.

Despite the disadvantages and adverse effects of tobacco on human health and the environment, tobacco use in our country continues to grow. Various researches have investigated the issue of smoking, which needs to be coherent and consistent. The present study aimed to identify the causes and motivations of tobacco use in individuals through qualitative meta-analysis. Data were collected by referring to databases of SID, Magiran, Irandoc, Tobacco Research Center of Iran and IranMedex with the keywords of tobacco, cigarette, hookah in a period of time (1978-2018). Duplicate and irrelevant studies were eliminated and finally 92 studies were analyzed according to the purpose and criteria of the study. The findings indicated that contextual variables, smoking relatives, easy access to tobacco, leisure activities, Patterns, social change, environmental stressors, beliefs, attitudes and awareness, weakness of social and religious affiliation were among the factors that tend to be tobacco in Iran. Accordingly, it is necessary to consider leisure and tobacco substitutes management and happiness. Future tobacco investigations should be conducted by the authorities in a qualitative approach to find causes based on social, cultural, etc.

With the advent of social media in the modern age, the role of old media such as television and newspapers has diminished, and in a democratic and pluralistic environment, people have replaced the monolithic media. Humans are not only no longer influenced by the messages of the old media, but they are the producers of the messages themselves. Twitter, as a social network, represents agency and expression. Critical tweets have a special writing style that distinguishes them from texts on other social networks; a style that has made it attractive and influential to users in the field of political and critical activism. In this article, we have used the schools of cultural studies, formalism and semiotics to seek to identify the features and language styles of critical tweets among Iranian users. The dominant features of the writing style of tweets were the use of intertextuality, parody, irony, imagination, simile, and so on. Users whose tweets, indicated that they had a lot of backgrounds and knowledge and many references to other texts; they also choose the language of humor and are interested in imagination and fantasy.

In the common views of interpretation, which is very much influenced by hadiths, the phrase “ان تضل إحداهما فتذکر إحداهماالاخری” in the verse 282 of Surah al-Baqarah has been understood in such a way that the value of a woman's testimony is half of a man's. Also, a new translation has been suggested for “إحداهما الاخری”, which has a serious effect on our understanding of the verse. In this article, with the view of Qur'an as an exact, interconnected and trans-historical text, and by combining the traditional and modern methods of understanding Qur'an which are expressed in fourteen principles, the value of the testimony of men and women in Qur'an is compared and it is shown that the value of testimony of them is equal. In addition, by considering the purpose of the verses instead of their appearance, which the most important of them is expressed by the phrase “ذلکم اقسط عند الله واقوم للشهاده وادنی الا ترتابوا”, tries to reach the underlying meaning of Al-Baqarah: 282 and another verses of testimony.