فهرست مطالب fatemeh sadat hosseini

This study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of psychological capital through group counseling on the components of psychological capital and academic passion in female adolescent students. The research had a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design with a control group. The statistical population included all female adolescent students in the age range of 13 to 18 years in Semnan city in the academic year 2019-2020. Among them, 24 students were selected by random sampling and divided into experimental and control groups (n=12 per group). The samples were evaluated using Luthans’ psychological capital questionnaire (2007) and the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire by Pintrich et al. (1991). The findings showed that psychological capital training increases the total score of psychological capital (η2=0.58, F=29.77) and academic passion (η2=0.44, F=16.64) (P<0.01).

Media literacy education for users, or virtual citizens, is an indispensable necessity for individuals to effectively utilize the global Internet network and its components. A new form of education, which is evident in recent legal documents and approvals of the country, including the resolutions of the Supreme Council of Cyberspace, the Document of Fundamental Transformation, the Charter of Citizenship Rights, and the Plan for Protecting the Rights of Users and Audiences in the virtual space, is observed. The duty of the government to support the right to education, in order to realize the forty-third principle of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, transforms the virtual citizen from a passive consumer to an influential actor in this space. Undergoing continuous and up-to-date educational courses and acquiring sufficient proficiency and skills, especially in times of societal inflammation, provides the necessary insight for the complete utilization of this space by the virtual citizen, ensuring their health and that of others, and ultimately guaranteeing the health of society. This article endeavors to introduce the elements contributing to the effectiveness of this important matter and the widespread role it plays in the positive and influential activities of virtual citizens. The precision of the legislator's consideration in managing and directing the optimal use of media and elevating it to a desirable level, due to the universal use of media in the general sense, is demanded in the legislative realm. It is necessary to clarify that in this research, media includes radio and television broadcasting, as well as virtual networks related to national media programs, which are established and active in line with their objectives and for engaging with audiences.

In the case being examined, the plaintiffs are a couple whose first child was born with a genetic disease and some doctors forbade them from having a second pregnancy. Because of this advice, the said couple consult two other doctors. These doctors considered the risk of the second child having a genetic disease to be low and therefore judge the ban on further pregnancy to be unfounded. Trusting the latter advice, the mentioned couple attempt to have another child. Following the pregnancy, the aforementioned doctors, after examining the relevant tests, declare the fetus to be healthy and disease-free. However, unfortunately, following the birth of the second child, it becomes clear that, just like his sibling, is also sick. As a result, the parents are forced to bear the heavy costs of maintaining the sick child and the suffering having such an offspring entail. Following these events, the said couple initiate a lawsuit for compensation of material and moral damages. Relying on the opinion of experts, the trial judge determines an amount based on blood money to compensate for material and moral damages, which ruling is also confirmed by the appeals court.In this article, an attempt is made to examine the basis of the civil liability of defendants, the elements of their civil liability, and finally, the way to compensate damages. The researches of this study showed that a doctor who is unable to carry out his mission correctly within the limits of human knowledge and technical facilities, will be responsible to the people who have referred to him to determine the path of their destiny. The doctor's responsibility in this assumption can be imagined based on the rule of pride. He made other/others proud of the health of the fetus, as a result, if his statement is proven to be false, he must be responsible for the damages caused by the birth of the sick child. Undoubtedly, the birth of such a child will result in material (maintenance and possibly treatment) and spiritual (discomfort and mental suffering) losses for his parents. As a result, although the current judicial procedure tends to use the dowry as a basis for compensating these losses, however, it seems that relying on the dowry is worth considering, especially that the dowry itself is based on the assumption The damage has been established and it is doubtful whether it corresponds to the actual amount of physical damage, let alone whether it is a basis for compensation for material and spiritual losses. For this reason, it is suggested to the judicial procedure, in such cases, the necessary expenses for the maintenance and treatment of children such as a sick child are calculated and the cause of the loss is condemned to pay these expenses continuously (and not once). In order to compensate for the moral loss, it seems that the judge should consider the most suitable method for compensating the moral loss according to the circumstances of the case.

The present study was aimed to address the role of general self-efficacy and psychological resistance to psychological management in Premier League basketball players. The statistical population of the present study included all the players of 11 Premier League teams in the women's basketball league in 1998. The data collection tools in the present study were the self-efficacy questionnaire of Scherer et al. (1982), the researcher-made questionnaire of psychological resistance and the researcher-made questionnaire of psychological management. In order to analyze the data of the present study, the structural equation method was used. The results showed that general self-efficacy had a significant positive effect on the psychological management of Premier League basketball players in a positive direction and psychological resistance had a significant negative effect on the psychological management of Premier League basketball players. Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested that the basketball clubs of the Women's Premier League establish training to improve the self-efficacy of their athletes. These clubs will also evaluate their athletes for psychological standards to screen people with psychological problems.

Temporary marriage is one of the most controversial topics among Muslims, about its permissibility. Even though some sects, according to their accepted hadiths, consider it haram and some others consider it halal, there is no serious difference between them, in terms of its Qur’anic permission; and by shia, and many of sunni commentators, the phrase “فما استمتعتم به منهن فآتوهن اجورهن فریضه” in the verse 24 of surah an-Nisa is considered as a permit for temporary marriage in the Quran. In this article, assuming the Qur’an as a coherent and exact text, by examining the verses on paying remuneration we show the phrase, which is taken to be the only Qur’anic permit for temporary marriage, does not imply that; and it just expresses a law in permanent marriage. Then, the Qur’anic reasons of commentators on the legitimacy of temporary marriage, as well as the flaws that they have taken to the ideas like the writer’s is extracted from research articles and books, and then answered to them. The conclusion is that if Qur’an is considered as a text, no license can be found for any non-permanent marriage, whether temporary marriage, white marriage, misyar or any other name and definition. In the Qur’an, sexual intercourse is allowed only in case of permanent marriage which is mentioned by the word “نکاح”, everywhere.

Privacy is a valid inquiry within the field of law and The Government cannot interfere in the Private Life of the People, Except in Cases of Legal Authorization. One of the examples of Governments’ intervention in people’s Privacy, can be seen in article 23 of Family Protection Act. This Article includes the provision that in order to register the marriage in the registry office, the registrar must ask the couple for a medical certificate proving that they are not addicted to drugs and they are not suffering from the Diseases that are the subject of this Article. Also, the text of this Article deems it necessary to prohibit procreation in the presence of Contagious and severe diseases, if the couple wishes to marry. Now The Main Question of this research is that if a couple wants to have children despite the Knowledge of the Spread of the Disease to the Child, are they viable in a civil court? It Seems that According to the literature and concerns, we Can Consider the Civil Liability to be Certain, Because a child born with severe illness will surely suffer many Financial and Spiritual Losses. Appropriate Methods Can be Used for Compensation and at the Same Time, The Pension payment method is suggested.

 The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of awareness training on the harms of smoking based on the cognitivism theory on raising the awareness of female health activists about smoking and its negative consequences.
The present study was a semi-experimental project with a pre-test/post-test design on a group of subjects. The statistical population included women active in the field of health in 22 districts of the Tehran Municipality during 2018 and 2019 (with a total of 862 people). The sample size included 456 women who were selected by purposive sampling from among the participants in a workshop, which was held in one session in each district for three hours. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire to evaluate the awareness of the harms of tobacco products, which was adjusted using face validity, and the reliability of the questionnaire was determined through Cronbach’s alpha, which was at an acceptable rate of 0.755. Due to the non-normality of the distribution of the statistical population according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the pre-test and post-test changes by the SPSS software (SPSS Inc., SPSS version 26).
Findings showed that after the educational intervention, there were significant differences between the following indicators: awareness of the effects of second-hand smoke on fetuses, infants, children, and pregnant women, the harms of smoking for men and women, hookah compared to cigarettes, tobacco-induced cancers, and the average awareness of second- and third-hand tobacco smoke (p < 0.05). No significant difference was observed in the index of awareness of hookah and cigarette second-hand smoke (p = 0.621).
 The educational intervention about tobacco use and its harms improved women’s awareness of the harms of tobacco, and health professionals can use the mentioned intervention method.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of fatigue on timing and imagery vividness in skilled and semi-skilled karate athletes. A total of 60 skilled and beginner karate athletes were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Pretest and posttest included mental exercise of task as internal vision, external and motor vision. The results showed that, fatigue had no significant effect on imagery vividness of external, internal and movement imagery in skilled athletes. Also, fatigue did not have a significant effect on the temporal mental imagery of external and internal vision. But, it caused an increase in the time of movement imagery. Fatigue had no significant effect on the imagery vividness of external and internal vision in semi-skilled athletes, but caused a decrease in the imagery vividness of movement. The effect of fatigue on the vividness and timing of imagery seems to be influenced by another factor called the level of excellence.

According to previous reports, treatment of infertile women who are candidates for in vitro fertilization (IVF), about 15% of the oocytes remains immature. Therefore, finding an efficient approach to make these types of oocytes usable in the clinic, especially in women with limited oocytes, is necessary. One of these approaches is the laboratory culture of immature oocytes in such a way that the expression of genes involved in cytoplasmic maturation increases.

Forty-eight infertile women candidates for IVF donated their immature oocytes at the time of oocyte retrieval. The obtained immature oocytes were randomly divided into two groups: the control group without in-Vitro culture and the intervention group in the form of 24-hour culture. The total oocytes of both groups (ninety-five immature oocytes) were pooled separately and analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR).

The level of expression of MT-ATP6 and BMP15 genes in the intervention group has a significant increase compared to the control group, with a fold change of 7.867± 3.12 and 6.327 ± 0.78, respectively (P<0.001). Furthermore, according to the morphological changes, 54% of the immature oocytes in the intervention group had resumed meiosis.

Increasing the expression of two cytoplasmic maturation genes, MT-ATP6 and BMP15 can cause the resumption of meiosis in immature oocytes. Therefore, this strategy can be promising in women with low eggs.

Could the way an event is encoded in language affect people’s perception of the responsibility attributed to the agent of the event? This article aimed to empirically investigate the effect of nominalization on the participants’ perception of the responsibility attributed to an agent in discourse. To answer the research question, two tasks were designed. In the first task, 331 participants read two scenarios, namely “An Accident in the Restaurant” and “Environmental Pollution”, in two nominalized and non-nominalized versions. Then, they answered two questions regarding the responsibility of the agent in bringing about the accident and the amount of damage on a Likert scale. The results showed that the nominalized version of the Restaurant scenario had caused participants to rate the responsibility of the agent in the accident significantly lower than in the non-nominalized version. No effect of nominalization was found for either question in the Environment scenario, nor for the question asking about the amount of damage in the Restaurant scenario. In order to test the reliability of the observed effect, a second task was designed in which an accident happened in an interview session. One hundred forty-six new participants participated in the second task. The results of the second task showed the same patterns as in the first task. Participants had rated the responsibility of the agent in the nominalized version of the scenario significantly lower compared to their responsibility in the non-nominalized version. The findings confirm the role of nominalization in concealing agency in discourse.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of one type physical fatigue on the mental imagery ability in skill athletes with emphasis on duration of movement. Thirty skilled athletes were randomly assigned into two groups of fatigue and control. Pre-test and post-test measures included internal vision external and motor vision. The experimental group performed the exercise protocol for fatigue (running at 70% of maximum heart-rate until fatigue), while the control group did not do any physical activity. The results revealed that one-part fatigue significantly reduced the accuracy of imaging. In both tasks, the accuracy of external visual imagery was higher than that of the internal visual imagery, and the accuracy of internal visual imagery was higher than that of the motion. Also, fatigue did not have a significant effect on clarity of short and long task mental imagery. Finally, fatigue had no significant effect on controllability of short and long task mental imagery.

The present study was aimed to address the role of general self-efficacy and psychological resistance to psychological management in Premier League basketball players. The statistical population of the present study included all the players of 11 Premier League teams in the women's basketball league in 1998. The data collection tools in the present study were the self-efficacy questionnaire of Scherer et al. (1982), the researcher-made questionnaire of psychological resistance and the researcher-made questionnaire of psychological management. In order to analyze the data of the present study, the structural equation method was used. The results showed that general self-efficacy had a significant positive effect on the psychological management of Premier League basketball players in a positive direction and psychological resistance had a significant negative effect on the psychological management of Premier League basketball players. Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested that the basketball clubs of the Women's Premier League establish training to improve the self-efficacy of their athletes. These clubs will also evaluate their athletes for psychological standards to screen people with psychological problems.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of one type physical fatigue on the mental imagery ability in skill athletes with emphasis on duration of movement. Thirty skilled athletes were randomly assigned into two groups of fatigue and control. Pre-test and post-test measures included internal vision external and motor vision. The experimental group performed the exercise protocol for fatigue (running at 70% of maximum heart-rate until fatigue), while the control group did not do any physical activity. The results revealed that one-part fatigue significantly reduced the accuracy of imaging. In both tasks, the accuracy of external visual imagery was higher than that of the internal visual imagery, and the accuracy of internal visual imagery was higher than that of the motion. Also, fatigue did not have a significant effect on clarity of short and long task mental imagery. Finally, fatigue had no significant effect on controllability of short and long task mental imagery.

Women of reproductive age have important responsibilities such as pregnancy, breastfeeding, and children raising. This study aimed at surveying the effect of educational interventions, based on the health belief model (HBM), in the prevention of self-medication (SM) in women of reproductive age.

This quasi-experimental study was performed on women of reproductive age in Jahrom in 2019 (January-September). Simple multi-stage random sampling was used to select the participants, and the sample size was determined 60 people for both intervention and control groups. Data collection tool was a questionnaire including demographic information and HBM construct questions. The questionnaire was completed in person by both groups before and three months after the educational intervention. The educational intervention was performed based on the HBM in the intervention group, including holding 4 educational sessions each lasting 60 minutes. The data were analyzed by SPSS 21 software using the chi-square test, paired t test, and independent t-test.

The results showed a significant difference between intervention and control groups in terms of knowledge, perceived severity, benefits, and barriers, as well as cues to action on the correct use of drugs after the intervention (P<0.05). Three months after the intervention, the practice mean of women in the intervention group was significantly decreased compared with the control group (P<0.001).

Overall, educational intervention based on HBM was effective in preventing SM, but the extent of this effect varied for different HBM constructs. Nonetheless, measuring the effectiveness of the intervention based on the HBM in preventing SM behaviors requires studies with a long follow-up period.

Despite the disadvantages and adverse effects of tobacco on human health and the environment, tobacco use in our country continues to grow. Various researches have investigated the issue of smoking, which needs to be coherent and consistent. The present study aimed to identify the causes and motivations of tobacco use in individuals through qualitative meta-analysis. Data were collected by referring to databases of SID, Magiran, Irandoc, Tobacco Research Center of Iran and IranMedex with the keywords of tobacco, cigarette, hookah in a period of time (1978-2018). Duplicate and irrelevant studies were eliminated and finally 92 studies were analyzed according to the purpose and criteria of the study. The findings indicated that contextual variables, smoking relatives, easy access to tobacco, leisure activities, Patterns, social change, environmental stressors, beliefs, attitudes and awareness, weakness of social and religious affiliation were among the factors that tend to be tobacco in Iran. Accordingly, it is necessary to consider leisure and tobacco substitutes management and happiness. Future tobacco investigations should be conducted by the authorities in a qualitative approach to find causes based on social, cultural, etc.

With the advent of social media in the modern age, the role of old media such as television and newspapers has diminished, and in a democratic and pluralistic environment, people have replaced the monolithic media. Humans are not only no longer influenced by the messages of the old media, but they are the producers of the messages themselves. Twitter, as a social network, represents agency and expression. Critical tweets have a special writing style that distinguishes them from texts on other social networks; a style that has made it attractive and influential to users in the field of political and critical activism. In this article, we have used the schools of cultural studies, formalism and semiotics to seek to identify the features and language styles of critical tweets among Iranian users. The dominant features of the writing style of tweets were the use of intertextuality, parody, irony, imagination, simile, and so on. Users whose tweets, indicated that they had a lot of backgrounds and knowledge and many references to other texts; they also choose the language of humor and are interested in imagination and fantasy.

In the common views of interpretation, which is very much influenced by hadiths, the phrase “ان تضل إحداهما فتذکر إحداهماالاخری” in the verse 282 of Surah al-Baqarah has been understood in such a way that the value of a woman's testimony is half of a man's. Also, a new translation has been suggested for “إحداهما الاخری”, which has a serious effect on our understanding of the verse. In this article, with the view of Qur'an as an exact, interconnected and trans-historical text, and by combining the traditional and modern methods of understanding Qur'an which are expressed in fourteen principles, the value of the testimony of men and women in Qur'an is compared and it is shown that the value of testimony of them is equal. In addition, by considering the purpose of the verses instead of their appearance, which the most important of them is expressed by the phrase “ذلکم اقسط عند الله واقوم للشهاده وادنی الا ترتابوا”, tries to reach the underlying meaning of Al-Baqarah: 282 and another verses of testimony.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of practicing under high psychological pressure on performance in laboratory and competition conditions. Totally, 60 participants (mean age=21.4±2.6) were selected using available sampling method and divided into two high and low psychological pressure groups. The basketball jump shot was used as the target task in the current study. Participants practiced the task for 10 sessions. The retention and transfer (performance in a real match) tests were conducted 48 hours after the last session of practice. The throwing accuracy of participants was assessed by AAHPERD test. The results showed that there was no significant difference between groups in retention test. However, in the transfer test, the high psychological pressure group had higher accuracy than the low one. These results interpreted the practice specificity hypothesis.

The purpose of this study was to determine the psychometric properties of Persian version of the sports commitment questionnaire-2. 443 athletes (male: 240 and Female: 203) from 16 team and individual sports, were selected by random cluster sampling. The face and content validity confirmed by sports psychology experts and the correctness of the translation was verified by a specialist in English. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis showed that the general 12-factor model (type of commitment and commitment resources), the 10-factor model (commitment resources), and the 2-factor model (types of commitment) fit well with the data. Intra-class correlation coefficient above 0.76 indicates appropriate temporal reliability and also Cronbach's alpha above 0.75 represents the acceptable internal consistency of the questionnaire. These findings suggest that the sports commitment questionnaire-2 can be used as a valid tool for assessing the type of commitment and sport resources in the Iranian athlete community.

From the viewpoint of the Supreme Leader, Islamic civilization is the common vision of the Islamic Ummah at the macro level and the model of life in Islamic societies at the micro level. In his view, the process of realization of the Islamic civilization has an identifiable process that the formation of the Islamic system, the Islamic state and the Islamic society are among its most important preliminaries. According to Ayatollah Khamenei's theory of civilization, the evolutionary movement of the Islamic Republic of Iran depends on the "civilizational approach" and the realization of important and strategic requirements, which it is worthwhile for scientific and intellectual scholars to explain this theory. Using descriptive-analytical and citation analysis method this paper studies the four cultural, social, economic and political dimensions of progress in the new Islamic-Iranian civilization, from the perspective of the Supreme Leader. Below each dimension, indicators are presented. Methodologically, the formation of the theory of the civilization thought of the Leader of the Revolution has specific characteristics, which are, (I) this idea has emerged in the context of the historical analysis of the civilization experience of the beginning of Islam and the evolution of the presence of Shiism in the field of government in recent centuries. (II) His thought is based on his jurisprudential, philosophical abilities and government positions. (III) This theory develops within the experience of the Revolution and the Islamic Republic of Iran in the present era.

Identifying the bacteria causing the infection and interacting with the immune system is too essential. RAGE is a receptor, which recognizes several endogenous and exogenous molecules and CXCL11 participates in the induction of appropriate immune responses against microbes. The aim of the study was expression of the molecules in the patients suffering from septicemia versus healthy controls.

In this case-control study, the expression levels of RAGE and CXCL11 in 40 patients with septicemia and 40 healthy subjects, were evaluated using Real time-PCR technique. Diagnosis of septicemia was performed by blood culture and bacterial biochemical tests.

RAGE mRNA levels were significantly increased in patients infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared with Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter bamanii. However, no significant increase in CXCL11 expression level was observed in patients and healthy controls and also in comparison with bacteria causing infection.

Results showed that RAGE is a critical receptor against Pseudomonas aeruginosa during septicemia, Therefore, methods to reduce the expression of RAGE molecules can play a practical role in cleansing the blood from this bacterium.

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of aerobic on preschool children’s cognitive function. The subjects were 40 preschool children who were selected through cluster random sampling method and assigned to experimental (20 subjects) and control groups (20 subjects). The experimental group participated in 12 sessions (3 sessions per weekly) aerobic trainings. Research data was collected by Goodenough IQ test (DAP) and Analysis of covariance was used for data analysis. The findings showed that the effect of kids aerobic training in cognitive function was significant (p<0/05). According to the results, it’s likely that kids aerobic is one of the ways that help to increase cognitive function in preschool children.

The aim of present study is to investigate effect of the quiet eye and quiet mind training on the dart throw learning. Thirty young males were selected with 24.53 mean aged through convenience sampling and randomly divided into quiet eye group, quiet mind group and control group. The study was conducted in four phases, including: Pre-test, training in quiet eye and quiet mind training, retention 1, under pressure test and retention 2. Descriptive statistics, Mixed ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni correction were used to data analyze. The results of the study showed that radial error of all groups dwindled as the result of training. Moreover, the radial error of quiet group was lower than other groups and that of quiet mind group was lower control group. Likewise, quiet eye and mind groups were capable of maintaing their performance in the under-pressure test rather than control group. The results of this study suggest that quiet mind and quiet eye training would be beneficial as a tool to prime impilicit learning conditions.

The family is a human-producing organization, the origin of other social institutions, and the basic pillar of every Society. Spirituality is one of the factors that play a vital and important role in the multilateral health of family members. this study aimed to investigate the role of the dimensions of attitude and practical commitment to prayer in predicting the family efficiency and the satisfaction of being a parent in the staff of Quyen. This research is a descriptive-correlative study. The statistical population of this study was the staff of Qayen, among which 250 (57 women and 193 men) employees were selected by random sampling. The measurements were Questionnaire of Attitude and Practical Commitment to Prayer, Questionnaire of Family Efficiency(S.FEQI), and Kansas Parental Satisfaction Scale(KPSS). The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the dimensions of attitude and practical commitment to prayer whit family efficiency and satisfaction of being a parent. The results of the regression analysis showed that among the dimensions of attitude to prayer, the dimension of "the presence of heart while praying" can predict family efficiency and satisfaction of being a parent. It can be concluded that the implementation of divine precepts whit the presence of heart is associated with family efficiency and the satisfaction of being a parent. This emphasizes the importance of prayer in human life and this is a strong cognitive and scientific justification for individuals to have a positive attitude towards prayer and to need to perform it. According to the results of this study, it is suggested that with more attention to the Islamic lifestyle and the strengthening of religious beliefs attempts to have a better and more satisfying life.

Aging is associated with the visual degeneration, loss of posture, that leads to the decreased muscle strength, balance, and cognitive activity, therefore, resulted in decreased physical activity. The purpose of the present study was to compare the impact of two types of motor-motor and motor-cognitive dual task training on balance and working memory among elderly women in Tehran. The participants were 45 elderly women (mean age 67.71 years; SD: 5.49) that were randomly assigned as the motor-cognitive, motor-motor and control groups. This study including of three stages of pre-test, training in two dual task ways motor-motor and motor-cognitive and post-test. Motor-motor dual-task training includes resistance training along with a motor training simultaneously, such as moving the ball up and down, throwing the bag, holding the bag. Motor-Cognitive dual-task training also includes resistance training along with a cognitive training simultaneously, such as revers the number counting, performing mathematical calculations, the reversing the spelling of particular names. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, statistical methods of mixed analysis of variance (ANOVA) 2 × 3 and Bonferroni post hoc test were used. The results showed that the working memory score for the motor-cognitive training group is higher than the motor-motor (P= 0.005) and control (P = 0.002) groups. In addition, results showed a higher score of Berg scales of balance for motor-cognitive and motor-motor groups in the post-test compared to pre-test (P = 0.01). However, this increase is the highest in the motor-cognitive group. In general, the results of the research suggest that motor-cognitive dual task training promote balance and improve working memory as a result of enhancing neural functions that outperforms motor-motor or pure motor training model in function.