golmohammadi

Structural systems related to iron ore mineralization in the Sangan mining region, northeastern Iran, have a direct relationship with the geometry of deformations. Fractures and faults, linear and planar structures and the influence of igneous bodies as the source of the fluids have the final effect of magmatism on mineralization. The purpose of this study was to investigate and identify the tectonic structures in C-North ore deposit, including a regional structural model with a structural model of ore deposit, and deposit formation model. Due to the location of the Sangan mining area at the end of one of the large-scale branching terminals of the Dorouneh fault, Sangan region is considered as part of the tectonic escape, and many structural functions in the area can be found in the Sangan ore deposits is due to the activity of this phenomenon. By investigating the existing faults in the area and performing a spatial density analysis for each fault series, a fault density map is generated which indicates the three fault systems in the C-North ore deposit. Based on intrusive body studies, the schematic diagram showing the probable accretion style, mechanism of outward building and exsolution of magmatic fluids during the emplacement of magma was presented along with the C-North ore deposit formation model. The results of studying of skarns and C-North ore deposits have great applied scientific significance and can be used for the study of skarn deposits.

The green lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea</em> Stephens (Neo., Chrysopidae) is one of most important predators of aphids, mealybugs, thrips and whiteflies. Moreover, fed on egg, young larvae and pupa of lepidopterons and mites but when chemical treatment on various insect pests, the green lacewing is also influenced by different agricultural pesticides. In current study, lethal effects of three insecticides; clothianidin, tebufenozide and flupyradifurone on egg, 2nd</sup> and 3rd</sup> instar larvae and pupae of green lacewing, C. carnea</em> were evaluated. Bioassay of egg and pupa of green lacewing with dipping method but 2nd</sup> and 3rd</sup> instar larvae with contact method were carried out. All experiments were conducted at controllable conditions of 25±1 °C, 65±5 % and a photoperiod 16: 8 h (L: D). The results revealed that LC50</sub> of clothianidin, tebufenozide and flupyradifurone on egg were 23.41, 1048.95 and 774.95 mg/lit; on 2nd</sup> instar larvae were 12.47, 476.64 and 761.78 mg/lit; on 3rd</sup> instar larvae were 23.47, 490.35 and 855.09 mg/lit and on pupal stage were 37.41, 1401.95 and 796.82 mg/lit. Therefore, in all stages the highest sensitivity was due to clothianidin insecticide while the lowest sensitivity in egg and pupa stages associated to tebufenozide but in 2nd</sup> and 3rd</sup> instar larvae were related to flupyradifurone. Thus, based on results of this study, conclude that from insecticides tebufenozide and flupyradifurone can be utilized in program of IPM under application green lacewing.

Performance, level of consciousness and concentration of staffs at work could be affected by a series of color physics parameters among which parameters related to lighting of work environment could be noticed. Physical factors in working environment has direct effect on the visual, psychological and health needs of individuals so to improve the quality of all the places, especially indoor spaces, lighting as a physical factor in working environments should be considered. If the quality and quantity of lighting of working room cannot be provided properly, it can be a risk factor for the emergence of some complications such as visual, physical and mental disorders. In this study, the relationship between the psychological characteristics of the staff in their working room and the physical parameters associated with the used light sources, i.e. illuminance and correlated color temperature (CCT) were considered. The questionnaire of the Pittsburgh sleep quality and the Karolinska sleepiness scale as well as the selective & divided attention test were used for the psychological analysis. The parameters of illumination were measured in time intervals as at the first, mid, and end of the work shift for 21 rooms with the artificial light sources. The results showed that the low consciousness level can be improved to some extent by the factors such as correcting lighting conditions and light sources in terms of intensity of lighting and correlated color temperature.

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is an effective and practical geophysical imaging tool, with a wide set of applications in geological mapping of subsurface information. This research study aims at determination of the geophysical parameter differences in the subsurface geological structures and construction of a 3D fracture model. GPR and resistivity methods were applied to detect the unstable tectonic zones in the C-North deposit. Structural geology investigations were, first, surveyed to detect the faults and fractures in the study area. Based on the structural features, the survey was conducted over an area of 1 km2 with a total of 30 profiles and low-resistivity zones in the C-North deposit which is a great help in reducing their impacts in slope stability studies. GPR sections were, then, obtained from low and high frequency antennas (10 and 50 MHz) to detect fractures and water content zones. The obtained data results demonstrated that the major structural trends in the study area were W–E, NE–SW, and NW–SE while fault zones that can create pathways for groundwater inflow into the deposit in the future. Information obtained from geological and GPR studies were also integrated with drill hole data. The geological information from structures are in good agreement with the actual geological situation. Method and results of this study could be useful in solving problems related to subsurface structures in mining engineering.

The genus Anaplasma is an obligated intracellular Rickettsia and among its species, Anaplasma phagocytophilum (A. phagocytophilum) is a zoonotic agent that infects host neutrophils. The aim of this study was molecular detection of A. phagocytophilum infection based on MSP4 gene in owned and stray dogs in Tehran, capital of Iran. One hundred and fifty blood samples were collected from dogs in Tehran and suburbs of Tehran, Iran. Firstly, the thin blood smears were prepared and Giemsa staining method was conducted. Then, the samples were examined under oil immersion objective and 0.67% of them were observed infected with A. phagocytophilum. The DNA was extracted from blood samples using a DNA isolation kit (MBST, Iran), and MSP4 gene extraction was performed by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nested-PCR. Finally, 2% of the samples were positive for A. phagocytophilum. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 19.0) and Chi-square test was performed. There was no significant relation between infection and age, as well as sex and ectoparasitic infestation (P>0.05). This article was a report of A. phagocytophilum infection in dogs and their potentials as host carriers of this important microorganism in Tehran, Iran.

The Roshtkhar intrusive rocks are located in the northeastern part of the Roshtkhar prospecting area (KhorassanRazavi province), along the eastern edge of the Khaf-Kashmar-Bardaskan volcano-plutonic belt, north of the Dorouneh Fault and on the southern part of the Sabzevar structural zone. The intusive rocks consist mainly ofsyenite to monzonite with minor amount of syenite porphyry, monzonite porphyry, and diorite porphyry with granular and porphyry texture, respectively. According to the geochemical data, the Roshtkhar intrusive rocks are calc-alkaline granitoid series with high-K to shoshonitic affinity, magnesian, metaluminous, and belong to I-type granites.Chondrite-normalized Rare Earth Element and mantle-normalized trace-element spider diagrams display enriched in LILE and LREE and also Th, depleted in HFSE and weak depletion in HREE and Y, along with negative anomalies of Nb,Ta, and Ti, that are characteristic of the post-collisional calc-alkaline rocks along with a continental active margin tectonic setting. In spite of the low ratios of Nb/U, Nb/La and Ce/Pb, the Sm/Yb (2.8-3.9) ratios reveals low contamination of magmas with upper continental crust. According to geochemistry of trace elements and REE, the main cause of magmatism in Roshtkhar area was melting of a metasomatized lithospheric mantle (E-MORB) with spinel lherzolite composition accompanied by in the presence of phlogopite. Multiple element and REE pattern, abundance of K2O/Na2O in Roshtkhar intrusive rocks show contamination and mixing with acidic magma ofamphibolitic lower crust due to temperature of mantle magma and AFC process played important roles in magma evolution. La vs. La/sm diagram illustrate partial melting and also according to K, positive anomalies of Rb, Ba, K, Th, U, and Pb, and the negative anomalies of Nb, Ti, Ta, and Ba associated with high La (La > 29), it seems partial melting of lower continental crust has played an important role in the genesis of the Roshtkhargranitoids rocks. Based on field investigation, petrographic studies, and lithogeochemistry using the granitoids discrimination tectonic setting diagrams, it seems that the Roshtkhar intrusive rocks were generated in a post-collisional extensional environment in a continental margin arc setting with partial melting of the mantle-lower crust within the Khaf-Kashmar-Bardaskan belt.

Modeling conceptual rainfall-runoff procedure involves large number of parameters and climate data. Uncertainty in these input parameters are very likely which lead to output errors as well as impractical prediction of long-term impact of management policies. In this study Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is implemented to simulate rainfall-runoff process in Chelgerd sub-basin. To develop appropriate model with acceptable and reliable performance, Ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) as data assimilation technique is used to assimilate the variables of model which are known as sources of error product; these sources include model parameters and input data. The paper in concluded that EnKF as a data assimilation technique is capable of reducing the computational error inherited in the simulation model. Results of proposed model is evaluated by Nash-Sutcliff (NS) factor with value of 0.86 which have better performance than modeling without EnKF technique. Also developed model performance is improved with NS value of 0.82 for validation period.

In most real world application and problems, a homogeneous product is carried from an origin to a destination by using different transportation modes (e.g., road, air, rail and water). This paper investigates a fixed charge transportation problem (FCTP), in which there are different routes with different capacities between suppliers and customers. To solve such a NP-hard problem, four meta-heuristic algorithms include Red Deer Algorithm (RDA), Stochastic Fractal Search(SFS), Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Simulated Annealing (SA) and two new hybrid meta-heuristics include hybrid RDA & GA (HRDGA) algorithm and Hybrid SFS & SA (HSFSA) algorithm are utilized. Regarding the literature, this is the first attempt to employ such optimizers to solve a FCTP. To tune up their parameters of algorithms, various problem sizes are generated at random and then a robust calibration is applied by using the Taguchi method. The final output shows that Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithm is the better than other algorithms for small-scale, medium-scale, and large-scale problems. As such, based on the Gap value of algorithms, the results of LINGO software shows that it reveals a better outputs in comparison with meta-heuristic algorithms in small-scale and simulated annealing algorithm is better than other algorithms in large-scale and medium-scale problems. Finally, a set of computational results and conclusions are presented and analyzed.

Urban development is always associated with infrastructure surfaces icreasment such as road and building construction and other impermeable surfaces that lead to precipitations runoff. Urban runoff contains heavy contaminants such as nutrients, heavy metals and organic substances including hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). This pollutants can infect water and soil resources by road surface washing and discharging into the receiving waters or infiltrating into surrounding area soils. Stormwater management has recently shifted towards a focus on site level low impact development (LID) techniques that aim to reduce the total stormwater runoff volumes in addition to attenuating peak flows and removing pollutants at or near the source of runoff. Permeable pavement systems (PPS) are a subset of LID stormwater best management practices (BMPs) of particular interest in dense urban areas because they can be installed in parking lots and low traffic roadways where the availability of land space for more traditional BMPs is not available. Such information is necessary to improve the selection of BMP/LIDs for stormwater management. Previous concrete pavement are subset of PPS and able to reduce the volume of urban runoff significantly which leads to hydraulic differentia reduction and its specific side effects urban utilities in addition to providing requirements for treatment processes and in-situ urban pollution management. In this study, porous concrete pavement performance has been surveyed in terms of quantitative and qualitative reduction of synthetic runoff. The effect of porosity and rainfall intensity were investigated. To investigate the effect of concrete porosity, four levels including 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% have studed and for evaluating rainfall intensity effect, a range of precipitation between 25 to 250 mm/h concidered according the recent studies considered. The pilot used for this study consisted of a tank made of galvanized steel that simulated PCP was replaced layer by layer at the bottom of tank. Synthetic runoff sprinkled on the previous concrete surface with specified flow rate. Effluent is collected from the orifice that embedded under the tank then effluent quality parameters were evaluated. Befor run the pilot Previous concrete mixed designs calculated and prosity, percolation rate and Compressive strength were verified. The parameters examined in this study including COD, TDS, TSS, turbidity and EC of pervious concrete pavement system was compared to synthetic runoff. According to study outcomes, the system efficiency in TSS removal was between 75.7% to 88.6%, highest COD removal detected was 15% in case the porosity was 22.9%. Effluent quality analysis demonstrated that PCPS had little ability in TDS and EC removal. However PCPS was able to remove turbidity from syntetic runoff. The maximum efficiency of turbidty removal was detected 70.3% at rainfall intensity of 37 mm/h and the porosity of 22.9%. By comparing the results of the above parameters, it was determined that porosity has almost no effect on runoff quality. Results showed the rainfall intensity dose not have significant effect on PCPS efficency although the systems overall removal efficiency was drastically deacrased due to rainfall intensity increase even in cases with low emissions gradients.

Outbreak of witches broom disease of lime (WBDL) in major lime growing regions of Iran has necessitated research for tolerant lime species, Persian lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka), to sustain lime production in southern part of Iran. In this context, a considerable number of unknoun lime genotypes have been cultivated by farmers and are known as Persian lime with no documented evidence of their origin, morphological characteristics and genetic background. To determine systematic relationship of lime genotypes known as Persian lime, we studied 18 lime genotypes collected from Fars, Hormozgan and Mazandaran provinces in Iran using flow cytometry technique and morphological characteristics in 2016 in Hormozegan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Bandar Abbas, Iran. The results of flow cytometry revealed that 14 out of 18 lime genotypes were triploid and the remaing were diploid. DNA indexes for four diploid genotypes ranged from 0.896-1.000 and for triploid genotype varied from 1.313-1.563. Triploid genotypes had greater leaf dimensions and lower stomata and secretory sacs density. Results of this study showed that Kharkol, Cucumber-shaped and Egyption lime (which are known as Persian lime in south of Iran) genotypes, are diploid and can be susceptibile to witches broom disease of lime (WBDL) phytoplasma.

The Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae), is a key pest of wheat in Iran. The nymphs and adults reduce wheat yield quality and quantity by feeding on leaves, stems, and grains. Pesticide application is the main method of Sunn pest control. Precocene, a juvenile hormone inhibitor, exerts cytotoxic effects on corpora allata of insect's species. . In this research, the effect of precocene-I (7-methoxy-2, 2-dimethyl chormene) on Sunn pest egg development and subsequent progenies was evaluated in the laboratory. Concentration range on eggs bioassay was 1, 5, 10, 20, and 50 µg mL-1. The results of bioassay tests on 2- and 5-day old eggs showed that LC50 values were 15.4 and 15 µg mL-1, respectively. Therefore, old eggs were more sensitive than young eggs. The effects of LC30 and LC50 of precocene-I on the egg and nymphal mortality were significantly stronger than the control, and the highest mortality rates in the first and third instars were 14.28 and 13.26%, respectively. Also, precocene-I did not affect embryonic period, but increased nymphal period (39.3 days), compared to the control (34.8 days). Morphological changes on nymphs that emerged from treated eggs included large wings and hemelytron. The fifth instars showed deformed scutellum. Also, typically, some old cuticules were not completely separated.

Autism is a kind of progressive disorder that children suffer from anxiety in their personal and social life. The aim of the current study was to determine the effectiveness of 8 weeks of Spark Traning Program along with Neurofeedback on the cortisol levels of autistic children.
In a semi-experimental design, 24 autistic children aged 8 to 12 years were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups (1-Spark training 2- Neurofeedback 3-Spark training Neurofeedback and 4- control group). Three groups undergon 45 minutes 2 days per weeks therapeutic sessions in 8 weeks interval, whereas no intervention received by control subjects and just engaged in their routine activities. Cortisol measurements were administered in pre-test and post-test under the same conditions from all four groups.
Applying Analysis of Covariance on the resulting data showed that mean scores of the cortisol levels significantly decreased in the spark training group, neurofeedback group, and spark neurofeedback training group, and the most effectiveness was the combination of Spark and neurofeedback training, whereas no important changes detected for control group.
It could be concluded that receiving isolated and adjunct Spark and Neurofeedback training effectively reduce cortisol level in autistic children. Adjunct training however had robust effects.

In current study, sampling from Baghak mine in Sangan mines has been carried out based on radioactivity and radiation measurement method. In most projects that have been carried out in Iran for the uranium prospecting, especially in the central part of Iran, enrichment of rare earth elements (REEs) are known in keeping with uranium as a common feature. The association of these elements with U has caused to investigate their connections with other types of mineralizations. In fact the goal of this study is to survey the presence or absence of such a connection in a skarn mine which is a different case study from the central part of Iran. In case of their presence, this will lead to a new exploration method and sampling pattern for REEs. The results show that in addition to existence of this connection in some mineralizations of the Central Iran, an acceptable correlation is also observed between the REEs and radioactive elements in another iron skarn deposit. Finally, it can be explained that according to existence of such a connection between rare earth and radioactive elements in several different types of mineralizations, and based on the geochemical similarities, the need for more accurate studies is completely felt in order to introduce radiation measurement methods as effective approaches to explore REEs. The idea and the introduced method for the exploration of REEs in this study can provide a new viewpoint for the decision makers in this industry upon using further studies in this respect.

In order to regulate money market and achieve their monetary goals, central banks around the world make use of strategies, such as open market operations, altering the level of bank reserves and changing discount rates. Open market operations is defined as the intervention of the central bank in the bond market and state treasury as well as its engagement in selling and buying of such bonds, whose aim is to adjust the monetary base and the volume of high-powered money based on economic boom and bust conditions. Since the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran has issued its bonds in the form of open market type operations to manage liquidity in previous years, such bonds need to be evaluated with respect to the perspectives of economy and Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh).
The challenges and damages that could be brought about by the issuance of the bonds of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic or Iran was the main problem set forth in this analytical-descriptive study. It was hypothesized that central bank bonds face economic and juridical challenges. This hypothesis was examined in this study. The results reveal that, as far as Islamic jurisprudence is concerned, the the major damages of such bonds is their ambiguity in the realization of partnership contract. From an economic perspective, however, the damages include ambiguity in the realization of sterilization policy and the high costs of issuing bonds in order to carry out open market type operations.

Citrus nematode is one of the most important damaging nematodes of citrus trees, spreading widely in most areas under citrus planting causing dieback, the gradual decline of trees and crop decrease in citrus orchards. Eighty citrus cultivars and species are sensitive to this nematode. From other nematode hosts, we can refer to olive, fig, medlar, persimmon, pear and grapevine. Surveys Full filled in Mazandaran province is indicative of the widespread of this nematode in citrus horticulture and the level of infection in some samples is so high, thus it is necessary to use different ways of controlling this parasite.
This research was carried out for 2 successive years and the reaction of sin citrus rootstocks including Citromelo, Poncirus, Sour Orange, Bakraee, Rough lemon and Off-type to citrus nematode under controlled conditions in the greenhouse was evaluated. Three months years old plants of this rootstock Were planted in completely random design with 5 replications in pots containing the population of 40 larvae per cubic centimeter of soil and after six months, the level of infection of roots was investigated and then the most tolerable rootstock for nematode was introduced on the basis of the least population of young females and adult females injected in one gram of root volume.
Experiment results on the basis of LSD test in two successive years indicated that there is a meaningful statistical difference between Citrumelo and poncirus Poncirus with the least population of nematode of adult female on the root and other treatments the results show that sour orange and off-type rootstocks are the most sensitive to citrus nematode, poncirus Poncirus and Citrumelo are the most tolerable to nematode Bakraee and Rough lemon are in the biotype group with average tolerance (relatively sensitive) to citrus nematode. Purpose of this research is to assess the sensitivity level of six citrus rootstocks including Citromelo, Poncirus, Sour Orange, Bakraee, Rough lemon and Off-type some of these rootstocks are common citrus rootstocks in the North and south citrus regions of the present time, therefore it is necessary to choose appropriate rootstock. In addition to it, another purpose (aim) of this research is to assess tolerance of new off-type biotype, produced from citrus breeding programs, to citrus nematode under greenhouse conditions in comparison with Citromelo, Poncirus, Sour Orange, Bakraee and Rough lemon which are common citrus rootstock in the North and South provinces of the country. Bakraee is one of the natural types of citrus used in citrus regions of Fars, Hormozgan and Kerman as rootstock of mandarin and orange cultivars for many years. Introductory surveys concerning Bakraee tolerance to coldness, the rot of crown and root, and diseases such as Tristeza, Exocortis and Cachexia were carried out but its tolerance to citrus nematode has not surveyed yet. Recent molecular surveys showed Bakraee relationship with Rough lemon beside, because of appearing unknown disease of citrus trees decline on Bakraee rootstock from the beginning of 1389 in Jiroft mountainous regions, doing etiology studies and investigating its tolerance to disease factors such as citrus nematode is of great importance. Since this nematode is soil parasite and can live in the depth of soil, its chemical control is very difficult. Despite the fact that one of the control methods of it is soil sterilization before citrus planting, but because of increasing environmental risks and bad effects on human health, it is recommended that resistant rootstocks such as Poncirus should be planted in the nematode soil. Also, it is necessary to control plants in selling time from the aspect of infection and, if necessary, to sterilize infected plants in order to prevent infection spread and build healthy orchards. Therefore regarding the fact that rootstocks of Poncirus and Citromelo are resistant to Tristeza and gummosis and identifying their resistance to citrus nematode, so planting of these rootstocks in the North of the country can be effective in managing citrus nematode in infected areas. In fact, investigating resistance of common rootstocks in the region and having access to resistance sources can be regarded as a method for sanitation of plants and as a result for controlling this nematode and increasing yield in the region. Also, the results of this survey can help horticulturists to introduce and produce appropriate rootstocks in the south of the country.

To identify the superior lime genotypes in Southern region of Iran, fruit characteristics of 35 genotypes were investigated during 2014-15. In this study, traits of peel thickness, weight, length and diameter of fruit, total soluble solids (TSS), seed number, volume and density of fruit, juice percent, juice pH, vitamin C and titratable acidity were measured. The results of descriptive statistics showed that the highest coefficient of variations were related to fruit volume, fruit density, seed number and fruit weight (83, 77, 75 and 61 percent, respectively), which showed there is a diversity between genotypes. Furthermore, cluster analysis of Ward's minimum-variance method, divided studied genotypes into three groups. The first group with lower peel thickness, the higher juice percent and higher acidity was categorized into superior group. Overall, The results showed that fruit of some studied lime genotypes had high quantitative and qualitative characteristics and depending on the purpose (in processing or food industry), it could be used to improve various traits for breeding programs.

In order to assess the effect of different rootstocks on reaction of scions of Persian lime genotypes against withces’ broom disease of lime (WBDL), an experiment was conducted as factorial arrangement in randomized complete block design with two factors including rootstock (Bakraei, Mexican lime, Volkamer lemon and Sour orange) and scion (IAC, Tahitian lime, Deperse lime and Persian lime) in Agricultural Research Station of Minab during 2014-2017. The grafted plants were produced via T-budding. Reactions of the grafted plants and seedlings was evaluated via graft inoculation with Mexican lime scion infected with WBDL phytoplasma. Based on PCR assays, detection of WBDL phytoplasma was the earliest (40 days post inoculation) in the scions on Mexican lime rootstock and the latest (116 days post inoculation) in the scions on Volkamer lemon rootstock. Symptoms of WBDL were observed in all seedlings except Volkamer lemon and during the course of this study it was not observed in the grafted plants. The time between graft inoculation and WBDL sypmtoms appearance was shortest in Mexican lime seedlings. Totally, Volkamer lemon rootstock is introduced as the best rootstock for Persian lime genotypes in the WBDL-infected areas.

Eotetranychus hirsti is one of the most important pests of rainfed and irrigated fig trees. It is essential to study the effect of new acaricides in the control of this pest. Therefore this experiment was performed in Fars, Markazi, and Kermanshah provinces in randomized complete block design with 4 replications during the summer of the year 2016. Treatments were Envidorspeed (SC 24%) with two concentrations (0.04 and 0.05%), Hexythiazox (EC 10% Nissoron®) (0.05%), Bromopropylate (EC 25% Neoron) (0.15%) and control (water spraying). Results in Fars province show the efficiency percentages on the 3rd day after spraying were 87.82±0.60, 87.47±0.96, 86.19±1.49 and 83.40±1.74 for Envidorspeed (0.04%), Envidorspeed (0.05%), Hexythiazox (0.05%) and Bromopropylate (0.15%), respectively. In Markazi province the results show that the efficiency percentages on the 7th day after spraying were 87.87±0.88, 83.48±0.93, 82.25±1.25 and 81.75±1.80 for Envidorspeed (0.05%), Envidorspeed (0.04%), Hexythiazox (0.05%) and Bromopropylate (0.15%), respectively. In Kermanshah province, on the 14th day after spraying, the efficiency percentages were 99.84±0.05, 99.09±0.32, 98.63±0.44 and 97.26±0.65 for Envidorspeed (0.05%), Envidorspeed (0.04%), bromopropylate (0.15%) and Hexythiazox (0.05%), respectively. Considering the results envidorspeed (0.04%) could be recommended.

Pulmonary fungus ball is a rare complication in pre-existing pulmonary cavitary lesions, due to some chronic pulmonary diseases including tuberculosis, lung abscess and sarcoidosis. Fungus ball is mostly caused by aspergillus. In many patients, fungus ball is asymptomatic, but in a significant number of them it can develop cough and hemoptysis, which may be massive and fatal. The cornerstone of assessment is chest imaging, along with sputum culture or aspergillus antibody in patient's serum. The purpose of this report is increment in attention to this complication in patients with previous pulmonary tuberculosis (TB).
The patient was a 23-year-old woman with chief complaint of fever, cough and hemoptysis, who was hospitalized in the Infectious Diseases Ward of Farshchian Sina hospital in March 2016. She had a history of anti-TB therapy from two years before. Sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were negative for cytology and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but cultures of both samples were positive for Aspergillus niger. Her lung contrast-enhanced computerized tomography (CECT) scan revealed the presence of a fungus ball inside the upper lobe cavity of right lung. After lobectomy, fungal mass was confirmed by histopathology.
In patients with pulmonary complaints (especially hemoptysis) and history of cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis, the differential diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia, lung abscess, reactivation of tuberculosis and lung cancer as well as fungal infections should be considered

In order to determine the efficacy of the new insecticide lufenuron (Flagu® EC 5%) with two concentrations of 1.5:1000 (300 ml/ha) and 2:1000 (400 ml/ha) on Heliothis viriplaca, in comparison with Thiodicarb DF 80% at 5:1000 (1 Kg/ha), B.T (Raha Andish Kavan) at 12.5:1000 (2/5L/ha), Indoxacarb (Avaunt® SC15%) at 1.25:1000 (250 ml/ha) a randomized complete block design experiment was conducted in Kordestan (with 4 replicates) and Kermanshah provinces (with 5 replicates) in the crop year 2015. By continuous visiting, when the amount of pests reached about 2-3.9 larvae/square meter, insecticides were sprayed on the treatment plots, and water was sprayed on the control treatment. Live larvae were counted, a day before spraying, 3 and 7 days after treatments in experimental plots and the control. Sampling was carried out by taking 10 plants from the middle line of each plot, and the live larvae on the samples were counted. The results show that the lowest number of infected pods in 10 plants and the lowest number of live larvae on the 7th day after spraying the plants in both the provinces were registered by lufenuron at the concentration of 2:1000. Efficacy of lufenuron (2:1000) at the 7th day after spraying was recorded to be 96.2±3.32% in Kermanshah and 94.75±5.25 % in Kordestan which were the highest among the treatments.

Colletotrichum species are associated with citrus plants as pathogens, saprobes and endophytes. According to the most recent multigene phylogenetic analysis, a lot of changes were happened in the taxonomy and species delimitation in the genus Colletotrichum. In this investigation, 292 Colletotrichum isolates were obtained from leaves, fruits and stems of Citrus species at Golestan, Mazandaran, Guilan and Kerman provinces. After morphological studies, a multilocus molecular phylogenetic analysis (TUB2, CHS–1, CAL) of 13 isolates were carried out. Based on the morphological and molecular data, five species including C. gloeosporioides s. s., C. fructicola and C. siamense (from C. gloeosporioides s. l.); C. karstii and C. novae zelandiae(from C. boninense s. l.) were identified. According to our knowledge, this is the first report of C. novae–zelandiae from Iran and C. siamense and C. karstii from citrus plants in the country.

Leaf spot diseases are among the important foliar diseases of poplar trees, causing economic crop loss on this host. Species in the genera Septoria and Marssonina are the main fungal groups causing leaf spot disease on poplar trees, worldwide. Even though leaf spot diseases cause considerable damage on poplar trees in East Azarbaijan province, very little attention has been paid on the identification of the causal agents of disease in this region. The present study was aimed to characterize the causal agents of leaf spot diseases on poplar trees in East Azarbaijan, part of West Azarbaijan and Ardabil provinces and to further evaluate their pathogenicity on poplar trees. A total number of 134 fungal isolates were recovered from 220 samples with leaf spot symptoms on poplar trees during 2013 growing season. Morphological and cultural characterization of isolates revealed Septoria populi, Bipolaris spicifera, B. sorokiniana, Exserohilum cf. protrudens, Stemphylium sp. Sporormiella minimoides, Nigrospora oryzae, Epicoccum nigrum, Marssonina castagnei and Arthrinium sacchari as fungal species associated with leaf spot disease of poplar. Septoria populi was the most dominant species with isolation frequency of 88%. The pathogenicity assay using detached leaf method revealed Se. populi, B. spicifera, B. sorokiniana, Stemphylium sp., N. oryzae, M. castagnei and A. sacchari being pathogenic on poplar leaves under laboratory conditions. This is the first report on the occurrence and pathogenicity of A. sacchari, Sp. minimoides and Ex. cf. protrudens on poplars trees.

Aims: As a common disorder, the social anxiety disorder is characterized by the persistent fear of social situations and severe physical and mental reactions. Its prevalence and effect being noticed, different psychotherapy methods were raised to reduce or annihilate it. The aim of the study was to determine the effectiveness of task-concentration training technics on the social anxiety symptom reduction in persons with social anxiety.
In the controlled pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study, 20 students with social anxiety disorder were studied in Shahed University in 2014-15 academic year. The subjects, selected via stepwise cluster sampling method, were randomly divided into two groups including control and experimental (task concentration training) groups. Data was collected using the social anxiety questionnaire and the structured clinical interview. Five one-hour task-concentration treatment sessions were conducted in experimental group. Data was analyzed by SPSS 16 software using independent T test.
Findings: The mean scores of social anxiety and its sub-scales were not significantly different in experimental and control groups at the pretest stage (p>0.05). Nevertheless, the pretest-posttest differences of the scores of social anxiety and its subscales including avoidance, fear, and physiologic discomfort between the groups were significant (p The task-concentration training techniques reduce the social anxiety symptoms in persons with social anxiety disorders.

Hippocampus is the main region in cortex of the brain that involved in epilepsy. This study was done to determine the effect of intraventricular injection of vitamin C on histological structure of dentate gyrus of hipocampus in adult male epileptic rats.
In this experimental study, 40 adult male rats were randomly allocated into 5 groups (n=8). Animals in three groups were received vitamin C at dose (12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg/bw) during 28 days, intraventricularly after were kindled by (pentylentetrazol; 40 mg/kg). Animals in forth group were received normal saline after were kindled by (pentylentetrazol; 40 mg/kg). Animals in the fifth group were received normal saline. After 28 days, rats were anesthetized by ketamin, then structure of hypocamp dissected. Histological passage was done in samples and coronal section was carried out. The sections of samples were stained by Hematoxyline-eosin. Forty fields systematicly were counted the normal neurons in dentate gyrus. Morphological change was determined by immunohistochemical method.
The mean number of normal neurons in dentate gyrus in epileptic rats which received 25 g/kg vitamin C was more than animals in groups which were received doses of 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg vitamin C (P Intraventricular injection of vitamin C in epileptic rat's dose dependly had neuroprotective effect on dentate gyrus neurons.

The Sunn pest, Eurygaster integriceps Puton (Hemiptera: Scutelleridae), is one of the most important pest of wheat in Iran and some neighboring countries. The nymphs and adults cause sever quantitative and qualitative damage by feeding on leaves, stems and grains. Unfortunately, pesticide application is the main method of the sunn pest control, so finding the alternative methods are important. Precocene which is a juvenile hormone inhibitor, exerts cytotoxic effects on corpora allata of insects species, resulting necrosis of parenchymal cells, the source of juvenile hormone. At laboratory studies, precocene I and precocene II with different concentrations (0, 20, 25, 32, 40 and 50 μg) were applied topically to the thoracic surface of the fifth instar nymphs. The results showed that percent mortality increased with increasing concentrations of the hormones. The highest mortality (50%) was observed in concentration of 50 μg precocene II. Treated nymphs with precocene I and II led to appearing of deformed insects in fifth instar and adults. Also, the morphological abnormalities such as strong deformation of wings and hemelytron and persistence of old cuticles were observed. Increasing nymphal period was also resulted using precocenes