hassan mohammadzadeh

The notion of Imamate and the succession of the Prophet is one of the most significant and fundamental theological issues in the history of Islam. Given its broad theological, jurisprudential, and political dimensions, this issue has consistently been a subject of discussion and debate among religious scholars and those engaged in religious studies. Recently, in defense of the Sahaba (the Prophet’s companions) and to affirm the legitimacy of the Second Caliph’s rule, the historical account of the marriage between Shahrbānū and Imam al-Ḥusayn has been cited. This topic, besides its historical aspect, also has jurisprudential and theological implications. This article is a qualitative study based on the analysis of commonsensical content, drawing upon historical and bibliographical documents and evidence. It critically examines and analyzes the purported link between the two variants: "Shahrbānū’s marriage" and the "caliphate of the Second Caliph." The main research question focuses on the historical, jurisprudential, and theological attribution of Shahrbānū’s marriage to the Second Caliph’s caliphate. A review of both Shiite and Sunni sources reveals that there is no substantial connection between the two variants that could serve to establish the Second Caliph's legitimate succession.

In the theory of "the innate respect to all religions" it has been tried to propose and introduce the usuli qat` as an absolute and valid knowledge in the interpretation of religion and facing multiple religions and teachings. Although some debates have been raised in the science of fundamentals regarding the usuli qat`, but it was never formulated and presented as a proposal for dealing with religions and the method of religious interpretation by the thinkers of the philosophy of religion, therefore, the current theory can be considered a new theory in "Philosophy of Religion". The writer's hypothesis is that the mentioned theory has scientific and practical applications and consequences, therefore he tries to evaluate this theory with a critical analytical method and express its effects and consequences. The research question: what are the works and logical consequences of the theory and what criticisms are made on it from this point of view? The findings of the research indicate that the theory of innate respect/ta`abbud entails many scientific consequences and social risks, such as: religious pluralism, relativity of knowledge, skepticism, and ordering of what is good and prohibiting what is bad.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of neurofeedback (NFB) and motor training (MT) on the learning and consolidation of procedural motor performance in novice adolescents. 44 elementary students (mean age 12.1 ±0.6), who had no access to smart devices, were selected as the sample of the research, and then were randomly assigned into four groups; NFB, MT, NFB+MT and control. The implementation of the study included six stages: first baseline, pre-test, intervention (NFB included a 30 minute single-session of alpha suppression on the C4 region for NFB and NFB+MT groups. MT by using 6 blocks of Pursuit Rotor Task (PRT) for NFB+MT and MT groups), secondary baseline, post-test and consolidation test, respectively. Stages 1-5 were done in one day but last stage (learning consolidation test) was conducted 48 hours after the rest period. Participants were right-handed and performed PRT in inverted mode with their non-dominant hand. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to analyses the data. The results showed significantly different between the performance of NFB and MT (P=0.010), NFB and NFB+MT (P=0.044), MT and Control (P=0.022) groups, but the difference between MT and NFB+MT (P=1.000), NFB+MT and Control (P=0.90), and NFB and Control (P=1.000) groups was not significant. The present findings showed that the alpha suppression in C4 had no significant effect on learning and consolidation of unfamiliar and non-automatic movements in novice adolescents but motor training can be an effective way for these people in the first stage of their learning.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of perfectionism on psychological distress and coping strategies of endurance athletes. The present research was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of research. The statistical population of this study was all 18 to 25 years old male and female athletes in endurance sports of East Azerbaijan province that participated in official national or international competitions for at least two years. 200 athletes were selected by available sampling. To collect information three questionnaires of sports perfectionism of Tri-short et al. (1990), Kessler (2002) psychological distress questionnaire and coping strategies questionnaire of Lazarus and Folkman (1988) were used. For testing the hypotheses of this research, Pearson correlation and regression analysis were used in SPSS25 software. The results showed that sport perfectionism has a significant relation with psychological distress and coping strategies of endurance athletes. There is a negative relation between positive sport perfectionism with psychological distress, and a positive relation between negative sport perfectionism with psychological distress of athletes. Also, there is a positive relation between psitive sport perfectionism with coping strategies, and a negative, reverse and significant relation between negative sport perfectionism with coping strategies of endurance athletes.

One of the factors influencing the learning and participation of students in sports activities in schools and other educational environments is the teacher's teaching method. This study aimed to investigate the effects of basketball training based on nonlinear pedagogical (TGFU and GS) and traditional methods on the development of social skills in teenage girls.

The statistical population of the study was Urmia secondary school girls. Subjects were 60 students with an average age of 13.06±3, did not  have any experience in playing basketball, and were physically healthy. They were randomly divided into three groups, each consisting of 20 participants. Matson’s evaluation of social skills questionnaire was used to collect data.

The findings of the study showed that the components of proper social skills, superiority, high self-confidence, and relationship with peers were significantly better in training based on non-linear methods (TGFU and GS) compared to the traditional methods. However, there was no meaningful difference between the two methods of TGFU and GS, except in relationship with peers component in which the GS was better than the TGFU.

Through the use of new nonlinear approaches in teaching, educational instructors can play a more effective role in improving students' social skills as well as teaching the games more effectively.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the influence of rhythmic and group games on gross motor skills and social interaction of autistic children.The participants were 21 children with the average age of (9/04 ±2/80)with autistic disorder in urmia  which is based on pre-test result were randomly designated into three group: group games group , rhythmic games group and control group.based on pre-test results data collection was carried out through Bruninks Oseretesky test and GARS questionnaire.Afte pre-test ,including carrying out Bruninks Oseretesky test and filling in the questionnaire by child nurses(parent , instructors), the participants attended the group and rhythmic games for 24 sessions. A day after the end of the 24 th session, all the participants of the three groups were given the Bruninks Oseretesky test and child nurses filled in the GARS  questionnaire.Data analysis through ANOVA (3 groups ×2 time points) . One way ANOVA and dependent t-test in significance level of (p≤0/05) demonstrated thet practice had a meaningful influence on scores of the groee motor skills with superiority of rhythmic games group and on scores of social interaction between rhythmic and group games groups with control group.These finding confirmed the role of game and music in the improvement of motivation and interest of children and finally in improvement of gross motor and social skills  of Autism children.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of task constraints manipulation on learning of skills and strategies of basketball by nonlinear pedagogy (Teaching Games for Understanding). The statistical population of the study was Urmia secondary school girl students. Subjects were 40 students (each group= 20 people) who did not already have a history of basketball playing and were physically health with an average age of 13.06±3. AAHPERD basketball skills test and game performance assessment instrument was used to collect data. The manipulation of the constraints included changes in the playing location, ball size, loop height, and change in the rules of the game. The results showed that training skills and strategies of basketball were effective and the subjects learned more after training. Also, the effect of basketball training by constraints manipulation of TGFU and TGFU without constraints manipulation was different that represents confirmation of the positive role of task constraints manipulation at the level of p

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of self - regulatory and observation of novice model in Learning of Relative and absolute timing. 45 right-handed male students were randomly assigned into 2 experimental groups (novice model- Self - regulatory, novice model-yoked,) and control group. The subjects were asked to run sequential timing task during a four-step process. In the pre-test, 20 trials and 60 trials at acquisition and retention test and at transfer test of 10 minutes and 24 hours, 20 trials were conducted. Analysis of data both retention and transfer tests showed that experimental groups in terms of absolute and relative timing were better than the control group. These results indicate that, Practice Leading to learning, regardless of its type. In addition, no significant difference was observed between the two groups in the relative and absolute timing factor. These results suggest that the observation of novice model counts as an effective factor in learning motor skills while self - regulatory factor in this study was not effective.Overall, the results suggest that self-regulation just in time observing novice model cannot effect on learning.

Perceptual – motor skills such as reaction time and anticipation are essential factors for the successful performance in daily activities. Perhaps the higher perceptual ability in dynamic and unpredictable environment likes table tennis can separate elite and non elite table tennis players. Hence 80 table tennis players were divided into two same groups of 40 elite, sub-and 40 non elite table tennis players. Reaction time (visual simple, visual selective and simple audio) with using reaction time system (Lafayette), and also coincidence-anticipation timing by using basin anticipatory time test (Lafayette) were measured. Results showed significant difference between the visual simple (p=0.03), visual selective (p=0.01) , simple audio (p=0.008) and anticipation timing (p=0.001) was significant between elite and non-elite table tennis players. In other words, elite players had lower reaction time and anticipation timing compared to non-elite players . The results of the present study suggest that planning practice sessions should be designed that development of perceptual - motor skills such as reaction time and exact anticipation timing emphasized in table tennis players in addition to technical skills and physical fitness.

This study investigated the relationship between bimanual coordination and writing skill in the elementary school children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) living in Urmia City, Iran.
Material and A total of 60 elementary school children, both male and female, with DCD aged 7 to 9 years old were selected based on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) test and relevant questionnaires. These subjects were requested to perform in-phase and anti-phase patterns. Writing composition scores and bimanual coordination tool were used as measures of children’s writing performance and bimanual accuracy. Descriptive statistics and coefficient regression were used for data analysis.
The results indicated a statistically positive correlation between children’s bimanual accuracy and their writing skill. In other words, regression indicated that bimanual coordination accuracy test was a significant predictor for the writing skill (R2=0.331, P=0.001).
In general, motor control ability of children with developmental coordination disorder and its relationship with writing performance should be considered.

Physical exercises can influence some anthropometric and fitness components differently. The aim of present study was to evaluate how a relatively long‑term training program in 11‑14‑year‑old male Iranian students affects their anthropometric and motor performance measures.
Measurements were conducted on the anthropometric and fitness components of participants (n = 28) prior to and following the program. They trained 20 weeks, 1.5 h/session with 10 min rest, in 4 times trampoline training programs per week. Motor performance of all participants was assessed using standing long jump and vertical jump based on Eurofit Test Battery.
The analysis of variance (ANOVA) repeated measurement test showed a statistically significant main effect of time in calf girth P = 0.001, fat% P = 0.01, vertical jump P = 0.001, and long jump P = 0.001. The ANOVA repeated measurement test revealed a statistically significant main effect of group in fat% P = 0.001. Post hoc paired t‑tests indicated statistical significant differences in trampoline group between the two measurements about calf girth (t = −4.35, P = 0.001), fat% (t = 5.87, P = 0.001), vertical jump (t = −5.53, P = 0.001), and long jump (t = −10.00, P = 0.001).
We can conclude that 20‑week trampoline training with four physical activity sessions/week in 11–14‑year‑old students seems to have a significant effect on body fat% reduction and effective results in terms of anaerobic physical fitness. Therefore, it is suggested that different training model approach such as trampoline exercises can help students to promote the level of health and motor performance.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between narcissism and aggression in male bodybuilders. This research was a descriptive correlational one in which the participants were all Tabrizian male bodybuilders who had regularly attended at least one sustained year and at least two days per week at the gym. The subjects were 161 volunteer athletes with an average age of 24.96±6.528. The Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) Ruskin & Hall (1979) and Ahvaz Aggression Inventory (AAI) Zahedifar (1375) were used to collect the data. Regression analysis wasused to analyze data. The results of hypothesis testing show that there is a significant positive relationship between narcissism and each dimension of aggression. In this relationship only self-sufficiency, one component of the adaptive narcissism scale had no significant association with aggression components. Finally, narcissism can be a particularly important factor in the occurrence of aggression in society.

The main aim of this experiment is to investigate the effects of Nano-size Al2O3 on the mechanical properties and microstructure of multi-passes friction stir welding of Al 2024 lap joint. Nano particles were added into the joint line. A combination of rotational speed and travelling speeds were performed. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscope were used to investigate the microstructure and fracture surface of samples respectively. Optimum condition (sample) was selected due to highest ultimate tensile strength (UTS). It was seen that sample which included Nano particles and fabricated by 1400 rev/min rotational speed and 16 mm/min travelling speed in second pass of continues welding had improvement in UTS in comparison to one pass welded sample of particle free and after that increasing the number of passes reduce the UTS. The average micro hardness of the sample which was particle rich were increased in comparison to particle free sample in nugget zone. Increasing the number of passes was not effect average micro hardness in nugget zone significantly. Grain sizes were reduced by 2 passes welding and after that no significant reduction has been seen.

A motor task performance and imagery show several parallel characteristics. In this study، the effect of a voluntary speed change in mental images of a complex difficult sequence of karate techniques on subsequent motor performance was assessed. 24 male karate volunteers (mean age: 24. 58±5. 27 years) who were well skilled at performing the sequence movements participated in the pretest. During the training period، they imagined the motor task with normal، faster، or slower speeds in the real time، fast and slow groups respectively. The post-test was identical to the pretest. The data were analyzed by one-way variance analysis and t tests. The results showed no time difference between motor imagery duration and physical performance in real time group (P>0. 05) while imagery speed decrease in slow group was not significant when compared with their own physical performance in the pretest (P>0. 05). Fast group accelerated their mental imagery in the training period (P<0. 05). The comparison between pretest and post-test by paired t test revealed that karate athletes improved the time of their performance after the real time and fast imagery (P<0. 05). However، slow imagery had no effect on post-test performance (P>0. 05). Also، independent t test results showed no significant difference between the effect of real time and the fast imagery (P>0. 05). It seems that mental imagery in real speed of action and fast imagery had the advantage to improve the performance duration compared with the slower imagery. In conclusion، mental image speed is an important factor in motor imagery and it is suggested that it should be controlled by the athletes.

The present paper aimed to study and compare some psychological skills of elite and non-elite volleyball players in the City of Urmia. Statistical population included all volleyball players of Urmia in the premier league and youth competitions, among of whom 60 male athletes with an average age, weight, and height of 24±1.68, 78±2.86, and 188±2.53, respectively, were selected by non-random and purposeful method and divided into two groups of elite and non-elite. In order to collect information, the questionnaire of psychological skills assessment issued by South Australian Sports Institute (SASI) was used. The results showed that elite volleyball players, compared with non-elite ones, recorded higher scores at all levels of mental skills. In overall, the present study showed that psychological skills play a more important role in reaching the peak fitness in volleyball players and they deserve to receive more attention from coaches and athletes.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between body dissatisfaction and eating disorders with stages of change for physical activity in Tabriz university female students. This research was description-correlation. Based on random sampling, 360 persons were selected and completed the eating disorders EAT-26 (garner and Garfinkel 1979), body dissatisfaction (Avchnr et al 2009) and physical activity staging (Marcus 2003) questionnaires. Obtained data from 280 questionnaires with using of Pearson correlation, Spearman correlation and one way ANOVA tests were analyzed in 0.05 alpha levels. Findings showed significant and positive relationship between eating disorders and body dissatisfaction (r=0.124, sig=0.039). Also, there was significant relationship between eating disorders and stages of change for physical activity (r=0.346, sig=0.001) but, there was not significant relationship between body dissatisfaction and stages of change for physical activity (r=0.108, sig=0.072). The results of ANOVA showed the eating disorders and body dissatisfaction in different stages of change for physical activity was significantly different. The results showed with progressed in between stages of change for physical activity, the rate of eating disorders was increased. Also the rate of body dissatisfaction is great in mid stages of stages of change for physical activity.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between self-esteem and achievement motivation among successful and unsuccessful athletes in West Azerbaijan Province. Two-hundred athletes were divided into two groups of successful athletes (n=100, 50 males and 50 females) and unsuccessful athletes (n=100, 50 males and 50 females) while the term «successful» means that the subject has win medals at national and international official competitions and «unsuccessful» means he/she has not been able to do so. Gill and Deter's sport orientation scale (SOQ) (1998) and revised self-esteem questionnaire (Cupper-Smith, 1968) were the assessment instruments used in this study. Pearson Correlation and t-test (α<0. 05) were applied for the statistical analysis of data. The results showed that there is a significant correlation between self-esteem and achievement motivation in both studied groups. Moreover, successful and unsuccessful athletes significantly differed in terms of self-esteem and achievement motivation so that self-esteem and achievement motivation were significantly higher in successful athletes compared to unsuccessful athletes. It seems that athletes’ beliefs interfere with their performance. Therefore equal attention must be paid to fitness and sport skills and motivational variables through appropriate physical education and providing conditions in which athletes feel competence and motivation and experience success. Coaches are advised to provide timely feedback, necessary support and constructive criticism in order to give their students the opportunity to be aware of their capabilities and increase their achievement motivation accordingly.

We investigated the effects of honey consumption before maximal aerobic exercise on the immune response in active young men. Twenty seven active men (age: 22.26±3.68yr and VO2 max: 49/11± 4.75ml.kg-1.min-1) volunteered in this study. Subjects were randomly divided into honey (n=9), placebo (n=9) and control (n=9) groups. In a double blind study subjects consumed 12% honey (5cc/body weight) (honey group) or placebo (placebo group). For investigating the variation of blood leucocytes, subjects in honey and placebo groups participated in maximal aerobic exercise test (cooper test). Blood samples were taken at baseline (before ingesting honey or placebo), immediately, and 2 hours after exercise. The present study indicates that aerobic exercise in honey group has significant effect on blood leucocytes, lymphocytes, and neutrophils. However, increased levels of leucocytes in immediately post-exercise (p=0.001) significantly decreased in 2 hr-post-exercise (p=0.004). This data indicates that consumption of honey before maximal aerobic exercise can improve the immune system function of active young men.

As police forces work in stressful conditions, this article is intended to study, appraise and deal with stress resources, repercussions, and stress adjusters among police forces. Both individual and organizational factors can produce stress for police forces but different researches have shown that organizational factors more than personal factors contribute to stress in police work. Stress can have different behavioral, psychological and physical repercussions which are not the same due to different organizational and individual characteristics. police forces are not the same in confrontation and appraisal of stress. Confrontation of police forces with stressful conditions has a unique characteristic. Police forces at the beginning and during the primary appraisal experience a lot of challenges in the situation, but in continuation or in a secondary appraisal they consider the situation resolvable. Police forces in primary appraisal are totally under the influence of situation but they are not so in secondary appraisal, in fact in secondary appraisal they show some sort of stability in confrontation with different stressful situations. Furthermore the police forces who are older appraise the situation positively and more resolvable than younger police forces. police forces due to the nature of their work used confrontation style which is different from ordinary people.

In the French culture, the absence of a valid measure of children’s attributional style has limited the testing of this phenomenon nationally. In this study, a French equivalent of the English language version of the Children’s Attributional Style Questionnaire (CASQ; Kaslow, Tannenbaum & Seligman, 1978) was developed using a five-step process. Multiple methods and samples were used to examine the psychometric properties of the questionnaire. To test the content validity of the French version of the CASQ, five experts were asked about the accuracy of the items in terms of psychological and translation quality. Concurrent validity was established in a sample of 47 bilingual children. The questionnaire was then administered on three occasions to two samples of children (n1 = 118, n2 = 200) ranging in age from 8 to 12 years. The results demonstrated that the French version of the CASQ has acceptable content and concurrent validity and test-retest reliability. However, consistent with a number of previous studies of the English language version of the CASQ, the internal consistency reliabilities of the scales and subscales of the French version were less than optimal.