hosein taheri

In order to hold sports events as lively and safe as possible, managing the emotions of the spectators is one of the most important goals of those in charge of organizing competitions. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to design emotion management in creating stable security in major sports events in Iran. This research was carried out with a qualitative method based on the data theory of the foundation. The data was collected using in-depth interviews with 17 experts and experts [sports managers (5 people), law enforcement and sports managers (5 people), social psychology elites (7 people)], which continued in a targeted manner until the theoretical saturation of data collection was reached. Found. Open, central and selective coding methods were used for data analysis. To achieve validity, the three-tier method was used, and to achieve reliability, the retest method was used. The results showed that causal factors include police, security and psychological measures, background factors include fan culture and social changes; Intervening factors include event security weaknesses, audience management weaknesses, and organization coordination weaknesses. The strategies included psychological scientific management of the event, providing a platform for emotional release, technology, strengthening welfare services, education, using the media, and integrated psychological management. In order to manage emotions, the organizers of a sports event should know the mental state of the participants and use scientific psychological management of the fans to plan appropriate actions in an event to provide the grounds for a safe and lively event. Therefore, it is suggested that the trustees use law enforcement and psychological experts for emotion management

employee health is one of the most important components of organizational health that increases productivity. The opposite point is the illness and disability of employees and referring to medical commissions to get the level of health. This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the reasons for the tendency of employees to receive the level of health in Khorasan Razavi Border Guard Command.

This research is qualitative in terms of method, practical in terms of purpose, and exploratory in terms of nature. The statistical population of the research includes the commanders, managers, employees and doctors of the Health and Medical Department of Khorasan Razavi Border Guard Command, who were selected by a purposeful sampling method. and based on the "theoretical saturation principle" saturation was obtained after interviewing 26 people. In-depth interview tool was used to collect the data, and the data was coded with Max Kyoda software and thematic analysis method was used.

During interviews with experts, 69 basic themes were extracted and themes with the same concepts were integrated, and finally 6 organizing themes including educational factors (7 themes), nature-environmental factors of border areas (16 themes), individual and family factors of employees. Marzi (15 themes), command factors (10 themes), factors related to administrative structure (10 themes), mental and psychological factors (11 themes) were obtained.

Various factors such as personal-family, mental-psychological, educational, nature-environmental factors, command factors and factors related to the administrative structure have a contribution and influence in the tendency of employees to receive the level of health, according to their weight and role, but the role and contribution The employing organization (Marzbani and Faraja) and its management system are more prominent in the middle and executive levels that are directly connected with the employees of Safi Marzbani. And if you pay attention to the above, both the harms related to the organization and management will be removed, and a number of issues in the field of employees, which are now among the harms, will be turned into opportunities.

In this paper, we investigate a model for the COVID-19 corona virus for Impact of transportation in Tehran. We introduce simple compartmental, Kermack McKendrick type epidemic models with homogeneously and heterogeneously mixed populations, an endemic model for assessing the potential population level impact of a hypothetical COVID-19 for Impact of transportation.

Kermack-McKendrick-type epidemic models are commonly used for modeling epidemic diseases. In this study, we have proposed a Kermack-McKendrick-based model to elucidate the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on the spread of the virus in Iran. This model serves as an endemic assessment tool, tailored to fit reported data in Iran, for gauging the potential population-level effects of the COVID-19 vaccine. It's important to note that COVID-19 vaccines do not guarantee complete protection against the disease. A vaccinated person may still become infected, highlighting the necessity of continuous vaccination while an individual is in the system. To address this, we considered two models—one with only one strain and the other containing two strains. We hypothesize that the vaccine results in complete immunization against one strain while conferring partial immunization against the other. To explore this, we consider two scenarios. In the first scenario, we assume that the vaccine does not provide complete immunity, and individuals may become infected again after vaccination. In the second scenario, a dual-strain model is considered, positing that individuals, when vaccinated, remain immune to the strain present in the vaccine, but are susceptible to another strain for which the vaccine provides partial protection. However, this other strain may still lead to infection in individuals. The analysis of the proposed models revealed that where the prevalence rate, or the basic reproduction number (R0) - an index measuring the spreading potential of a pathogenic agent and the average number of individuals each infected person can potentially transmit the infectious agent to susceptible individuals - has a direct correlation with vaccination. Therefore, to assess the extent of vaccine efficacy, this indicator is employed, with a lower prevalence rate being the targeted outcome.

With the spread of the Corona virus. , the purpose of this research is to identify the challenges of Shahid Beheshti Specialized Scientific School in Isfahan in improving the physical fitness of learners in the era of Corona. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of its nature, it is among qualitative research, in which to identify the challenges, interviews were conducted with the commander of Han, educational managers, health professionals and experts who are experts in this field, the participating community whose number Based on the principle of theoretical saturation, 17 experts who were related to the topic of the research were selected in a purposeful manner and by using the individual semi-structured interview tool, the desired information was received from them and categorized and coded in the “Maxqda” software. According to the objectives of the research, 148 codes in the form of 84 basic themes were extracted from the 210 pages of the interview text, and then the themes with the same concepts were merged and 5 organizing themes (mental and psychological challenges - health challenges - educational challenges - Management challenges - infrastructural challenges) was formed in the form of an overarching theme as the challenges of Commanders and managers in improving the physical fitness of learners in the era of Corona. The obtained results show that there are important challenges facing the Shahid Beheshti Specialized Scientific School of Isfahan to improve the physical fitness of learners in the era of Corona, that in order to overcome and neutralize these challenges, having experience and preparation, credibility And the necessary budget for the development of sports infrastructure, proper planning by Commander and the relevant managers is necessary.

One of the most important indicators of the police to deal with disrupters of order and security is the employees having high physical strength and combat readiness, and the importance of this is so much that it can be said that the lack of preparation will have irreparable consequences for the police command in terms of internal and external organization. Considering the importance of exercise and the need to use it in the police forces, the present study was conducted with the aim of providing a qualitative model of the physical activities of the police command of the Islamic Republic of Iran.

This research is practical in terms of purpose and was conducted with a qualitative approach in the form of content analysis. The statistical population includes the professors of the physical education department of Amin University of Administrative Sciences, university faculty members in the sports management department, commanders and managers related to the research topic in police command. The purposeful judgmental sampling method and data collection tool is a semi-structured interview, which was continued based on the principle of theoretical sampling until theoretical saturation was achieved (interview 17). The reliability of the interviews was realized through reviewing and modifying the findings and verifying the coding of each interview by the interviewee, and the reliability of the interviews was also confirmed by using the process audit and intra-subject agreement of 86%.

The development pattern of physical activities includes 5 main categories and 12 sub-categories, which include social dimensions (individual and group), inspection and monitoring dimensions (supervision and investigation, legal requirements), educational platforms (training and information), dimensions managerial (strategic, motivational, facility and financial development) and communication dimensions (sports interactions and media activities).

Considering the importance of police officers having high physical strength and combat readiness, it is necessary for police commanders and managers to provide the necessary sports facilities and platforms with proper interaction and communication, and by motivating the employees, in line with the development and improvement of all Try more sports in police command.

Commanders and managers are responsible for maintaining and promoting the martial arts of the staff in the units, and the skills in the operational shooting of the staff are among the most important factors influencing the combat capability. Therefore, the present study was aimed at examining the impact of managerial factors on enhancing the operational shooting skills of border guards (the study of West Azerbaijan).

In terms of its objectives, the present study is of an applied and descriptive-analytical method and a survey study. The statistical population of the study included commanders, deputies and administrators, coaches and experts of the West Azerbaijan Border Command Shooting field (95 individuals); using the Chrisi-Morgan Table, 76 individuals were selected as a statistical population by random sampling method. A researcher-made questionnaire was used with five dimensions, validity of which was confirmed by 14 experts using face and content validity; and reliability was calculated using the Cronbach Alpha test and its value for this questionnaire was 0.83.

The findings showed that all management factors in this study were effective in enhancing the shooting skills of West Azerbaijan border guards (Sig. 0.05). While the "training and training equipment" has the most impact.

By focusing on the management dimensions of this study, it can enhance the ability of employees to shooting skills in real missions and reduce the damage and failure of the border units in operational missions.

The violent behavior of the spectators is one of the most important issues for the organizers of the popular and exciting football matches, which occurs under the influence of various conditions and may have irreparable consequences. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of demographic characteristics of football spectators on the control of their violent behavior.

In terms of its objectives the current research is of an applied type and in terms of method and nature it is descriptive and survey type. The statistical population included two parts. The first part includes all football spectators in the year 2018-2019, which was considered to be 100,000 people on average, and the sample size of 200 people was calculated using Morgan's table. The second part included the employees of the special police unit of Tehran for about 370 people, 184 of whom were selected for the statistical sample and completed the researcher-made questionnaire whose validity (face and content) and reliability were confirmed. Binomial, U-Man-Whitney and Wilcoxon statistical tests were also used for data analysis.

The findings of the research test showed that from the point of view of football spectators and special police unit employees, demographic characteristics including age, marital status, job, education, residence and geographical region play an effective and significant role in controlling the violent behavior of spectators (Sig=0.000). However, there is a significant difference between the two groups of special police unit employees and spectators regarding the intensity of the influence of marital demographic factors (Sig = 0.09), place of residence (Sig = 0.38) and geographic region (Sig = 0.12).

According to the obtained findings, for the effective control of sports gatherings, it is necessary for the authorities to consider the demographic characteristics of the spectators and plan and implement appropriate control measures accordingly.

controlling stadium atmosphere for a safe and merry event is one of the most challenging challenges for the players and officials of big sports events. The purpose of this research is designing a model for controlling the atmosphere of the stadium for the establishment of the sustainable security of large sport events in Iran.

this research was carried out by qualitative method based on grounded theory. data were collected by semi - structured interviews with 20 experts (7 people), security and law enforcement (7 people) social psychology elites (n = 5) that were purposefully gathered to achieve theoretical saturation of data collection. to achieve validity , the results of the research were presented to the participants and they were applied to the participants and the reliability of the questionnaire was assessed using the test - retest method .

the results showed that causal factors including management and proper planning, disciplinary control, security and interaction and organizational communication; factors including poor media function, cultural management and psychological operation; strategies include justification and guidance of fans, timely judicial actions, improvement of welfare facilities, improving income and cultural management.

managers try to control the atmosphere of the sport stadium to provide the necessary ground for the maintenance of mental relaxation of spectators. Therefore, it is suggested that for this purpose, the custodians of mental health, law enforcement and removing the obstacles, should create the atmosphere of the stadium atmosphere.

One of the main concerns of military commanders is always to improve the combat readiness of employees in the executive ranks, and to achieve this annual goal, a large part of the time and expenses of these organizations are spent on this matter; However, the combat readiness of the employees of these organizations requires more effort to achieve greater usefulness, and the marine units are not exempt from this issue. Therefore, the purpose of the current research is to identify the challenges of commanders and managers in improving the combat readiness of Bushehr Admiralty Command staff. The current qualitative research is developmental-applied in terms of the purpose which has been conducted using content analysis and semi-structured interviews with 20 experts and elites related to the subject of the research, until theoretical saturation was achieved. Also, the information obtained from the research community was categorized and coded after implementation in MAXQDA software. According to the objectives of the research, in the end, the number of 354 codes, taking into account repeated codes, 38 basic themes and 5 organizing themes, including management challenges, manpower challenges, challenges of facilities and equipment, scientific and practical challenges and legal and judicial challenges were identified. Therefore, in order to improve the combat readiness of the units under their command, commanders and managers must first take action to solve the management challenges that are rooted in their command style and scientific and experimental capabilities, and then take the necessary action regarding other challenges and obstacles facing the combat readiness of the staff.

Identify the positive consequences of sports activities in crime prevention.

The present study was conducted qualitatively with the foundation data approach in 1400. The sampling method was purposeful and the interviews were semi-structured until theoretical saturation (interview # 18). The statistical population of the study was the faculty members of the universities in the Department of Psychology, Law, Sports Management and professors of Amin University of Law Enforcement Sciences. In order to finalize the research, the criteria of validity and reliability were used and its reliability was determined by the method of agreement between the two coders of 0.80.

After classifying the research findings, 57 concepts were divided into 5 sub-categories: personal empowerment, improvement of mental capacity, development of desirable behaviors, development of interactions and development of cultural identity. Finally, all categories were divided into two main categories of individual development and social development.

Some of the benefits of continuous presence of community members in sports activities include; Reduce smoking, improve lifestyle, drain energy and emotions, reduce depression, promote social relationships, increase mutual respect between people, feel valued in the individual, improve the processes of personality formation, reduce family conflicts and The formation of a culture is to deal with unhealthy activities; These factors play an important role in crime prevention. Therefore, it is necessary to create a culture and provide a suitable environment for the participation of individuals in society in sports activities.

The presence of families in the stadium is a problem on which there are different opinions; therefore, the present study was conducted to identify and analyze the theoretical patterns of the presence of families as spectators in the stadium.

The present applied research was performed using Q methodology which is a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative). In the qualitative stage, after interviewing experts, reading scientific articles, news reports, etc., a discourse space was formed. Then Q cards were prepared and 88 people from the discourse space were selected by purposive sampling to participate in the research. Data were also analyzed using cluster analysis.

The results showed that there are four patterns of opinion regarding families in the stadium: 1- Preventing false international attacks against the country 2- Improving the culture of spectators, improving the quality of competitions, participation and social satisfaction of women 3- The possibility of families attending the stadium subject to Providing facilities and infrastructure 4- Inadequate stadium environment for the presence of families and incompatibility with religious and cultural teachings

Based on the identified theoretical models, three theoretical models agree with the presence of families in the stadium and the fourth theoretical model generally opposes the presence of families in the stadium.

purpose of this study is to explain the role of new law enforcement technologies in establishing order and security of football matches in Iran.

correlation is a survey type. The statistical population consisted of 172 officials of the special units of the provinces with the Football Premier League team in the year 2019-2020, who were selected as relative classes according to the size of the statistical population in each province. To collect data, two questionnaires made by a researcher of new law enforcement technologies with 23 items and a questionnaire of order and security of football matches with 12 items were used. Their formal and content validity was confirmed by 11 professors and experts and their reliability was assessed by Cronbach's alpha test and its values were 0.89 and 0.84 for both questionnaires, respectively. Due to the abnormal distribution of the obtained data, "smart pls" software was used to analyze the data.

The findings showed that the path coefficient of new law enforcement technologies and maintaining order and security in the stadium is 0.679 and its determination coefficient (R2) is 0.462, which can be argued that by using the new disciplinary technologies presented in this study, 46.2% of the order and security of football matches in Iran was implemented.

using and equipping itself with all kinds of new and advanced technologies, must deal with disturbers of the order and security of the stadium in a timely, appropriate and decisive manner

Mass attendance of football spectators and the lack of smart and up-to-date control procedures have led to formation and intensification of emotions and abnormal reactions in some spectators. In such circumstances, given the key role of law enforcement in holding sports competitions, the present study pays attention to Investigating the Law enforcement management in establishing order and security of football matches in Iran.

The present study is a developmental-applied research based on a qualitative approach, which was done within the framework of thematic analysis method. Participants were included 30 people from academic professors, experts and research-related specialists, who were selected based on purposeful criterion sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and focus groups, and were analyzed using MAXQDA software.

From 255 pages of interview text were extracted 1086 codes, in the form of 157 basic themes. Then, it was merged themes that had the same concepts and was formed 16 organizing themes within the framework of 4 main themes (1- Information management; 2- Communication management; 3- Resource management; and 4- Operations management).

To create an environment free of any tensions and conflicts and security threats, it is necessary to law enforcement with constructive cooperation and communication with other organizations and institutions, based on awareness, using smart control devices instead of person-centered, information intelligence and organizational resource management, to manage its support-operational measures with an emphasis on the principle of prevention and anticipation. So that, the society can benefit from the achievements of this sport, including strengthening national solidarity, creating a spirit of vitality and happiness.

Organizational indifference is one of the main factors in reducing efficiency, frequent absence, non-accepting of responsibility, and the disappointment to work. This problem will be causing intellectual retardation, quiet fall and permanent and intangible destruction in the organization. Therefore, the aim of this study is to design a model for predicting organizational indifference based on organizational justice, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. The research method was descriptive-correlation and the statistical population of all female teachers of physical education in Alborz province with at least 5 years of service experience was 300 people. According to the Morgan's table, 246 of them were randomly selected. To collect data used from questionnaires including: organizational justice questionnaire of Neihoff and Moorman (1993), Spector's job satisfaction (1985), Steers Porter's organizational commitment questionnaire, and modified organizational indifference questionnaire of Danayeefard, Hassanzadeh and Salariyeh (2010). For formal and content validity, Corrective comments 11 experts were used. Also, Cronbach's alpha coefficient showed that the reliability of the four questionnaires is acceptable. Data were analyzed bay using Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling and Amos software. Path analysis results showed that proposed model it has a good fit with the data obtained in this research. Moreover, organizational justice and job satisfaction, directly and indirectly, and organizational commitment directly affect organizational indifference. According to the results, in order to advance the goals of physical education in schools, managers and administrators should pay more attention to the variables of individual and organizational behavior of physical education teachers.

Appendicitis is one of the main causes of acute pain. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of foot and hand reflexology on pain severity following appendectomy.

This clinical trial was conducted on 38 patients undergoing appendectomy in Alimoradian Hospital of Nahavand, Iran, in 2016. The samples were selected using convenience sampling, and then, randomly assigned to hand and foot reflexology groups via simple random sampling. In the foot reflexology group, the dorsal and plantar surfaces of the feet were lubricated using natural olive oil for five minutes. Next, reflexology was done by applying pressure to the appendix reflex area for 20 minutes. The same intervention was applied in the hand reflexology group. The severity of pain was measured using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS) before the intervention and one, three, and 24 hours after the intervention. Data were analyzed using Chi‑square, One‑way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA), and repeated measures ANOVA.

The results of one‑way ANOVA showed no significant difference in the mean pain severity between the two groups (p </em>= 0.771), whereas pain severity in the foot reflexology group was significantly lower than that of the hand reflexology group after the intervention (t = 1.63, p </em>= 0.001).

The results of this study showed that foot reflexology was more effective than hand reflexology in pain alleviation.

Given the importance and attractiveness of the mixed product parallel lines balancing problem and the importance of the human factor in the development process and also very few studies in relation to several simultaneous objectives that is a new approach in the field of parallel assembly lines, this paper presents a two-objective combined integer mathematical model for balancing mixed-model parallel assembly lines. Because of the complexity of the problem is in the class of NP-hard problems, the mathematical model can’t be solved for the actual dimensions of the industry. Genetic algorithm was used to solve this problem, coding and designing is done with MATLAB. The proposed model is evaluated by data set provided in this area. Results reflect the good performance of the model and improved objectives. Therefore proposed model leads to reduce the number of stations required in lines and minimize the total cost of human resources in mixed model parallel assembly lines.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between media advertising on customers' emotional responses to the sale of insurance products in Qazvin province (Case Study: Mellat Insurance Company). The statistical population of this study consists of insurers and insurers of the Mellat Insurance Company (branches of Qazvin province), which consisted of 385 people. A sample of 193 people was selected by random sampling method according to Cochran formula. The current research is based on the purpose of the research, applied and, as far as the method of data collection is descriptive, correlation type. In this research, a special questionnaire on advertising and mixed with Daniel Garman's emotional responses questionnaire was used to collect data and to confirm the validity of the questionnaire from the experts' opinions, and to assess the reliability and reliability of the Cronbach's alpha (0/917), it was shown that the questionnaire was high. In this research, the results of the study indicate that between the dimensions of media advertising "related news in advertising, promotion of advertising, entertainment in advertising, sympathy in advertising, familiarity with advertising, confusion in advertising and the amount of sales of advertised products" There is a positive and significant relationship with the emotional responses to the sale of insurance products.

Low back pain is one of the most common and most costly musculoskeletal disorders that 80% of people experience at least once in a lifetime. The aim of this research was evaluation of the effects of back school program on back pain and disability in students of Police University with chronic non-specific low back pain. Thirty-two male students of Police University with chronic low back pain (mean age: 22. 7 ± 1. 48 years) participated in this study voluntarily who assigned randomly in two groups of the experimental (n = 16) and the control (n = 16). Back pain intensity and disability level were respectively evaluated by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODQ). Independent and pair t-test were used for statistical analysis of data (p < 0. 01). The results showed that the back pain intensity and disability level were significantly decreased in the experimental group after the back school program which demonstrates improvement in the mentioned group (p < 0. 01). Generally، it can be concluded that back school program is useful and recommended to reduce low back pain and disability in patients with chronic low back pain.

Chronic neck pain is one of the common problems among computer users. The aim of this research was evaluation the effect of therapeutic exercises programs on the rate of chronic neck pain and disability in police staff in Lorestan Province. In this semi experimental study, thirty patients with chronic neck pain with the mean age: 35.73 ± 5.68 years, height: 176.00 ± 5.43 cm and weight: 72.9 ± 10.61 and with at least six months history of neck pain were recruited by personal information questionnaire among computer users of the Police Headquarter of the Lorestan Province. The subjects were divided into two groups with 15 subjects. First group received therapeutic exercises by pamphlet, while the second one was the control group that did not receive any intervention. Neck pain and disability were measured by Neck Pain and Disability Scale at baseline and after 8 weeks intervention period. For analyzing data, first the differences between quantities of pre and post tests were measured, then evaluated by independent t- test (P<0.05). Pearson correlation was also used to consider the relation between variables. The results showed that neck pain and disability in experimental group were significant decreased compared with the control group (p<0.05). But Pearson correlation showed that there was no significant relationship between neck pain, disability and the subjects work experience (p =0. 84, r = -‌0.37). According to the results of this study, it can be concluded that treatment by pamphlet would be useful for treatment of chronic neck pain. Consequently, it seems that applying this method was more helpful for the rehabilitation of patients with chronic neck pain and so it is highly recommended.

The Pilates is one of the new training methods that seem to be effective in reducing weight, risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Pilates training on selective physiological and physical fitness in untrained overweight females. 30 female non - athlete overweight students with body mean mass index of 26/25 ± 1/84Kg/m2, volunteered in this study and were randomly assigned to either experimental or control groups. The experimental group performed Pilates training 3 sessions a week for 8 weeks, each session lasting one hour. Control group did not do any special exercise. body weight, body mass index, fat percent (sum–of-four-skin folds: triceps, supriliac, abdominal, thigh), fat body mass, lean body mass, waist circumference, aerobic power, systolic and diastolic blood pressure in resting time, excellent hand power, abdominal muscular endurance, and flexibility (sit-and-reach and shoulder-reach) were assessed before initiation and after termination of the intervention program. To measure differences between experimental and control groups regarding these variables, one-way analysis of covariance and dependent t-test were conducted at the P level of 0.05. Study Results showed that, fat percent, fat body mass and waist circumference significantly decreased in the experimental group at the end of exercising period (P < 0/05). Moreover, aerobic power, abdominal muscular endurance, flexibility (sit-and-reach and shoulder-reach) and excellent hand power significantly increased in the experimental group as compared to the control group (P < 0/05). There is no significant difference between experimental and control groups in total body weight, body mass index, lean body mass and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P > 0/05). The result of present study proved that Pilates exercise over an 8-week period with 3 one-hour sessions per week can decrease fat percent, fat body mass and waist circumference and improve such variables as flexibility, hand power, abdominal muscular endurance and aerobic power.

Ibn Arabi with his progressive mysticism reproduced the heritage of the previous great masters of Sufism in such a way that he is considered the forefather of the majority of mystical theologians and thinkers even up to the present time. The scope of his influence, from his own time to the appearance of Shiite mystics and theoreticians of the Safavid and the Qajar periods as well as contemporary thinkers is the evidence to the greatness of his soul and views. One of the most important aspects of Ibn Arabi's views in theoretical mysticism is on Sainthood (velayat) which can be divided into before and after Ibn Arabi. It is obvious that Sheikh Mahmud Shabestari's views in Golshan-e Raz is a continuation of the Ibn Arabi's tradition and his commentators such as Qaysari and Kashani. This paper is a study of the influence of Muhy al-Din Ibn Arabi's instructions on the views of Sheikh Shabastari about Sainthood and perfect man in Golestan-e Raz. Thus it is a comparative study of the views of Ibn Arabi and Sheikh Mahmud; and some inferences are made from other commentators of Ibn Arabi and mystics before him.

Hemorrhoidectomy is usually associated with severe pain in the immediate postoperative period. Today, a number of local blockages and sedatives are used to reduce this pain. However, so far, no specific method is recommended for this purpose. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of the ischioanal fossa block, in reduction of postoperative pain and analgesic requirements. This clinical-trial study was performed on eighty candidates of elective hemorrhoidectomy. Patients were randomly assigned to either case (receiving ischioananl fossa block) or control (no ischioananl fossa block). All aspects of surgery and anesthesia were standardized. In the postoperative period, analgesia was maintained with pethedine. Pain was assessed using VAS (Visual analogue scale) at 0 (arousal), 4, 12 and, 24 hours after operations. The time interval for the first request of analgesia and the total amount of analgesic consumption were recorded. There was no statistical difference between the two groups with respect to age, sex, weight, and duration of operation. The pain score of the case and the control group was 2.65±0.92 and 4.93±1.09, respectively (p<0.05). Also, the pain score at 0, 4, 12, and 24 hrs post operation was significantly lower in the case than that in the control group (p<0.05). The time interval for request of the first analgesic was significantly longer in the case group (8 hr versus 1.5 hrs) (p<0.05). Total dose of pethedine consumption was statistically different between the two groups (p<0.05). Based on the results, the administration of ischiorectal fossa block and bupivacain before the operation resulted in a significant decrease in postoperative pain and analgesia requirements. Therefore, this method is recommended.

Arthroscopic knee surgery is a painful operation and control of its pain causes earlier recovery of the patients. Therefore, the reduction of the post-operative pain is very important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of intra-articular ketamine injection after knee arthroscopy. In a double blind randomized study, 75 patients with age ranging of 18-60 years who were candidate for elective arthroscopy were chosen and the same anesthetic method was used for all of them. Based on the injected anesthetic drug, they were divided into five equal groups, A-E. Group A received both intra-articular ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) and intravenous placebo. Group B received intra-articular ketamine (0.75 mg/kg) and intravenous placebo. Group C received intravenous ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) and intra-articular placebo. Group D received intravenous ketamine (0.75 mg/kg) and intra-articular placebo. Group E received intravenous and intra-articular placebo. After the operation, if necessary, intra-veouns morphine (0.05 mg/kg) was given for pain relief. Using visual analogue scale (VAS 1 to 10), the pain was evaluated at 4, 8 and 24 hours after the operation. The time of first rescue analgesic request, and the total dose of morphine used was recorded. Statistical analysis was carried out by using SPSS software. The results of this study showed that there was no significant difference in the cases of age, sex, weight and duration of operation among 5 groups studied. Also, the total amount of opioid or the time beginning of analgesic request was not statistically different among the groups during 24 hours observation. Based on our results, intra-articular ketamine injection did not reduce postoperative pain after diagnostic knee arthroscopy and had no sparing effect on total opioid consumption and first postoperative analgesic request.

Preemptive analgesia is one of the pain sedative methods which is based on the blocking of pain receptor before any painful stimulation. Ketamine is a NMDA (N-Methyl D-Aspartate) receptor blocker, which has been used to reduce central sensitization. This study was performed to evaluate the preemptive effect of low dose ketamine (0.5 mg/kg, i.v.) on postoperative pain of cholecystectomy. In this study, sixty patients aged 30-60 years, with Anesthesia Society of America Scoring I or II (ASA I or II), candidate for elective cholecystectomy were randomly divided into two groups. The same operation and general anesthetic methods were used for the two groups. The patients in group1 received 0.5 mg/kg ketamine, 20 min. before surgical incision and normal saline (the same volume), 20 min. after the operation. The patients of group 2, received normal saline (0.5 mg/kg) 20 min. before surgical incision and ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) 20 min. after that. In the postoperative period, analgesia was maintained with pethidine Using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), pain was measured at 0 (arousal), 6, 12 and 24 hrs after the operation. The time interval for the first request of analgesia and the total amount of analgesic consumption during 24 hrs were reported. The data was analyzed using t and c2 tests. The mean value of pain intensity at 0, 6, 12 and 24 hrs after the operation in group 1 (3.24±0.97) was significantly less that that of the group 2 (4.18±1.09) (p<0.05). The time interval to request the first analgesic supplement was longer in the group 1 than that in the group 2 (31.12 min versus 18.12 min; p<0.05). Also, the total pethidine consumption was significantly different between two groups (p<0.05). Based on our results, using pre-incisional ketamine (1 mg/kg) has more preemptive effect on reducing pain and analgesia requirement after cholecystectomy compared to those of post-operative ketamine.