iraj noravesh

Return is one of the most important factors explaining stock risk. Investors choose companies for investment with the aim of achieving appropriate returns or favorable trading performance. When choosing these companies, many factors are taken into consideration, all of which affect the trading performance of the companies (Return). The purpose of this research is to provide a conceptual model of investors' trading performance in the Iranian capital market.

after a detailed study of the research literature, a number of 38 articles were selected using the critical assessment skills program method. By studying the relevant articles, the effective components on trading performance were identified. After this stage, 20 expert experts were asked for their opinions using the fuzzy Delphi method.

gender and behavioral characteristics, economic risks and crises, and personality, hereditary and genetic characteristics were identified as the most important factors affecting the trading performance of investors.

Finally, the conceptual model of investors' trading performance was presented with Kappa index. This model can be used to predict trading performance in the Iranian capital market.

Human hormones and health crises such as COVID-19 affect a person's risk-taking. The purpose of this research is Investigating the effect of hormonal changes and COVID-19 on investors' trading performance. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of method is descriptive-correlation. Hormonal tests of 30 people were used for research. The effect of these individuals' hormones on the performance of 113 stocks was examined. Relevant stock performance was also compared in the two periods before and after the COVID-19. In this research three hypothesizes were formulated. The finding shows that there is negative significance relationship between testosterone hormones and investors’ trading performance and there isn’t significance relationship between cortisol hormones and investors’ trading performance. investors’ trading performance was different in covid-19 period and before of it. When buying and selling stocks, natural and unnatural factors should be considered by investors. Investors can make better decisions with the help of analysts, considering their hormonal characteristics and taking into account the possibility of changing physical conditions as well as the conditions of the society.

Generally, tax morale is defined as an umbrella capturing non-financial incentives for tax compliance and factors outside the standard and expected framework. Therefore, this paper prioritizes the factors affecting tax morale. This is mixed-method research. The mixed method is a procedure for collecting and analyzing quantitative and qualitative data in a study or a set of studies based on sequential and concurrent information. This paper first adopts the qualitative approach, followed by the quantitative approach. The Grounded theory approach is used to solve the research problem in the qualitative stage. This article adopted Strauss and Corbin's method and finally presented tax morale in six components, including causal, intervening, contextual, phenomenal, strategy and results of tax morale. This article prioritized the components identified from the Grounded Theory with two approaches, namely DEMATEL and ANP, and the sub-criteria were determined by 15 experts who had lived experience in taxation. The results showed that among the identified factors, the phenomenal category in the tax morale was the most significant, with a weight of $41\%$; followed by strategy and results, the causal category; and finally, the intervening and contextual categories are ranked next. The study results can be a guide for receiving taxes, and considering the identified components is a big step towards advancing tax goals and paving the path to achieving the taxation goals.

The present study aims to develop a model of abnormal audit report lag, and then to diagnose and study the relationships between the origins and consequences of abnormal audit report lag. The present study uses data from 118 firms from 2012 to 2020 and deploys the data panel regression model to evaluate the hypotheses. Regarding the abnormal audit report lag, the findings of the present paper show that variables such as modified opinions, auditor size, auditor change, audit fee, firm size, loss, leverage, profitability, bankruptcy risk, and the ratio of fixed assets have a meaningful impact on elucidating the reasons of lag in the issuance of auditors’ report. Therefore, the model in the present paper offers a more comprehensive perspective toward abnormal audit lag by obviating the limits of the previous models. Moreover, the results regarding the origins and consequences show the meaningful positive impact of ownership dispersion and the ratio of independent directors on abnormal audit lag. Consequently, abnormal audit lag negatively affects earnings quality and has a meaningful positive impact on variation in monthly stock returns.

Taxes are a fundamental aspect of modern life. The funds that governments get from taxes are used to provide essential services and public goods. Therefore, people's willingness to pay taxes plays an important role in the economic and social well-being of any country. The approach of this research is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, which presents its model in the qualitative part based on grounded theory, and structural equation modeling (SEM) is used in the quantitative part. The statistical population of this research was conducted in the qualitative section, including 12 experts and elites of the country's tax affairs organization and university elites with high experience, who were selected by the snowball method, and interviews were used to collect the required data. In the quantitative part, the statistical population was selected based on the recommendations of using confirmatory models of 270 managers and financial experts. After the implementation, the textual data were analyzed using three successive stages of open, central and selective coding, and finally the research paradigm model was developed. The results show that the pattern of tax sentiment is based on the central category of virtual space, democracy and advertising, which is formed under the influence of causal conditions. This process begins with causal conditions and leads to the formation of a central category that helps to strengthen tax morale by using strategies, and its consequence is the improvement of economic indicators, the improvement of social indicators and the fight against money laundering. The lack of tax justice, flexibility and complexity of tax laws are also among the conditions interfering with the model of tax morale, and creating a culture and establishing tax justice are among the strategies to strengthen tax morale.

Auditing is done with the purpose of creating confidence in the financial statements, and the auditors' comments show the extent to which the audited financial statements are free of distortions and errors. The current research was conducted with the aim of designing the opinion model of independent auditors with the grounded theory approach. The qualitative research method is based on theorization of the grounded theory, to collect the information from semi-structured interviews and analysis of the information was done using the Strauss and Corbin method. Sampling was done by theoretical method and using targeted-judgment and snowball techniques, based on which 23 interviews were conducted. The results of the analysis obtained from the interviews, during the process of open, central and selective coding, led to the presentation of the model of the auditors' comments based on theorization of the Grounded Theory, including 6 categories and 41 concepts. Based on the model of auditors' opinions, financial managers, by understanding and identifying the causal factors affecting auditors' opinions and improving the background conditions, can implement strategies in order to achieve an audit opinion at an acceptable level and with Adopt the desired quality while considering the interfering conditions.

liquidity is a fundamental aspect of stock market efficiency and in terms of methodology , most of the theories related to the structure of financial markets account for the implications of liquidity behavior more than other market characteristics . therefore , the central role of market liquidity in the form of prices , and reducing the costs and risks of sustainable development and stability of financial systems is important , so liquidity issue has attracted much attention in recent years in academic studies as well as in important publications . in this research , the criteria of each liquidity type are introduced and the relationship between them is studied . in fact , the main question of this research is what measure is the criterion for the selection of liquidity in tehran stock exchange . the purpose of this thesis is to evaluate and compare liquidity capability and design a model for explaining liquidity measures in tehran stock exchange with emphasis on 11 different measures . for this purpose , a sample of eight firms listed in tehran stock exchange ( tse ) during the period 1380 to 1389 were reviewed . to achieve the goal of this research , factor analysis - vikor 's numerical algorithm which is one of multi - criteria decision making methods is used .

The aim of this study is to investigate the calendar effect of the holy month of Ramadan on market risk indicators in Pharmaceutical companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange. To achieve the purpose of the research, the data of 17 Companies in the period of 2010-2019 were analyzed. The present study is considered as applied in terms of purpose and correlation in terms of descriptive method. Multivariate regression model and combined data were used to investigate the relationship between variables. The findings of this study showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the effect of the holy month of Ramadan and the coefficient of variable risk. The results also showed that there is no significant relationship between the holy month of Ramadan and the semi-variance risk index, liquidity risk and non-systematic risk. According to the results of the study, it can be said that investors believing in Islam who fast this month, by reducing their investment operations, participate less in trading transactions, so their investment risk is reduced. In other words, during Ramadan, the number of transactions in the financial markets decreases since Muslims’ economic activities and speculation slow down. The present study tries to fill the gap on the relationship between the calendar effect of the holy month of Ramadan on the risks in the Iranian stock market by using and combining the existing literature and the new research method.

Analyzing the impact of investor psychological components, including their attitudes and behaviors on investment decisions in financial-behavioral theory, can lead to a fair distribution of services to capital market participants. Creating such justice requires understanding the decision-making behaviors of investors. By conceptually and operationally defining the components affecting this process, a comprehensive model for the formation of the trading volume process based on the components of investor psychology in the Tehran Stock Exchange was developed using the fuzzy neural network approach. The research period is from 2013 to 2018 and the statistical sample consists of 138 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The psychological components of research include rationality, investor optimism, and pessimism, loss aversion, and momentum. Findings indicate that there is a significant negative and positive relationship between the variables of investors' pessimism and optimism and the process of trading volume, respectively; but there is no significant relationship between the variables of investors' rationality, loss-aversion, and momentum with the process of the trading volume.

This research investigates the effects of earnings quality features on the excess returns of firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange during 1386-1394. In other words, it measures and compares the predictive power of each of the earnings quality feature and management capabilities in predicting stock excess returns. The statistical population consists of all firms listed on Tehran Stock Exchange while the sample size was 105 firms. The method of testing the hypotheses was econometric panel data using E-views software. The results show that at the 95% confidence level, except for the variable of non-optional accrual, the remaining six earnings quality features and management capabilities are able to predict the firms's excess returns and have positive effects on the excess returns.The results indicate that the predictive power of the independent variables are different. In addition, the results imply that the accrual quality with a R2 value of 98% is the best predictor for the stock excess returns in the Tehran Stock Exchange.

The main purpose of this study is to analyze fraud in financial statements and new techniques used to discover it in financial statements of Iran stock exchange.

This research is a descriptive research in which to analyze and interpret the types of fraud in financial statements and new techniques used to discover it.

In today's competitive world, organizations face a huge amount of data, and one of the major issues that needs to be addressed, is the issue of financial statement fraud. Because  it cause lack of transparency about operations of the company and cause issues such as asset misappropriation, loss of company credit and so on.

Fraud detection approaches generally include Bayesian Process and Networking approaches for detecting commodity and securities fraud; Bayesian Networking approaches, Genetic Algorithm etc to detect financial statements fraud; machine learning approaches, decision tree etc to detect credit card fraud and logistic regression approach to detect insurance fraud. As a result, all groups involved in fraud detection need these tools and approaches to detect fraud in a timely manner and to inform managers to track and resolve them. In addition, accountants, auditors and managers need to be familiar with new approaches to fraud detection for metadata analysis, thereby analyzing all the risk-related signs of fraud detection and achieving a more rational and transparent result.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of hormones in financial behaviors. Risk-taking and optimism are two behavioral characteristics of managers and investors; for this purpose, these two behavioral factors and the level of hormones affecting them were studied. The research hormones included testosterone, free testosterone, T3, T4, TSH, and cortisol, which were measured by a blood test in a medical laboratory. Age and gender were also the other two variables of the study. The statistical population included financial managers working in government institutions and banks and a standard questionnaire was used to collect qualitative data. Data analysis was performed using RSM, SPSS, and LISREL software. This experimental research is cross-sectional in terms of time, quantitative in terms of data, and fundamental-applied in terms of purpose. The results indicated that hormone levels, gender, and age have significant effects on risk and optimism. These findings are in line with the results of neurofinance research.

In the financial-behavioral perspective, analyzing the impact of investors' psychological components, including their attitudes and behaviors on investment decisions, can lead to a fair distribution of services to capital market participants. The creation of such justice requires an understanding of investors' decision-making behaviors. Transactions should be based on the psychological components of investors in the Tehran Stock Exchange. The research course is from 1392 to 1396 and the statistical sample consists of 138 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The psychological components of research include rationality, optimism, investor pessimism, loss avoidance, and momentum. The research findings indicate that there is a significant positive, Also positive relationship between the variables of pessimism, optimism of investors, and the trend of the trading volume; however, there is no significant relationship between the variables of investor rationality, loss, and momentum with the trend of trading volume volume. key words: Investor Psychology, Volume Trend

The objective of the current survey was to excavate the effect of the rate of hormones in the blood, age, and gender on the financial behavior of managers. Also, preparing and propounding the neurofinance model of financial behaviors that have generated anomalies such as optimism in the market is other intentions of this study. This research has been operated with an inductive approach and experimentally in a one-time period in a statistical population consisting of 37 male and female managers with an average age of 25-60 years. The amounts of the testosterone, free testosterone, cortisol T3, T4, and TSH were deliberate in a medical diagnostic laboratory with a blood test. Managers' optimism data were accumulated with a standardized questionnaire straight away afterward receiving the blood sample. The prepared data were analyzed with SPSS and LISREL and RSM software. The outcomes demonstrated that age has a significant inverse relationship with optimism. Free Testosterone; T4 and testosterone play an inverse role in optimism augmenting. Cortisol and T3 are straightly related to optimism. Also, financial behavior is further related to the dimension of optimism in women than men, and with growing older, optimism decreases. The significant effect of testosterone and cortisol, age and gender on optimism, confirmed the effect of these hormones on the financial behavior in other studies. The effect of testosterone and thyroid hormones on optimism was considered in this survey for the first time.

The professional judgment of an auditor is a key factor in the proper conducting of the audit process. To make the proper decision, the auditor must understand issues such as client operational characteristics, complexity, and organizational structure, since all of these issues can logically affect auditor's opinion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between business strategy and audit quality of the companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange concerning the environmental factors.

According to the purpose of the study, this research is applied research. In this study, according to the specific type of data and the usual method of analysis, we used the pooled data method for estimating. We used data of 135 companies listed in the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2010 to 2017. The audit quality was measured using output metrics (with type I audit error, type II audit error, new qualified report, and financial reporting quality).

This study showed that the relationship between business strategy and type I audit error is direct and significant, and the relationship between business strategy and type II audit error is negative and significant. Also, the type of audit report and the financial reporting quality have direct and significant relationships with business strategy.

This study provides important insights for investors and users of financial statements. That is, determining the quality of the audit (or lack thereof) without knowing the audit and business environment of companies is incomplete and will lead to misleading decision-making Also, investors and users of financial statements can develop their insights and awareness of the quality of corporate auditing by making a logical connection with the type of business strategy of companies.

This article aims to design a model for the relationship between corporate governance and tax evasion. In this regard, important variables of corporate governance such as Percentage of non-executive board members, percentage of ownership of institutional investors, percentage of managerial ownership, presence of auditor and Board Bonus were considered as corporate governance measures. The statistical population of this study consisted of all Tehran Stock Exchange companies during a six-year period from 2011 to 2015. Of these, 245 companies were considered as statistical sample due to specific research limitations and using Cross-sectional-time regression model have been tested with fixed effects. E-Views software is used for this purpose. The research findings show that among the tested selected models, a model in which the impact of ownership percentage as a significant variable has a higher ability to Explanation. This article aims to design a model for the relationship between corporate governance and tax evasion. In this regard, important variables of corporate governance such as Percentage of non-executive board members, percentage of ownership of institutional investors, percentage of managerial ownership, presence of auditor and Board Bonus were considered as corporate governance measures. The statistical population of this study consisted of all Tehran Stock Exchange companies during a six-year period from 2011 to 2015. Of these, 245 companies were considered as statistical sample due to specific r

Supply chain management helps partners in the chain to justify internal costs. The pursuit of cost information through the supply chain is very important for controlling costs, which helps to establish and optimize activities in institutions in the value chain. In this research, we have tried to review the literature on Supply Chain Costing in order to predict a model of management dashboard design for supply chain cost estimation, focusing on quantitative models and prediction. For this purpose, after reviewing the supply chain cost literature and examining the scope and purpose of the dashboard design, using the mathematical models and applying actual production and sales data in Tehran Province in the Zamzam Iran  Company  and Zamzam Tehran  Company 22 data courses From March 2016 to December 2017, the subject of this study, the design of the Supply Chain Cost Chain (CHCDM) model and the use of specialized software to prepare reports in the field of business intelligence, predicted the cost estimation dashboard model Supply chain and analysis reports were sensitive. Findings of the research are the best way to predict the combination method and regression method.

Promoting tax culture is a significant challenge in the tax system. In Iran's tax system, based on self-reported tax liability, voluntary tax payment is low because the tax system is inefficient. Thus, it is very important for Iranian policymakers, decision-makers, and managers to gain knowledge about the prevailing tax culture in the society. A progressive tax culture can significantly contribute to Iran's economic development. Therefore, factors affecting the tax culture must be identified and effective measures should be taken into account accordingly. This study is applied, descriptive-correlational study examines the relationship between tax culture and risky tax-avoidance in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The research data included the financial data of the listed companies form 2008 to 2017. Regression panel data is applied to test the research hypotheses. The results show that there is a significant and positive relationship between tax culture and lower effective tax rates with prospective tax rate fluctuations and stock price fluctuations. Hence, more attention must be paid to the tax culture in taxation. Additionally, the funds arising from tax avoidance should be utilized in investment to increase the projected cash flow, and as a result, reduce the capital costs.

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of cash flow shock and stock prices on prediction of stock price index in Tehran Stock Exchange. The study period in this study was seasonal data from the beginning of the year 2011 to the end of 2017 and the number of observations for each of the variables examined is 68. To investigate the least squares and all relevant tests were used. After statistical analysis, it is concluded that there is a relationship between stock price deviation with the creation of a bubble in the stock market of Tehran. There is also a relationship between liquidity and price bubbles in the Tehran Stock Exchange. And in the study of the predictive power of the model The regression revealed that the standard deviation of the forecast in high fluctuation periods is high and the regression model introduced in times of crisis and price bubbles calculates the amount of bubbles more than its actual value. In fact, the predicted price is always in the bubble period The price is higher than real prices, and this results in more severe inflationary conditions in the financial market.

The overall purpose of publishing financial statements is to provide information about financial status, performance results, and cash flows to stakeholders. Users' trust, especially investors, shareholders, and creditors, with the information in these statements is an incentive that leads one to fraud in financial reporting. The purpose of present research is to predict fraud in fraudulent financial statements fraud. This triangle is based on the assumption that one is motivated to commit fraud when there are three elements of fraud. These three elements are 1. some perceived motivations for fraud, 2. some opportunities for fraud, and 3. methods of reasoning that fraud does not harm the value of the perpetrator (Cressey, 1973). In this study, the dependent variable of financial statement fraud is used by the researcher as a substitute for earnings management (profit). Independent variables include the pressure of financial stability, the greed of the perpetrator, ineffective supervision, effective supervision, the pressure of external expectations, and predicted financial goals. The statistical population of the study is listed companies in Tehran Stock Exchange and the statistical sample of 98 companies is selected through systematic elimination method during the years 2012 - 2018. The results of testing the research hypotheses using multivariate regression model and panel data model showed that the pressure of financial stability has a significant relationship with financial statements Fraud.

In the competitive world today, organizations need to be precise about the changes in the costs that the company must create in order to create a new value throughout the supply chain at one time. In this research, we have tried to investigate the cost of the chain by looking at dashboard design to predict and estimate supply chain costs. For this purpose, after reviewing the supply chain cost literature and examining the scope and purpose of the dashboard design, using the mathematical models and the actual use of information production and sales in Tehran province in the Zamzam Iran Company  and Zamzam Tehran  Company , the data of 22 period periods From April 1395 to January 2012, related to the study of this research, the design of the CHCM model, and the use of specialized software in the field of intelligent business intelligence reporting, the design of a model dashboard for evaluating the cost of the chain Supply and analysis reports became sensitive. Research findings indicate the model's ability to estimate supply chain costs for the desired courses and at the level of activity.

One of the most fundamental economic issues for holding companies is capital allocation. Typically, investors in selecting investment alternatives follow conflicting preferences and goals simultaneously. Therefore, in the present study, we are looking for to study the Factors Affecting on the Management of investment in holding companies. This study is an applied research from the purpose perspective and is descriptive based on its data collection method. To assess the validity of the questionnaire, the diagnostic validity (DV) using an average variance extracted (AVE) and to determine the reliability of the questionnaire Cronbach's alpha were used. In addition to completely browsing the literature and by selecting the statistical sample members from holding managers using of random sample method, researchers have evaluated the research hypotheses by using of structural equation modeling (SEM) and regression methods. Research findings indicate that Internal factors (including Technical, process and operation parameters) and External factors (including Risk & return and market parameters) have a significant impact on Management of investment in holding companies.

Most studies on the relevance of valuation laws and the structure of financial market have used linear approaches for analysis. In this study asks whether the effect of valuation laws on the structure of financial market is stable under different economic conditions or not. The importance of answering to this question becomes clear when economic policymakers seek to adopt appropriate policies in the financial sector in order to increase the structure of the financial market. This study In terms of purpose is applied research and In terms of analytical method is a type of analytical research. Statistics and the information needed for the research were collected through documentary or library method and the data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The statistical population is all D8 countries (including: Iran, Turkey, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Malaysia, Egypt and Nigeria). EViews6 and MATLAB software were used to estimate the model. According to the reported results, the following points can be Inferable: Valuation laws have a non-linear effect on the structure of financial market. The varying effect of valuation laws on the structure of financial market in different regimes Confirms that valuation laws improves performance in the structure of financial market, but this effect varies during the time so that even a negative effect is possible..

Supply chain management helps partners in the chain to justify internal costs. The pursuit of cost information through the supply chain is very important for controlling costs, which helps to establish and optimize activities in institutions in the value chain. In this research, we have tried to review the literature on Supply Chain Costing in order to predict a model of management dashboard design for supply chain cost estimation, focusing on quantitative models and prediction. For this purpose, after reviewing the supply chain cost literature and examining the scope and purpose of the dashboard design, using the mathematical models and applying actual production and sales data in Tehran Province in the Zamzam Iran  Company  and Zamzam Tehran  Company 22 data courses From March 2016 to December 2017, the subject of this study, the design of the Supply Chain Cost Chain (CHCDM) model and the use of specialized software to prepare reports in the field of business intelligence, predicted the cost estimation dashboard model Supply chain and analysis reports were sensitive. Findings of the research are the best way to predict the combination method and regression method.

Establishing an effective internal control system in economic entities increases the effectiveness and efficiency of operations and ensures the reasonable assurance of the quality of reporting and compliance with laws and regulations. According to organizational theory, companies with an aggressive strategy in comparison to companies with a defensive strategy are likely to report more significant weaknesses in internal controls. The aim of the present research is to examine the relationship between the business strategy and internal control over financial reporting of accepted companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. In this research, 135 companies have been selected during the period of 2010 to 2017 from the accepted companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. Research findings indicate that there is a direct and meaningful relationship between business strategy and the existing weakness of internal controls in business entities. On the other hand, there is a positive and meaningful relationship between the business strategy used by the business entity and the improvement of internal control weaknesses in the coming years. The findings suggest that the business strategy can be considered as a useful indicator in assessing the strength of internal controls of the companies.