jafar jafarzadeh

Rapid physical and population development and growth in recent decades has caused many problems in cities, and Ardabil city has not been exempted from this due to its historical antiquity and high population and physical growth. This research examines and evaluates the land suitability index per capita in Ardabil city using the overlap model and spatial analysis in the geographic information system (GIS) environment. The main purpose of this study is to determine the per capita suitability of land for different urban uses and provide solutions to improve planning and sustainable urban development. For this purpose, first, spatial and descriptive data related to urban land use were collected from different sources and then processed using spatial analysis tools in GIS. The research results show that the use of this model can help identify suitable areas for future developments and optimize existing uses. The findings of this research show that there is an inequality of compatibility among some urban uses such as residential areas with more than 42%, educational use with more than 35%, administrative use with 38%, medical use with 25% and sports use with 16%. They have neighboring uses. Tourist use with more than 80%, religious and cultural use with more than 75%, and commercial use with more than 70% are in completely compatible and relatively compatible conditions with their neighboring uses and have the least incompatibility with other uses. Therefore, urban planners and designers should pay special attention to the proper distribution of neighboring uses based on spatial-spatial components, while allocating the best space to the uses needed to solve the current shortage, in the programs related to future development. This study provides practical suggestions for improving urban planning policies and land management in Ardabil, which can be used as a model for other cities.

Assessments of water quality have recently developed and now include surface and groundwater pollution issues. Permanent changes occurring in the quality of groundwater, especially those affecting drinking water and salinization of water sources, are considered to be a serious threat to rural development. Unfortunately, many people lack enough knowledge about the importance of groundwater and the harmful effects of environmental pollution on these valuable resources. The present study has investigated the quality of potable groundwater in the rural parts of central Ardabil County using multi-criteria decision-making models and geostatistical analysis in GIS environment. Parameters such as EC, PH, SO4-, Cl-, Na and TH (in terms of CaCo3) have been used to create an overall picture of the quality of potable groundwater resources in Ardabil County based on which related zoning map was developed in geographic information system. The kriging interpolation method was also used to obtain the spatial distribution of the parameters and the simple additive weighting method was used to weigh and rank the layers. According to the final map of water quality, approximately 36% of the central Ardabil County (around 88 square kilometers, mainly in the southern part of the study area) has access to optimal quality of drinking water. On the other hand, low quality of drinking water is observed in the northern and northeastern parts which cover 46% of the study area (112 square kilometers). Moreover, a direct relationship is observed between the population density and the density of deep and semi-deep wells and the decrease in the quality of water.            

The present study has applied library research and field study methods. Rstudio and Arc GIS 10 software were also used to perform related analyses. Study Area Case study area includes 243 square kilometers of the central Ardabil County consisting of three cities and nineteen villages as illustrated in Figure 1. The following methods were used in this research:1- Direct rating 2- Kriging interpolation 3- Standardization method 4- Simple weighing method 5- Fuzzification of the final data The following parameters have also been used to assess the quality of drinking water:1- Electrical conductivity (EC) 2- Chlorine level (Cl-) 3-The amount of sulfate (SO4+) 4- The amount of nitrate (Na) 5 Total water hardness(TH) 6- Water acidity level (PH)

Groundwater chemical quality is primarily assessed using parameters such as changes in the amount of dissolved salts, and limitations on various uses of water especially water used for drinking. Table 1 shows different types of conventional kriging methods selected through the method test for the parameters. These can be obtained using the mutual evaluation method and RMS error. Factors affecting the quality of drinking water are then ranked and weighted according to the expert opinions. The final quality map is thus prepared. Layers are then standardized in accordance with data description and the results are presented in Table 1. It also exhibits maximum permissible and desirable level of non-toxic chemicals in drinking water in accordance with the Iranian Standards and Industrial Research Institute (ISIRI) and the World Health Organization (WHO) standard, along with the maximum permissible level of mineral substances in drinking water. Semivariograms used for kriging interpolation are also presented. Table 2 shows the RMS and RMSE errors as well as the average standard error of the water quality parameters in the study area. The interpolated primary layers are presented in Figure 3. The final map prepared for the quality of potable water in the study area indicates that the quality of groundwater in the northern part and a little section of the central part (46% or 112 square kilometers of the study area) is unfavorable. This includes 8 villages of the County. 6 villages have access to drinking water with semi-optimal quality and 5 villages are located in the optimal area of water quality. Accordingly, the quality of potable groundwater decreases drastically as we move towards the northern and northeastern parts of the study area, and the lowest quality of groundwater is observed in the most northerly part of the study area (covering 46% of the study area). Figure 4 shows the density of deep and semi-deep wells, the amount of annual harvest from rivers in the central part of Ardabil (in thousand cubic meters per year), the population density and industrial areas in this region. A direct relationship is therefore observed between population density, the density of existing wells, the level of water extraction from rivers and the sharp drop in the quality of groundwater. According to the reports prepared by Ardabil Regional Water Company, around 32 million cubic meters of water is annually needed to meet the drinking requirements of urban and rural uses, which can seriously damage the quality of underground water in the area.

According to the final map of groundwater quality, only 36% of the study area (88 square kilometers) has access to drinking water with favorable quality which can be a great concern for planners and managers. Finally, it is suggested to use geostatistical methods and geographic information system as a useful tool to assess the quality of underground water. These methods can gradually replace the old methods and thus prepare more accurate statistics, increase the efficiency of water-related projects, and reduce their cost.

Evaluating the population structure is essential for understanding diversity patterns, choosing proper parents for crossing, accurate identification of genomic regions controlling traits, and evolutionary and kinship relationship studies. In this research, the genetic structure of a wheat population was studied in a panel consisting of 383 Iranian wheat genotypes of hexaploid (cultivars and landraces) and tetraploid species based on distance-based methods (principal component analysis and discriminant analysis of principal component). For this purpose, 16270 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers obtained by the GBS technique were used. According to the results, almost a quarter of the total variance was belonged to the diversity between populations, and the Fst coefficient between cultivars and landraces was equal to 0.15. In contrast, the above coefficient between tetraploid samples and hexaploid landraces was high and equal to 0.44. Genome D had the lowest value of Fst index and chromosome 4B showed the highest Fst coefficient, and other genetic diversity indices. Although the PCA biplot distinguished hexaploid wheat cultivars from landraces, it was unable to distinctly separate tetraploid genotypes from other genotypes. Accurate evaluation of the population structure with the DAPC method was able to identify and separate the predetermined successfully groups, suggesting that the DAPC approach maximizes the differentiation between groups and minimizes the changes within the group. Partial admixture between cultivars and landraces of hexaploid wheat can be related to gene exchange between these two groups or perhaps their wrong labeling at the time of collection. In general, the results of this study provided valuable information about the genetic differentiation of Iranian tetraploid and hexaploid wheat, which can be used in future wheat breeding programs. Further, protecting these genotypes in gene banks is necessary for different strategies.

Dragon's head medicinal plant, despite adapted to Iran's dryland conditions, due to low competitive ability with weeds at the beginning of growth and reduced yield, the cultivation and development of this plant is limited. In order to survey the effect of diuron, oxyfluorfen, oxadiazon, and metribuzin as post emergence in different doses (0, 50%, 75%, and 100% of recommended dose) on weeds control in Dragon's head, an experiment based on a randomized complete block design with three replications was done in Dryland Agricultural Research Institute in Maragheh 2020-2021. Treatments including Diuron, Oxyfluorfen, Oxadiazon, and Metribuzin at 50%, 75%, and 100% of the recommended dose, split application of oxyfluorfen (50% at crop emergence, and 50% after 30 days), weed-free (control (hand weeding)), and weed infests (control). Minimum weeds density and biomass was recorded in 100% and 75% recommended doses of Metribuzin and 100% of recommended dose of Oxyfluorfen with 1.9, 2 and 2.2 plants m-2 and 0.33, 0.45 and 0.52 g m-2 respectively at 30 days after herbicides application. At the maturity stage, the minimum weed biomass was observed in 100% dose of recommended of Metribuzin (23 gr.m-2). Maximum Dragon's head biomass and densitywas observed in weed-free (control) and 50% recommended dose of Metribuzin at 30 days after herbicides and the highest biomass and grain yield of Dragon's head was recorded for 100% recommended dose of Metribuzin (76, and 32 gr.m-2, respectively). Based on the results Metribuzin is suitable herbicide for weeds control in Dragon's head field.

In order to survey the efficacy of several pre-and post-emergence herbicides on weed control in the autumn cultivation of chickpeas, a split-plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with four replications in the Sararoud region during 2021–2022. The main plots contain two tillage systems (conventional tillage and no-tillage). The subplots include 12 herbicide treatments (Trifluralin, Trifluralin + Bethanal progress, Isoxaflutole, Isoxaflutole + Bethanal progress, Oxyfluorfen, Oxyfluorfen + Bethanal progress, Imazethapyr, Imazethapyr + Bethanal progress, Fluorochloridone, Fluorochloridone + Bethanal progress, Metribuzin, Metribuzin + Bethanal progress, and two controls (weed-free and weed-infested)). The maximum decline in weed dry weight was observed in tillage + Fluorochloridone, tillage + Isoxaflutole, tillage Oxyfluorfen, and no-tillage + Fluorochloridone at about 51%, 48%, 46%, and 45%, respectively. The greatest decrease in weed density is for tillage + Fluorochloridone and tillage + Oxyfluorfen + bethanal progress, tillage + Metribuzin + bethanal progress, tillage + Fluorochloridone + bethanal and tillage + Imazethapyr were registered with 47, 47, 43 and 40% reduction respectively. Conventional tillage reduced the density and dry weight of weeds, but this reduction was statistically significant for the dry weight of weeds. The highest yield of chickpea seeds in tillage + weeding, weeding, tillage + Trifluralin + bethanal progress, conventional tillage + Oxyfluorfen and no-tillage + Trifluralin + bethanal progress treatments are 846, 664, 528, 502 and 498 kg per hectare, respectively. The most effective herbicides in controlling weeds were Fluorochloridone, Isoxaflutole and Oxyfluorfen, and the highest yield of peas was recorded for Oxyfluorfen.

Rapid screening of plant germplasm in the early stages of growth and determining the genetic basis of wheat leaf wilting index at the seedling stage is necessary for wheat breeding programs. In the present research, leaf wilting index for 290 Iranian bread wheat genotypes, including; 90 cultivars and 200 landraces were studied under drought stress conditions at the seedling stage in 2021 in research greenhouse of faculty agriculture of Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. The results showed that there was variation between the studied genotypes for leaf wilting index, and the landraces had significantly 12% more wilting scores than cultivars. This can be attributed to direct or indirect selection by breeders. The leaf wilting index of about 9% of cultivars and 3% of landraces were identified in drought stress tolerant group. GWAS had nearly the same results as general lineare model and MLM methods. Chromosomes 3B, 2A, 7B, 1A, 3A, 4B, 5B, 6A and 6B, respectively, had the highest number of marker-trait associations in the entire population which explained the phenotypic variation of the trait from 6 to 20%. Annotation of significant markers confirmed the results of GWAS analysis and showed that five markers on chromosomes 1A, 2A, 3A and 7B were aligned with different genes involved in drought stress tolerance. An integral component of membrane, protein phosphorylation, methyltransferase activity and zinc ion binding were part of the molecular functions and biological processes of the identified genes. The findings of this research provide a deep insight into the variation of leaf wilting traits in Iranian bread wheat germplasm under drought stress conditions, which can be used as selction criterium in the national bread wheat improvement programs.

The life and development of human societies requires energy production and consumption, the need to pay attention to the environment and the fatalities of fossil fuels for energy production has focused on the use of energy from renewable energy sources. New energies are important because they are a good alternative to fossil fuels. Fossil fuels cause environmental pollution and air pollution. Geothermal plants, on the other hand, also have environmental impacts on vegetation around the power plants. In this research, various vegetation indices have been used to investigate the potential damaging effects of Meshkinshahr geothermal power plant on vegetation around the site of the power plant. Investigations using Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images and ETM + and OLI sensors from the target area and extracting the SAVI index in two periods of 2000 and 2017 showed that the vegetation index of the areas around the site of the power plant Geothermal has dropped to 6.68 square kilometers. Residential, soil and water areas also increased 53.69, 14.26 and 0/255% respectively. Comparison of two classified images showed that the lagoon class in 2000 had an area equal to 11.18 km2, down from 95.91 km2 in 2017. In addition, the class of residential areas in 2000 has an area of 95.74 km2, in 2017, it is up to 120.41 km2, the soil class ranges from 219.59 km2 to 405.82 km2 and the water class ranges from 0.43 to 0.69 km2 has risen.The life and development of human societies requires energy production and consumption, the need to pay attention to the environment and the fatalities of fossil fuels for energy production has focused on the use of energy from renewable energy sources. New energies are important because they are a good alternative to fossil fuels. Fossil fuels cause environmental pollution and air pollution. Geothermal plants, on the other hand, also have environmental impacts on vegetation around the power plants. In this research, various vegetation indices have been used to investigate the potential damaging effects of Meshkinshahr geothermal power plant on vegetation around the site of the power plant. Investigations using Landsat 7 and 8 satellite images and ETM + and OLI sensors from the target area and extracting the SAVI index in two periods of 2000 and 2017 showed that the vegetation index of the areas around the site of the power plant Geothermal has dropped to 6.68 square kilometers. Residential, soil and water areas also increased 53.69, 14.26 and 0/255% respectively. Comparison of two classified images showed that the lagoon class in 2000 had an area equal to 11.18 km2, down from 95.91 km2 in 2017. In addition, the class of residential areas in 2000 has an area of 95.74 km2, in 2017, it is up to 120.41 km2, the soil class ranges from 219.59 km2 to 405.82 km2 and the water class ranges from 0.43 to 0.69 km2 has risen.

Groundwater is one of the most important natural resources in arid and semi-arid regions. The purpose of this study is to identify areas that have groundwater capacity and to prioritize the factors affecting it. In this study, 11 indicators affecting groundwater capacity including Slope, Elevation, Aspect, Distance from River, Drainage Density, Distance from Fault, Topographic Wetness Index, and Topographic Position Index, lithology, Land use and Relative Slope Position were used. 30% of the totals of 230 wells were randomly placed in the validation data group and 70% in the training data. To prioritize the effective factors and zoning of groundwater potential in Ghorichay watershed, the random forest method was used using ArcGIS and to evaluate the model of relative performance curve (ROC) and Area Under the curve surface (AUC). The results showed that the groundwater capacity of about 8% of the watershed is higher at the outlet of the watershed. According to the VIP diagram, the TWI layer with a value of 0.329 and the distance from the river layer with a value of 0.175 was the most and the least influential factors on groundwater capacity, respectively. The area below the AUC curve showed an accuracy of 87% in the training phase to identify areas with groundwater potential. The result of this study can be used in groundwater management in the Ghorichay watershed.

 In recent years, due to climate change and drought, as well as the lack of supervision in digging agricultural wells, many of the country's aquifers have been harvested improperly, which has led to a negative balance of these aquifers to the extent that, according to the Geological Survey, most of the country's plains have experienced a drop in groundwater levels. Today, the study, planning and planning to reduce the risks of natural hazards is one of the main issues of officials and planners of countries. One of the hazards that are less considered due to gradual performance is the phenomenon of subsidence, which in recent years due to increased use of important aquifers in the plains of the country has become a pervasive problem. In this research, an attempt has been made to investigate the possibility of subsidence and its possible dangers as a threat to human projects as well as rural settlements in the Ardabil plain.tp

The study area of ​​Ardabil plain is located between the latitude of thirty-eight degrees and thirty minutes north latitude to thirty-eight degrees and thirty minutes and the longitude of east geography forty-eight degrees and fifteen minutes to forty-eight degrees and thirty-five minutes in the northwestern part of Ardabil province. To investigate the groundwater status of the plain, data from 38 observation wells prepared by the Ardabil Regional Water Organization and located at the plain level have been used. First, using 30-year statistics of 65 observation wells and GIS, a water potential drop map for the region was prepared. Then, using fuzzy Dematel model, experts' opinions were collected and modeled. This method is one of the conceptual methods for structuring decision problems. The Dematel technique is based on graph theory, and in this way we can divide the criteria into two groups of cause and effect criteria to gain a better understanding of the cause-and-effect relationship and finally be able to create a network of interrelationships. Finally, after creating the general relationship matrix and according to the defined threshold size, we create the final relationship matrix in which the number zero means no relationship and the number one means the relationship between two criteria. Using the final relations matrix, we conduct a survey of experts on the extent to which factors affect each other with respect to their interdependence. After the data was obtained from the relevant organizations, a database was created for the information in the ArcCatalog software environment, and then maps related to this data were created in ArcGIS software. After the weights of the different layers were obtained using the fuzzy network analysis method, they entered the ArcGIS software and multiplied the weights of each sub-criterion in the map we created for each layer and finally gathered the maps together to get a final map Came. The final map shows the areas of Ardabil plain that are classified in terms of subsidence risk and in five categories in terms of danger status were shown with color spectrum. Then, the area with severe water loss was selected and compared with the scattering map of deep wells. In the last step, using advanced and fuzzy hybrid models and network analysis in the software environment of GIS, each of the layers of sediment sensitivity and water level drop membership is determined and using fuzzy linear overlap, the area sensitivity map to subsidence in five classes of very sensitivity High, high sensitivity, medium sensitivity, low sensitivity and very low sensitivity were prepared. To prepare the final map of subsidence risk status in Ardabil plain, first the obtained weights for each sub-factor were multiplied in the fuzzy maps of that sub-factor and then these weighted maps were aggregated using the Raster Calculator tool. The final fuzzy map of subsidence risk assessment of Ardabil plain is changing with the color spectrum changes from blue, which represents the lowest, to red, which represents the highest. The blue color indicates low risk areas and the red color indicates high risk areas in terms of subsidence risk in Ardabil plain and villages located in this area.

After obtaining the initial plan to assess the subsidence risk status and areas at risk of subsidence in Ardabil plain, the final map to assess the status of Ardabil plain in terms of land subsidence risk has been prepared according to the weights and layers obtained. Since all the base layer maps were reclassified into five layers and the weight corresponding to each layer was given according to the condition of the layers, the final map was classified and weighted into five layers, which according to experts and professors is as follows; 1) Low risk areas, 2) Medium risk areas, 3) High risk, 4) Damaged areas, 5) Critical areas. Finally, using the final map of Ardabil plain subsidence risk assessment, as well as the ranking obtained from the opinions of relevant experts, the final map of Ardabil plain subsidence risk analysis was prepared. Also, the map of deep wells in Ardabil plain and its distribution in rural areas, it can be seen that the highest distribution and concentration of deep wells in the eastern part of the plain is in Wilkij e Markazi and Fooladloo e Shomali villages. This situation shows the scattering position of deep wells showing the proportionality of the scattering of deep wells in areas at risk of subsidence.

Wilkij e Markazi, Fooladloo e Shomali, and Fooladloo e Sharghi have the highest levels of vulnerability in terms of subsidence risk status. The critical situation of landslide risk is the highest in these three villages. Also, Kalkhoran and Aghbalagh Aqajan Khan villages are moving from a moderate to a vulnerable situation, which requires more care in managing and planning the water resources of these villages. Also, there is a strong relationship between the distribution of deep wells in the Ardabil plain and areas at high risk of subsidence. Also, according to the results obtained the groundwater status sub-criterion with a weight of 0.38 has the greatest impact on the subsidence risk of Ardabil plain. This weight shows the high impact of this sub-criterion by examining other layers related to groundwater status and population dispersion layer.

In this study, in order to show the crop capacity and production potential of wheat cultivars and advanced lines in farmers' fields under different tillage methods, 15 bread wheat genotypes in Joghool village of Hashtrood city during two cropping years 2018-2020 with the cooperation of provincial executives the food security project, Farmer, was evaluated under three scenarios: conventional, low tillage and direct cultivation. The results of analysis of variance of agronomic traits during two crop years (2018-20) showed that there was no significant difference between different tillage scenarios. The differences between the studied genotypes were significant for grain yield, number of fertile spikes per square meter, 1000-seed weight, biological yield and rainfall productivity index. The interaction of different tillage methods with genotype was not significant for the mentioned traits. The mean grain yield of wheat genotypes under conventional, low tillage and direct sowing methods were 1228, 1306 and 1482 kg / ha, respectively. In the conventional method, Baran and Jam cultivars with 1562 and 1404 kg/ha, in low tillage method, Jam cultivar and lines No. 12 and 13 with 1698, 1541 and 1604 kg/ha respectively, and under direct cultivation of Homa, Baran, Jam and line No. 11 with 1742, 1698, 1622 and 1681 kg/ha, they had higher grain yield respectively. In this study, the relationship between plant heights, number of fertile spikes per square meter, 1000-seed weight, rainfall productivity index and biological yield with grain yield was positive and significant.

Surface temperature, including soil, water, snow, and vegetation, are among the variables used in a wide range of earth science and environmental studies. Ground surface temperature is usually monitored at a point in a limited number of points, which are usually measuring stations. When spatial distribution of surface temperature over a wide area and simultaneously is required, remote sensing technology has many capabilities. Due to the capability of remote sensing techniques in the study of physical properties of the earth, in this study, to evaluate the relationship between surface temperature and land use, using the Landsat8-TIRS image, the surface temperature was calculated using the Split Window method. And the land use pattern was extracted by object-oriented classification method in an area of 22218.33 square kilometers, located in northwestern Iran. The results show that the surface temperature is strongly affected by surface moisture and vegetation density, so that surfaces with low humidity and low density vegetation show the highest temperature on thermal images. In the study area, barren lands with a temperature of 33.9 ° C and water levels such as; The lakes behind the reservoir dam, with a temperature of 27.11 ° C, have the highest and lowest surface temperatures, respectively, among the existing land uses. The results of this research can be used for environmental planning.

Drought stress is one of the most important environmental factors in reducing barley grain yield and despite recent advances in breeding this crop, there is still a need to improve drought tolerant barley cultivars in the country. In the present study, 81 barley lines were studied during the cropping years of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 in both normal irrigation and drought stress conditions in the tillering stage. Drought stress was applied using evaporation pan in terms of 50 mm evaporation from the pan. Evaluation of drought stress tolerance using different stress tolerance indices while confirming the existence of genetic diversity, showed that lines No. 38, 48 and 67 with high grain yield in both conditions have high drought tolerance. Most indices had a significant correlation with average yield but the highest correlation with yield was related to K1STI, MP and GMP indices under drought stress and YI, WGMI, K2STI and HM indices under normal irrigation conditions. By cluster analysis, the genotypes were divided into four groups. The genotypes in the first group and to some extent in the second group were acceptable in terms of performance in both environmental conditions and stress tolerance indices, while more than half of genotypes were sensitive to drought stress. Finally, the results of principal component analysis were in good agreement with the results of other methods The information of the present study can be used in performance comparison experiments and other future breeding programs.

Many scientists and experts have tried to provide better conditions for human comfort with the help of science and technology.From the following two paths, such as existence and non-existence, wisdom and love, matter and meaning, color and colorlessness, medicine and placebo, and in short, we are too far and too close. Since many of the ancients, including sages, poets, and philosophers, are examples that have watered down their inner pleasures and love, here we have also used their poems and sayings to prove our claim. Some of the functions of nature and living things that have evolved in the realm of nature have been examined as a model in this discussion. To do so, the functioning of many organisms, not just living organisms but also non-living organisms such as viruses, including the coronavirus, can be the basis for new patterns and definitions of future scientific and technological algorithms. Paying attention to the subject of the biomimetic shows us brilliant ways that we did not imagine before.

The most of barley cultivation areas in Iran are located in cold, arid and semi-arid regions therefor, achiving to high yielding cultivars with appropriate adaptation to various climatic conditions and drought tolerance is necessary. For this purpose, some effective morphological traits on grain yield and drought tolerance were studied in 108 barley genotypes. The experiment conducted in alpha lattice design with two replications in two rainfed and irrigation conditions at Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI) (Maragheh station) during 2015-2016. Analysis of variance showed there were significantly differences inall of the traits in rainfed and supplementary irrigation conditions. The most important traits affecting grain yield under rainfed conditions were thousand kernel weight, NDVI in booting stage, stem width and main spike length, and in supplementary irrigation conditions were thousand kernel weight, NDVI in milk development stage and main spike length. Drought tolerance indices also evaluated and MP, GMP, STI, YI, and SSPI indices had the highest correlation with grain yield in both conditions. Based on these indices, 25 drought tolerant genotypes were identified.

Knowing the “other” paves the way for the rise of a new discipline named the science of image or imageology. This discipline is one of the branches of Comparative Literature, and it studies the picture of the “other” in literary texts. The image of the “other” is formed through the familiarity of the scholar under the name of “Me” with the other under the name of the “other”, and its analysis is based upon the tenets that imageologists have laid down. The most important of these tenets are as follows: modes of reading the “other”, and the influential factors in image-making. Since the study of imageology gives way to the knowing of different peoples and the awareness of their culture and civilization, therefore it is of prime importance in literary studies. The present paper studies the image of Bahª al-Dawlah in Sharif al-Raḍi’s poetry, so as to show, how his image is formed. Bahª al-Dawlah was one of the rulers of Būyids, an Iranian dynasty that ruled over some parts of Iran and Iraq during the fourth and fifth century A. H. Sharif al-Raḍi was his contemporary and had a very close contact with him in Iraq for 24 years, that is why Sharif depicts his image in his poetry. As this study shows, the poet has pictured the “other” while his pictured image is mixed with the partiality to his race, with the prejudice to “Me”, with pride of him, with anger towards the “other”, and with resistance against him. However, he has not deformed the image of the “other”, and his image in his Divan is very close to historical realities. Also, in his image-making, the poet has been under the influence of personal, social, political and religious factors like his attribution to Bani-Hᾱshim, injustice in the distribution of richness, trespassing the other, the conflict between Būyids rulers, and the tension between Sunni and Shiite.

The purpose of the study was to compare the efficiency of the seven commonly used methods of satellite-controlled monitoring of land use changes in the evaluation of land use changes using TM and OLS Landsat, and IRS, and Spot 5 and Quick Birds bands, and different color combinations of this Images are intended for exploitation of agricultural land, residential areas and aquatic areas using object-oriented processing. Digital processing of satellite images was carried out in 1998 and 2016 using advanced methods. Educational examples in five user classes by eCognition software using segmentation scale optimization using different color combinations and coefficients of shape and compression, an appropriate scale for segmentation for arable land, scale 50, for human complications 8 and finally for aquatic areas 10 as appropriate scales. Then each image was classified separately using seven methods and extracted samples and the efficiency of each classification method was calculated by calculating the two general health and Kappa coefficients. The results indicate the accuracy of each classification method, which method of classification of the neural network with a total accuracy of 475/94 and Kappa coefficient 925/92 as the most accurate method among class methods Fetch selected. These results show that the sampling of educational samples with the proper precision of the classes in the images and the probability of belonging to each of the pixels of satellite images to these classes can well be classified in the group Available in the helpful area.

Segmentation is one of the basic method of the information extraction within the object-based image analysis (OBIA) approach. This process separates initial and main objects which are basis for OBIA. According to this, generating appropriate segments plays an important role for performing high accurate object-based classification. Within this research, we aimed to employ multi spectral and spatial satellite images including: IRS, Quick Bird and Spot5, for the purpose of image fusion and optimizing the scale of segmentation. For this to happen, Multi-resolution segmentation approach was performed based on various satellite images with different spatial resolution. As that, spatial information of Quick Bird and panchromatic band of IRS and Spot5 images, alongside spectral resolution of Spot5 (red band, especially) and Quick Bird, have a significant impact in increasing the contrast of image and improve the quality of segmentation, subsequently. The results of this research, indicate the importance of applying spatial information for optimizing the scale of segmentation. In addition, results confirmed that object based image fusion techniques can be employed for integrating different spatial resolution of satellite images. It also turned out that integrating lower spatial resolution with high spatial resolution is an efficient procedure for improving segmentation quality. The results of research, are great of importance for identifying different segmentation approach of object-based classification. The achieved results are also important for executive departments such as Natural resource, agriculture, etc. in light of presentation appropriate approach for rapid extraction of information from satellite image.

Obviously, the truth is that the judge is not immune from error and mistake by virtue of being human. In each case, the probability of mistake and error cannot be ruled out, therefore, it is necessary to monitor the manner of judgment and the issuance of a verdict, and on the other hand, the acceleration of the investigation and the season of hostility require that the supervision of the proceedings to be over at one point. The precision in the proceedings and monitoring the manner of the courts procedure in the above instances involve great importance, but it should not be in such a way that to preclude the termination of claims, henceforth in most countries, after two degrees of litigation. It is assumed that the verdict is in accordance with the fact that it is strictly forbidden to appeal the case (the validity of the closed case). Today this rule is considered to be the most basic rules of procedure, which in the two-stage hearing, in the time of the protest to the verdict and the period for the review, the enforcement of the ruling of the first court, shall be suspended.

The presence of military centers and barracks within the urban fabric, along with the horizontal expansion of the cities, has created many problems in the missions of the garrison and reduced its effectiveness, which in itself poses a serious threat to the proper functioning of the missions Considered. Ardabil Army 40th Army Brigade Army Brigade is one of the military centers that, due to the city's growth, is located in the residential area of ​​the city and according to its nature, it has a vast space that if the garrison exits in addition to the creation of space for development Urban, the security implications that this center has with itself, is also being resolved. Regarding the position of Army Army's 40th Army Brigade in the urban use of Ardabil and the necessity of its transfer to development plans, this research seeks to find an appropriate and optimal place for this military garrison in Ardebil. In terms of methodology, the present study was descriptive-analytic. Using geographic and measurement systems and the network analysis model, we compiled and analyzed the information that was obtained after determining the criterion The appropriate areas for locating in the GIS environment were the appropriate zones for the establishment of a specific garrison and finally, using a linear weighted method, suitable areas were selected as the best points with first to third priorities for the garrison placement.

The study of changes in water resources in each region is essential to manage water resources and using them. In this study, the goal is to evaluate the available water resources in the plain of Ardebil in terms of surface and subsurface resources based on four criteria including natural, hydrological, agricultural and humanitarian by using fuzzy network analysis. In order to assess better fuzzy network analysis evaluation, sub-criteria of population, industry condition, rainfall situation, the status of surface water (volume taken from the river) and groundwater (wells, springs and aqueducts status), the area under cultivation and the type of products in terms of water demand, slope and elevation are used. Dependencies among sub-criteria using DEMATEL fuzzy technique and according to experts are determined. Using the fuzzy network analysis all criteria and sub- criteria are weighed, and the maps for all sub-criteria, are generated in according to the weight obtained. Finally, the result map that is based on initial layers and weighted based on the fuzzy techniques is generated in GIS. The resulting map is identified the sensitivity of the study area in terms of potential water resources. The study area (Ardebil plain) is located in the northwest of Iran and is delimited by latitudes 38°05′ N and 38° 30′N and longitudes 48°15′ E and 48° 35′E. The average height is about 1360 meters from the sea level. It covers an area of about 820 km2 and is part of Qara Soo river basin. The low risk areas 11.13 % equivalent to 9200 hectares are located on the northern and a bit in west of the plain. The average risk areas 19.36 % equivalent to 15870 hectares are located in the north and west of plain. The high risk areas 21.3 % equivalent to 17510 hectares are located mostly in the central and upper parts of the plain. The vulnerable risk areas 31.9 % equivalent to 26220 hectares are located in the southern and central parts of the plain and finally the critical areas 16.1 % equivalent to 13250 hectares are scattered mostly in the south and east of the study area.

Suicide is an act which is the subject of a crime and also can be the object of a crime (victim). In other words, if the victim of murder is innocent, he himself is a murderer. In fact, suicide is a kind of murder with the unity of the killer and the victim. From the Islam's viewpoint the suicide is forbidden. Its application in book, tradition and consensus is fixed. In Iran's criminal law, suicide does not relate to the offense. Of course, recently, according to the penal code of computer crime, some forms of computer systems which lead to suicide can be regarded as a crime and are punishable.

The use of quantitative methods and criteria for the classification of human settlements in the spatial system of regions, on the one hand led to the recognition of inequality of settlements and on the another hand is the criteria for effort to reduce and eliminate the inequality among them. In order to solve the problems of regional imbalance, the first step of recognition, is the classification of the regions in terms of enjoyment of different facilities.In this study, eight indicators were used to evaluate the development's degree of counties of Ardabil province by TOPSIS analysis. The method is descriptive and analytical.In this classification, Khalkhal county by 0.72 of development's factor has the highest degree of development and Bilehsavar by 0.07 has the lowest degree of development in Ardabil province. Based on this research center- around pattern is dominated on the spatial structure of the Ardabil. The aim of this study was to evaluate city of Ardabil province to be based on regional balance in the province, private capital in connection with the various services to underserved areas and then allocated to other areas of the region took a step toward balance and the judgment of social justice, equality and we see the problems and negative consequences of this imbalance will be reduced.

When studying narrative, narrative discourse is reviewd. This science evolved in the twentieth century and different ideas were offered about it. The theory of two English stylistics like "Leach" and "Short" are examples of these ideas. This theory is expressed in a book titled Style of Fiction which includes topics such as the methods of thought representation. There are five types of the methods of representation: direct thought, indirect thought, free direct thought, free indirectthought and the narrative report of thought. Contemporary authors like Naguib Mahfouz have used mentioned methods to represent the thoughts in a novel. In this study, an attempt has been made to understand the ideas and knowledge of representation in this novel based on the aforementioned theories. The results indicate that the author has provoked the reader with a lot of thoughts through the main character, used all of them except the free direct, and paid a lot of attention to some methods like free indirect. He sometimes seizes opportunities and also takes other methods, and represents thoughts like cynicism, hatred, love, doubt, revenge, rescue and failure by the above methods.

Istensna contract is a recommendation for the particular object that results in agreement between the producer and the client. There are differences in nature of this contract among jurists and lawyers. Despite the different opinions, it can be believed that Istesna is an independent contract and because object of sale does not exist in time of conclusion of contract and exists after some time in the future, there will be a conditional contract. The present article analyses recent viewpoint about Istesna.