javad rezaei

This study investigated the relationship between psychological characteristics and the level of individual financial knowledge with subjective risk-taking and financial disputes of shareholders in the Tehran Stock Exchange in 2024. The statistical sample of the study included 265 shareholders of the Tehran Stock Exchange. The data collection tool was a questionnaire that included various questions in the field of psychological characteristics, financial knowledge, risk-taking and financial disputes. The results show that there is a significant relationship between financial literacy and subjective risk-taking of shareholders, as well as between computational skills and subjective risk-taking of shareholders. Also, a positive relationship was observed between financial literacy and financial disputes of shareholders, as well as between computational skills and financial disputes. However, the relationship between subjective risk-taking and financial disputes of shareholders was not significant. The study also showed that personality traits and family communication patterns also have significant effects on financial disputes and subjective risk-taking of shareholders. These results can be used as a basis for management and educational suggestions for shareholders and capital market analysts to reduce financial disputes and improve financial decision-making.

This research aimed to assess the effect of feeding Salicornia bigelovii fodder on the growth and carcass performance of fattening lambs. The experiment was conducted using 63 male Afshari lambs in a completely randomized design with seven treatments and nine replications for 100 days. The treatments were diet without Salicornia (control) and diets containing levels of 45, 90, 135, 180, 225, and 270 g Salicornia, instead of alfalfa/kg DM. Compared to alfalfa, Salicornia contained lower amounts of protein, nitrate, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), but higher content of ash, sodium, oxalate, and phenolic compounds. Feeding increasing levels of Salicornia caused a linear increase in daily water consumption (P<0.05). Daily intake of DM increased with increasing Salicornia levels (P=0.05), but consumption of organic matter (OM) and crude protein did not differ. Salicornia feeding had no significant effect on daily growth and feed conversion based on diet OM, but at levels of 135 g and more, it caused a decrease in feed conversion based on diet DM. Digestibility of DM (P=0.072) and ash (P=0.012) increased and NDF digestibility decreased (P=0.048) with increasing Salicornia consumption, but the digestibility of OM, crude protein and ether extract, and carcass yield did not change. Overall, feeding Salicornia up to 270 g/kg diet DM (with a forage-to-concentrate ratio of 40:60) increased the water consumption of animals, but it did not have a negative effect on the performance of fattening lambs, and it can be recommended to replace a portion of the diet forage in male Afshari sheep.

The present study has studied the effect of family communication patterns on financial literacy which has been applied in terms of purpose-based segmentation and descriptive-correlational research method. The statistical population of this study consisted of three students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in the summer of 1989 who were undergoing undergraduate and higher education. Sample size was determined based on Morgan table of at least 260 people. The questionnaires were distributed to 280 statistical population by simple cluster random sampling method. Analyzes were included. The validity of the research instrument was assessed by face validity, content and confirmatory factor analysis and its reliability was calculated through Cronbach's alpha. The research tools included the Family Communication Pattern Questionnaire (RFCP); based on the subject's family communication perception, derived from the Ritchie and Fitzpatrick model (1994) and the financial literacy questionnaire used by Yaghoubinejad et al. (2011) based on the Brad model (2008). Has been. Structural equation modeling and Smart PLS software were used for inferential statistics.The results of the data analysis indicated a significant relationship between family communication patterns and financial literacy with a T coefficient of 0.615 with direct correlation and relatively strong intensity.

Providing high-quality information is very important because high-quality information will have a positive effect on decisions related to financing, making investments, and other decisions related to the allocation of resources and the overall efficiency of the market and economy. This research is in response to the question, what is the effect of accounting information on the quality of financial reporting according to the value relationship? In order to answer this question, a financial study is done to predict the causal relationships of information usefulness and ethical values ​​of reporting and reporting quality structures.The present research has predicted causal relationships between the usefulness of accounting information from the perspective of value relationship and financial reporting quality structures. The statistical population of this research consists of auditors of auditing institutions, members of the society of certified accountants and certified independent auditors, and a standard questionnaire was used to collect data. After conducting the reliability and validity tests of the sample data, related analyzes were done based on the structural modeling approach. The results of the research hypotheses test showed that the usefulness of accounting information as well as the ethical values of reporting have a positive effect on the quality of financial reporting.

Every year, a significant amount of saffron petals remains as a by-product after harvesting and separating the thread-like parts of the flower (stigmas). The saffron stigma constitutes only 7.4% of the flower's weight and the remaining 92.6% is unused. This plant residue (petals) is a valuable source of plant bioactive compounds (phytobiotics), which based on previous studies, has useful effects on rumen fermentation, digestion and diet efficiency. However, there is no specific information about the effect of this by-product on ruminal microbial populations, enzymatic activity, antioxidant health, as well as the mechanism of effectiveness. In the present study, it was hypothesized that the use of low levels of saffron petals in the diet (as a natural additive) could improve microorganism populations, hydrolytic enzymes and antioxidant health of the rumen. Therefore, this research was carried out to investigate the mechanism of the positive effects of saffron petals on the energy and nitrogen metabolism and antioxidant health of the sheep rumen using the in vitro method.  Experimental treatments included a diet without saffron petals (control) and diets containing 1, 2, and 3% of saffron petals (based on dry matter). The 24 and 72-h gas production tests were performed in 2 series (runs; in different weeks) and 3 replicates in each run (i.e., 6 observations per treatment at each incubation time). The gas production from the samples incubated in the 100-mL glass syringes was recorded. Then, the protozoa (using a hemocytometer and light microscope), cellulolytic and proteolytic bacteria (using liquid medium and Hungate tubes), hydrolytic enzymes (via chemical methods and photometry), methane (by injecting NaOH solution to absorb CO2) and antioxidant capacity (via ferric reducing antioxidant power assay) were measured. Truly degraded substrate was determined by boiling fermentation residues in the neutral detergent solution and weighing, ammonia-N by phenol-hypochlorite method, and the volatile fatty acids (VFA) using gas chromatography. Microbial biomass production, digestibility, metabolizable energy and partitioning factor were estimated using the equations. Data were analyzed using the Proc GLM of SAS 9.1 in a completely randomized design (6 observations per treatment).  The inclusion of different levels of saffron petals in the diet decreased the in vitro ruminal protozoa population (P<0.05), due to its bioactive components, which damage the structure and function of the protozoa membrane, deactivate protozoa enzymes or deprive protozoa of the substrate and metal ions needed for their metabolism. Moreover, saffron petals increased the cellulolytic bacteria numbers and microbial biomass production (P<0.05). This was due to the reduction of protozoa, which leads to the reduction of the bacteria predation and thus improves the growth and population of the cellulolytics. The ruminal fibrolytic enzymes and amylase activity decreased with the use of saffron petals in the diet (P<0.05), because of the higher cellulolytic bacteria and microbial biomass, i.e., higher bacteria activity. These improvements resulted in more (P<0.05) diet digestibility, metabolizable energy, total VFA and truly degraded substrate in the saffron petals-containing groups. The inclusion of saffron petals in the diet resulted in decreasing in vitro ruminal methane release, ammonia-N production and acetate-to-propionate ratio (P<0.05). These changes were due to the decreased protozoa numbers leading to less hydrogen supply for methanogens and higher hydrogen shift toward propionate, as well as less deamination process and ruminal nitrogen recycling. Another reason was the increase of cellulolytic bacteria that consume ammonia as their main nitrogen source. Antioxidant capacity increased with the use of saffron petals in the diet (P<0.05), due to the bioactive compounds and antioxidants (such as flavonoids) present in this plant residue. The maximum truly degraded substrate was observed in the diet containing 3% of saffron petals. The lowest methane, protozoa and ammonia were in diets containing 2 and 3% of saffron petals. Moreover, adding 2 and 3% of saffron petals caused the highest antioxidant power.  The results showed that the positive effect of saffron petals on the ruminal metabolism and antioxidative health of sheep, in vitro, was due to the beneficial changes that occurred in microbial populations (increase of cellulolytic bacteria and decrease of protozoa), hydrolytic enzymes (fibrolytic enzymes and amylase) and its antioxidants. Therefore, low levels (up to 3% of diet) of saffron petals can be used as a natural phytobiotic additive to improve rumen fermentation and reduce loss of energy and nitrogen resources, although it is better to confirm the results in vivo

To evaluate the biomass, physiological traits, and advantages of maize-amaranth intercropping in the cultivation in barley residues and different levels of nitrogen in 2020-2021, an experiment was implemented in the research farm of Tarbiat Modares University. This study was conducted as a split-split plot experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The studied factors included: 1- Cultivation in two levels (cultivation in barley residues and cultivation without barley residues) as the main plots, 2- the type of cultivation in two levels (monoculture and intercropping) as subplots, 3- different levels of nitrogen (N) in four levels (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg N ha-1 for maize and 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg N ha-1 for amaranth) as sub-subplots. The results showed that the highest total dry weight of amaranth was observed in the treatment of 80 kg N ha-1 of nitrogen application in the conditions of amaranth monoculture and without the use of barley residues with a production of 8031 kg ha-1. The highest dry weight of maize (11187 kg ha-1) was obtained from the treatment of maize monoculture in barley residues with the application of 300 kg N ha-1. The highest photosynthesis rate of amaranth was observed in the treatments of 40 kg N ha-1 application in the conditions of monoculture without barley residues and N fertilizer, and application of 40 kg N ha-1 in the conditions of intercropping with maize and without barley residues. In addition, the results showed that the highest maize photosynthesis rate was achieved with the application of 300 kg N ha-1, and the photosynthesis rate also significantly decreased with the reduction of nitrogen application. Land equivalent ratio (LER) showed an increase of 30% in the intercropping of maize and amaranth in the cultivation of barley residues with the application of 100 kg N ha-1 for maize and 40 kg N ha-1 for amaranth, which indicated the advantage of intercropping. According to the results of this research, if the goal was to produce amaranth, barley residues should not be used, but in maize cultivation, the use of barley residues is recommended. Also, the use of 40 and 300 kg N ha-1 is recommended to increase biomass of amaranth and maize, respectively.

This research was conducted to compare the effect of different zinc sources on in vitro microbial populations, hydrolytic enzymes and ruminal fermentation products in sheep. Five diets without zinc supplement (control) or containing ZnSO4, ZnO, nano-ZnO and Zn-methionine were assessed. The 24 and 72-h gas tests were conducted in a completely randomized design where the microbial populations, hydrolytic enzymes, methane, antioxidant activity, organic matter digestibility (OMD), metabolizable energy (ME), truly degraded substrate (TDS), microbial biomass, partitioning factor (PF) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were determined. Total proteolytic bacteria count and protease activity decreased due to the usage of organic, inorganic and nano-particle sources of zinc (P<0.05). The use of methionine, oxide and sulfate sources of zinc increased alpha-amylase activity (P<0.05). Total protozoa number in the 24-h incubation tended to decrease owing to dietary zinc supplements. Total cellulolytic bacteria, carboxymethyl-cellulase, microcrystalline-cellulase, filter paper-degrading activity, antioxidant capacity, microbial biomass and PF were the same among treatments. Zinc methionine, oxide and sulfate supplements increased OMD, ME, TDS and total VFA, whereas decreased ammonia and acetate:propionate ratio (P<0.05). Also, 24-h methane production decreased with the use of zinc supplements (P<0.05). Overall, the dietary addition of sulfate, oxide and methionine- sources of zinc is recommended with the aim of improving alpha-amylase activity and digestibility and reducing proteolytic activity, ammonia accumulation and methane, but feeding nano-ZnO is not recommended. More research is needed on the effect of zinc sources on rumen microorganisms and enzymes in different dietary conditions.

Genotype-environment interaction is one of the most important limiting factors in breeding programs. A comprehensive study of genotype-environment interaction requires powerful statistical methods. Different methods for evaluating the interaction effect of genotype-environment have been proposed by different researchers. Therefore, in the present study, the role of this phenomenon on the sugar yield of sugar beet hybrids and the identification of stable hybrids were studied based on the AMMI, GGE bi-plot, and MTSI stability index methods. For this study, a total of 20 sugar beet genotypes were utilized, comprising 15 recently developed hybrids and five control cultivars (Sina, Dena, Novodora, Modex and Loriquet). Phenotypic assessments of experimental genotypes were conducted in 2021 crop year at four agricultural research stations located in Karaj, Mashhad, Shiraz and Miandoab. These selected sites differed in terms of altitude, latitude and longitude, atmospheric temperature and precipitation, and physical and chemical characteristics of soil. The experiments at each research station were carried out using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Each genotype was planted in a separate plot, consisting of three cultivation rows with a length of eight m and a distance of 50 cm interrow. Throughout the growing season, weed control, irrigation, fertilizer application, and other field management activities were performed based on the recommendations of experts. Additionally, regular monitoring and prevention of pests and diseases specific to sugar beet were conducted at each research station. Stability analysis methods of AMMI, GGE bi-plot, and MTSI stability index were used to analyze the genotype-environment interaction. The results of a combined analysis of variance confirmed the significant effects of environment and genotype on all traits at a one percent probability level. The interaction between them was significant at one and five percent probability levels for all traits except the sugar content and white sugar content. Analysis of the multiplicative effect of the AMMI model showed that the first two components are significant at the one and five percent probability levels, respectively, and together explain 92.20 percent of the interaction variations. The bi-plot of mean yield and the first principal component of the interaction confirmed the superiority of genotype no. 20 due to its high sugar yield and stability. The results obtained from the GGE bi-plot method showed that the first and second components together explain 84.16% of the variations in total sugar yield. According to the GGE bi-plot, Karaj, Shiraz, and Miandoab had a relatively similar reaction in terms of genotype yield rank and in these environments, genotype no. 20 was stable. The reaction of the Mashhad environment was different from the other three environments and in that genotype no. 9 had suitable stability. Based on the results of the MTSI index, four genotypes of 18, 2, 20, and 17 were identified as stable genotypes. In general, the selected genotypes based on the MTSI caused a favorable selection differential in all traits. Among the traits, except root yield, other traits had good selection differential and selection gain. On the other hand, genotype no. 15 had the highest value of MTSI stability index and was unfavorable genotype in terms of studied traits. In general, among breeding hybrids, in the first the hybrid obtained from crossing of (7112 × SB36) × S1– 960132 (genotype no. 2) and then the hybrid obtained from crossing of (7112 × SB36) × S1- 970063 (genotype no. 9) can be used as promising hybrids in final evaluation programs until the introduction of new hybrids. The studied sites were not very closely correlated to be suggested that a site be abandoned to reduce costs for future research; In contrast, most of the tested environments had a high differentiation capability and could make a good distinction among genotypes in terms of sugar yield in genotype-environment interaction studies of sugar beet cultivars.

In this study, the effects of plastic mulch and paclobutrazol on bolting, yield and quality of autumn-sown sugar beet was studied in a split plot design based on randomized complete block design with four replications in Mashhad during two cropping seasons (2018-19 and 2019-20). Planting dates at three levels (10th, 20th and 30th of October) were allocated to main plots and bolting control at four levels (control, plastic mulch, paclobutrazol, and simultaneous application of paclobutrazol and plastic mulch) to subplots. The average reduction of bolting in plastic mulch, paclobutrazol, and simultaneous application of paclobutrazole and plastic mulch compared with control was 69.06, 32.98 and 91.88%, respectively. The treatments of plastic mulch, paclobutrazol, and simultaneous application of paclobutrazol and plastic mulch increased white sugar yield by 1.11, 1.93, and 1.19 t ha-1, respectively. There was no significant difference between different planting dates in terms of white sugar yield which could be due to the bolting occurrence in early planting and as a result reduction of sugar content and also the decrease in yield in late planting. In bolting control treatments, plastic mulch increased the yield by reducing about 70% of bolting on the second planting date compared with the first planting date. Results showed that the use of paclobutrazol and the simultaneous use of paclobutrazol and plastic mulch had a significant reduction in white sugar yield. On the other hand, due to the significant effect of the simultaneous application of paclobutrazol and plastic mulch on bolting reduction, it is necessary to conduct more studies regarding the amount and timing of paclobutrazol application to eliminate the negative effects on yield.

Essential genes and proteins as their products encode the basic functions of a cell in a variety of conditions and are vital for the survival of a cell. Analyzing the characteristics of these proteins provides important biological information. An interesting analysis is to demonstrate the correlation between topological importance of a protein in protein-protein interaction networks and its essentiality. Different centrality criteria such as degree, betweenness, closeness, and eigenvector centralities are used to investigate such a correlation. Despite the remarkable results obtained by these methods, it is shown that the centrality criteria in scale-free networks show a high level of correlations which indicate that they share similar topological information of the networks. In this paper, we use a different approach for analyzing this correlation and use a well-known problem in the field of graph theory, Critical Node Detection Problem and solve it on the protein-protein interaction networks to obtain a subset of proteins called critical nodes which have the most effect on the network stability. Our results show that essential proteins have a more prominent presence in the set of critical nodes than what expected at random samples. Furthermore, the essential proteins represented in the set of critical nodes have a different distribution of topological properties compared to the essential proteins recovered by the centrality-based methods.All the source codes and data are available at “http://bioinformatics.aut.ac.ir/CNDP_PPI_networks/”.

Autumn cultivation of sugar beet is one of the strategies for increasing sugar beet production with minimum amount of water consumed due to the use of autumn and winter precipitation and avoiding the need for irrigation in very dry summer air. Rhizomania is recognized as the most destructive disease of sugar beet in the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the quantitative and qualitative characteristics and the effect of rhizomania viral disease on susceptible and tolerant cultivars of sugar beet in spring and autumn cultivation in polluted soil conditions of Torbat-e Jam region.

In this research, five domestic and foreign commercial cultivars including rhizomania-resistant and susceptible commercial cultivars were cultivated in spring and autumn in a field infected with rhizomania disease of Torbat-e Jam Sugar Factory. The experiment was conducted as split plot in a randomized complete block design with four replications in 2017-18 growing season as sowing time as main factor in two levels (spring and autumn) and cultivar as sub factor was considered at five levels (Giada, Dorothea, SBSI002, Monatunno and Rasoul). The traits studied in this study included root yield, sugar content, sugar yield, white sugar content, white sugar yield, sodium, potassium, trace nitrogen, sugar extraction coefficient, molasses sugar, disease severity and ELISA test index (OD). Analysis of variance was performed using SAS v.9.1 statistical software. Mean comparisons of traits were performed using LSD test at the probability level of 5 and 1%.

Analysis of variance showed that there was a significant difference between the two spring and autumn sowing times in terms of quantitative and qualitative yield and rhizomania damage. Also, for all studied traits, except for potassium and nitric oxide, there was a significant difference at 1% probability level between different sugar beet cultivars. The highest values were observed for root yield, sugar yield, white sugar yield and potassium, and the lowest values for severity of disease and ELISA index in Giada cultivar and autumn cultivation conditions. Whereas, Rasoul cultivar had the lowest values for sugar content, sugar yield, white sugar yield, potassium and nitrogen in spring cultivar and the highest values for disease severity and ELISA.

In general, the results showed that autumn sowing leads to improved quantitative and qualitative yield and reduced rhizomania damage in sugar beet. According to the results of this study, autumn cultivation of Giada is suitable in Torbat-e Jam region

Delayed planting of sugar beet, use of nitrogen fertilizer and growth promoting bacteria are important in accelerating growth and compensating time loss. To study this subject, a split split plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and 8 treatments in 2018 at the Research Farm of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The factors under study consisted of planting date with two levels (regular planting, D1, and delayed planting, D2) as the main factor, nitrogen fertilizer with two levels (use of nitrogen fertilizer based on recommended rate, N1 and 25% less than recommended rate, N2) as a subfactors and bacterial growth stimulant with two levels (bacterial inoculation, B2, and without its use, B1) were considered as sub-sub- factors. Growth indices under study were leaf area index, total dry matter, crop growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate. In this study, highest leaf area index (3.5) and dry matter accumulation (2898 g.m-2) in thermal unit, as well as growth rate, relative growth rate and net assimilation rate under regular and delayed planting dates were due to the use of recommended rate of nitrogen fertilizer and bacterial inoculation treatments. The least amounts of these traits were obtained at both planting dates and use of nitrogen fertilizer, 25% less than the recommendation, and without using bacteria. Root yield and sugar content sugar beet under treatment of bacterial and nitrogen use, based on recommended rate, showed 8 to 10% higher than other treatments, under both regular and delayed planting date. It seems that the combined use of chemical and biological fertilizers is useful in delayed sowing, to compensate delayed time loss planting of sugar beet.

The present study was conducted to determine the chemical composition of Echinophora sibthorpiana and Pulicaria dysenterica and the effect of dietary inclusions of these plants on in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters and digestibility. Chemical composition of the experimental plants was determined using standard methods and different levels of each plant were included in the diet. In vitro gas production technique was performed with seven treatments (control diet, diets containing 15, 30 or 45 percentage of Echinophora and diets containing 15, 30 or 45 percentage of Pulicaria) and three replicates. Results indicated that crude protein and organic matter digestibility (OMD) of Echinophora (10.4 and 61.8 percentage, respectively) were higher than Pulicaria (7.85 and 52.5 percentage, respectively) (P<0.05). Inclusion of Echinophora in the diet increased OMD and metabolizable energy, while using Pulicaria reduced these parameters (P<0.05). Ruminal ammonia decreased with inclusion of Echinophora in the diet (P<0.05), but it was not affected by Pulicaria. Dietary inclusions of Echinophora and Pulicaria decreased protozoa population and methane production (P<0.05). The ruminal antioxidant capacity was improved by inclusions of Echinophora and Pulicaria in the diet (P<0.05). Based on the results, theuse of Echinophora up to 45 percentage and Pulicaria up to 30 percentage of diet dry matter is recommended in ruminants. However, the forage to concentrate ratio should be reduced when feeding Pulicaria in high-performance animals. On the other hand, using Echinophora and Pulicaria improves ruminal antioxidant capacity and reduces methane release to the environment.

Zinc has a role in many cases such as rumen microbial activity, immunity, and blood metabolites. But, there is no sufficient information on the effect of nano and organic Zn supplements on microbial protein synthesis and immunity variables in Holstein calves. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the effect of using nano-ZnO and Zn-methionine instead of ZnO (equal to or twice NRC 2001-recommended level) on urinary purine derivatives, microbial protein, immunoglobulins and nitrogenous compounds of the blood in pre- and post-weaning calves.

Sixty suckling Holstein calves were assigned into one of the 6 experimental groups (10 replications) in a completely randomized design. The experimental treatments were the diets containing: 1- ZnO equal to NRC recommendation, 2- Zn-methionine equal to NRC recommendation, 3- nano-ZnO equal to NRC recommendation, 4- ZnO twice NRC recommendation, 5- Zn-methionine twice NRC recommendation, and 6- nano-ZnO twice NRC recommendation. During 7 to 30 days of age, the calves were fed with milk and starter concentrate according to the above treatments. From days 31 to 70, milk and mixed alfalfa-starter (at the ratio of 10:90) were provided for the calves. Weaning was done at 70 days of age and during post-weaning period (71 to 100 days of age), the calves were freely fed with experimental diets (alfalfa and starter concentrate at the ratio of 20:80). During pre- and post-weaning periods, the urinary purine derivatives, microbial N synthesis, total globulin, IgM, IgG, total protein, albumin, urea-N, creatinine and glucose of the blood were determined. Data were analyzed in a factorial experiment (3×2) using PROC MIXED of SAS (2001).

Urinary purine derivatives and microbial N synthesis were not affected by replacing ZnO with nano-ZnO and Zn-methionine during pre- and post-weaning periods. Zinc chemical form had no significant effect on the blood concentrations of total globulin, IgM and IgA. Total protein, albumin, urea-N, creatinine and glucose in the blood of the calves fed with inorganic, nano or organic Zn supplements were the same. Moreover, increasing Zn level in the diet had no effect on urinary purine derivatives, microbial N synthesis, total globulin, IgM, IgA, total protein, urea-N, creatinine and glucose.

Using nano-ZnO and Zn-methionine instead of ZnO and also the increasing dietary Zn level had no effect on microbial protein synthesis, IgM, IgA, nitrogenous compounds and glucose in the blood of the calves. Thus, feeding the conventional inorganic Zn source (ZnO) at the NRC-recommended level was sufficient to supply the calves’ requirement during pre- and post-weaning periods and the other sources are not recommended.

In this study, the effect of different levels of ZnO, nano-ZnO and Zn-methionine, in pre- and post-partum diets, on feed intake, Zn absorption, microbial protein, as well as metabolites and IgG, IgM and IgA in the blood and colostrum of ewes and suckling lambs were investigated. Experiment was conducted from 50 days before to 30 days after lambing. Sixty pregnant Khorasan-Kurdish ewes were divided into six experimental groups (10 replicates) in a randomized complete block design. Experimental diets contained ZnO, nano-ZnO and Zn-methionine to meet NRC recommendation, or higher than NRC-recommended level. Replacing ZnO with nano-ZnO or Zn-methionine had no effect on different variables in ewes, but increasing Zn level in the diet of ewes resulted in an increment of daily Zn intake, a decline of Zn absorption coefficient and an increase of fecal Zn excretion (P<0.05). Feeding mother ewes with different Zn sources had no effect on blood metabolites and immunoglobulins of the suckling lambs. Overall, nano-ZnO had no positive or negative effects on ewes and suckling lambs and using Zn-methionine instead of ZnO did not improve the metabolic condition of the animals. On the other hand, the increasing dietary Zn concentration increased zinc excretion in the environment. In practice, using the conventional ZnO at the NRC recommendation level is sufficient to provide the requirement, and to maintain the immunity of pre- and post-partum ewes and there is no need for additional Zn from other sources.

Most of the croplands of Iran are located in arid and semiarid regions that water sources are limited. In recent years irregular consumption of water sources and continuous droughts led to incidence of water crisis in most regions of the country. Therefore, performing a management program is essential for reducing water deficit effects. In line with this approach, water deficit is mentioned as a useful way for researchers. Maize is one of the most important food sources for people and animal around the world. Hence, area under cultivation of maize is continuously increased due to more diversity, extensive compatibility, high yield and shorter growth period rather than other cereals. Maturity period is one of the important features before a maize hybrid is selected for cultivation. Selecting suitable hybrid with condition of the region, appropriate growth, reproduction and production can be expected. In order to water deficit and excess consumption of water in late maturity hybrids of maize, the necessity of investigating the growth, yield and water consumption in maize hybrids should be taken into account. Material and Methods: In case of evaluation of water deficit effects on yield and yield components of maize hybrids, a split plot experiment carried out based on randomized complete block design with three replications during 2014-2015 growing season. Main plots belonged to three irrigation levels (providing 100, 80 and 60 percent of water requirement (wr)) and sub plots belonged to six different maize cultivars including late (KSC704, KSC705), medium (KSC400, KSC500), and early (DC370, KSC260) maturity groups. Plots dimensions was 3×10 meters and heap width were considered as 75 centimeters. Irrigation was performed based on 100% wr up to stability of plants (four leaves stage) and subsequently experimental treatments were exerted. Calculated rate of irrigated water was measured by water meter with accuracy of one-tenth liter and separate irrigation was exerted with control of entrance faucets for each treatment. Results illustrated that the yield and yield components of all cultivars decreased significantly by deficit irrigation. The interaction between irrigation and hybrid showed that reduction of water requirement (from 100 to 60% wr) lead to 24% decrease in plant height of KSC705 (late), while the reduction of plant height in KSC370 (early) was reported as 26% in 2015. In 2014, diminish of irrigation from 100 to 60% wr caused 11% decrease of row per ear, however, with water deficit of 80 to 60% wr no statistical difference was observed in row per ear in 2015, water deficit from 100 to 80 percent water requirement led to 10% reduction in rows per ear and also 17% decline in rows per ear was indicated as a result of water deficit from 100 to 60% wr in this year. In the second year, in line with water deficit from 100 to 60% wr, kernels per row decreased by around 13%. In medium and early maturity maize hybrids kernels per row was about 7 and 13% lower than late maturity hybrids, respectively. In the first year, water deficit had no effect on 300 kernel weight, while water deficit from 100 to 60% wr led to 25% reduction of 300 kernel weight in the second year. 300 kernel weight in the late maturity hybrid of KSC704 was 19 and 28% higher compared to KSC500 (medium maturity) and KSC260 (early maturity), respectively. In appropriate conditions of irrigation, positive and significant correlation have been observed between 300 kernel weight and seed yield. Water deficit from 100 to 60% wr caused 20% of yield reduction in KSC705 (late) and KSC400 (medium) hybrids in the first year, however, water deficit from 100 to 60% wr had no significant reduction in the yield of early hybrid. In the second year, water deficit from 100 to 60% wr in KSC705 (late maturity), KSC400 (medium maturity) and DC370 (early maturity) led to 24, 28 and 24% decline in the yield, respectively. In 2015, the effect of hybrid on harvest index was significant and harvest index decreases in KSC705 hybrids (late) compared to KSC500 (medium) and KSC260 (early) was estimated as three and 6.5 percent, respectively. High yield in late maturity hybrids KSC704 and KSC705 was affected by the periority of traits such as plant height, rows per ear, number of kernel per rows, weight of 300 kernel, harvest index and biological yield. Severe water deficit revealed that this priority was not significant among hybrids. It can be concluded that late maturity hybrids is recommended for regions without water limitation and also moderate maturity hybrids is considered for conditions with limited water.

water electrolysis is one of the best methods for high purity Hydrogen (and Oxygen) production. Using nonprecious and durable electrocatalysts with low overpotential and high activity instead of noble metals as cathode is one of the most investigated subjects. In this project, Nickel nanoparticles have been grown on the reduced graphene oxide support and deposited on Nickel foam substrate to employ as HER catalyst. The structures of this catalyst were investigated by various techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, and SEM. These techniques showed that applied method for synthesis of a porous and homogeneous elctrocatalayst was successful. To evaluate the electrochemical behavior of this nanocatalyst, cyclic voltammetry and linear sweep voltammetry were applied. The electrocatalytic activity of Ni/rGO was improved after 500 CV cycles. The observed overpotential of Ni/rGO would be -281 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm-2 and Tafel slope of -126 mV dec-1. Whereas, these parameters for Ni/rGo after 5 CV cycles are -303 mV and -149 mV dec-1, respectively. Finally to study the performance of these nanoparticles in a real condition, an alkaline electrolysis cell was used. Ni/rGO exhibited the cell voltage of 1.9 V at the current density of 200 mA cm-2.

Deficit water resources is one of limitations of sugar beet cultivation and the use of compounds that can be improved growth and sugar beet production is the most important research priorities. Potassium plays a main role against deficit water. Potassium has great effect on keeping down Osmotic potential of root cells. Its existence is critical for duration preservation and create the pressure on poke and adjustment water balance on plants. Existence of potassium has special importance in keeping water plant's tissue.. Silicon has the potential to be used in the production of floriculture crops to increase flower and stem size, accelerate flowering and improve resistance to stresses including drought. Silicon (Si) is a non-essential nutrient for most plants. However, in field crops it is known to affect plant growth and quality, photosynthesis, transpiration and enhance plant resistance to stresses such as drought. Si enhances physical and chemical defense power of plants. However, beneficial effects of Si are most obvious in high Si-accumulating plant species Si plays a significant role in modulating physiological and metabolic responses in plant. This study investigated into role of foliar spraying Silica and Potassium on the sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under deficit Irrigation. In order to study the effects of foliar spraying silicon and Potassium on quantitve and qualitative yield of sugar beet under conditions of irrigation deficit, two experiments were conducted a split plot arrangement based on randomized complete block design with three replications in two regions of Mashhad and Fariman and analyzed as complex in 2016. Main plots were allocated to irrigation treatments including: 100, 75 and 50 percent of water requirement and sub plots were allocated to four fertilizer levels including: control, Potassium, Silicon, Potassium with Silicon. Promoter system (OS-1 model) for stomatal conductance and chlorophyllmetr system for chlorophyll index and Betalizer and Sugarmetr system were used to measuring qualitative traits. The results showed that interactions of fertilizer treatments on yield, root Potassium, stomatal conductance and chlorophyll index at 1% level and Sugar content, Extraction coefficient of sugar and Molasses sugar were significant at 5% level. The simple effects of fertilizer treatments were on Sodium and Amino nitrogen significant at 1% and 5%, respectively. In the case of water adequacy, Application of silica and potassium fertilizers had an increasing effect and increased the yield by 12.9% and in a mild stress condition (75% water requirement), increased by 21%, chlorophyll index and 37% stomatal conductance and 14.5% yield compared to the control. The application of silica and potassium fertilizers under severe drought stress (50% water requirement) did not affect quantitative yield. But reduced the molass sugar by 47%. The use of these two elements reduced the amount of sodium and nitrogen contaminants by 26% and 21.5%, respectively. The results showed that the correlation between the amount of potassium and silicon leaves and yield and Sugar content was positive. For best results, the minimum weights of potassium and silicon leaves should be 4.5 and 3.5 mg / kg, respectively. In general, the results showed that simultaneous use of silica and potassium fertilizers had an increasing effect and could improve the quality and quantity of beet in different irrigation regimes

There are many similarities between the faculty of imagination and Satan. Indeed, one may consider the imagination as the Satan of the minor world (i.e. human being), and consider Satan as the imagination of the major world (i.e. the universe). Thus, knowing each of these two (imagination and Satan) helps us knowing the other. This is just what Mullā Sadrā has done in his works. The role of imagination in Satan's existence is a basic role and Mullā Sadrā, in his works, maintains that imaginative perception is the highest point of Satan's perceptions and the ultimate level of knowledge he can acquire, and that he is unable to reach purely rational understanding. Thus, Satan is in the zenith of compound ignorance. On the other hand, the only way through which Satan can penetrate man's soul is the faculty of imagination, and he has no other way to mislead man. Accordingly, from this and other aspects, Satan and the faculty of imagination are closely related to one another. The more one of them is known, the more the other would be known as well.This article is seeking to better identify and delineate Satan and imagination by comparing them and explaining their relationship; this would result in motivating one to seek knowledge, preventing Satan's penetration, and moving towards human perfection.

To compare ultrasound pachymetry and Orbscan II for measurement of central corneal thickness (CCT) in normal eyes. The current study was performed at Labbafinejad Medical Center (LMC), Tehran, Iran. Three hundred eyes from 150 healthy individuals referred for keratorefractive surgery were assessed first by Orbscan II and then by ultrasound pachymetry, and CCT values were recorded and compared. Overall, Orbscan II overestimated CCT as compared to ultrasound pachymetry by about 2.4% (mean values 547.6 ± 34.7 versus 534.8 ± 34.7, respectively, P < 0.001). The difference was more significant when CCT was less than 500 microns (mean values 493.2 ± 16.9 versus 479.9 ± 15.6, mean overestimation: 2.6%, P < 0.001). There was good linear correlation between the two methods (Pearson's correlation r = 0.968, P < 0.0001). Orbscan II has good correlation with ultrasound pachymetry for measurement of CCT in normal eyes; however Orbscan II should not be used to evaluate corneal thickness before keratorefractive surgeries, as it tends to overestimate corneal thickness and may result in undesirable, low residual stromal thickness.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of deep-stacking process on temperature and pathogenic bacterial survival of Broiler Litter (BL). Broiler litter، deep-stacked to 3 depths (30، 60 or 120 cm) and at 3 moisture levels (15، 25 or 35%) was made use of in a split plot design، experiment last for 21 days. Daily temperature of the deep-stacked BL at different depths and at different ambient temperatures were recorded. At the finite temperature of the deep-stacked BLs، representative samples were taken from different depths for later bacterial analysis. The effect of depth on temperature of deep-stacked BL was significant among the day’s 2 to 13 (P<0. 05). Higher moisture level increased the temperature of deep-stacked BL on days 1-4 and 9-21 (P<0. 05). The interaction effect of depth × moisture on temperature of deep stacked BL was significant (P<0. 05). Total count of bacteria in the deep-stacked BL treatments decreased as compared with the control treatment (P<0. 05) with the exception of the depth of 30 cm of 15% moisture and as well the depth of 120 cm of 25% moisture. Mean populations of Coliform bacteria in the depth of 30 cm with 25% moisture and in the depth 30 and 60 cm of 35% moisture amounted to zero. There were no Escherichia coli populations found in at the different depths of deep-stacked BL of 35% moisture. Mean populations of Salmonella in depths of 30 and 60 cm with 25 and 35% moisture contents and at the depth of 120 cm with 35% moisture content were recorded as zero. Overall، deep-stacking BL with 35% of moisture for 9 days (to reach the final destined temperature) decreased the total count of bacteria and other Coliforms and as well eliminated the pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli and Salmonella).

Based on the literature on the relationship between financial development and trade, this paper examines the effect of financial development on both trade and trade in services in acceded countries to the WTO. By using a panel data method for the period of 1985 to 2006, the results indicate that financial development has a positive effect on total trade in acceded countries; therefore, it shows that financial development is a determinant factor of trade development and policy in these countries. On the other hand, financial development has a negative effect on trade in services.

Effect of heat processing on the nutritive value of broiler litter، as a potential ruminant feedstuff، was studied in two pilot plans، processing through an assessment of chemical composition، protein fractionation according to CNCPS as wells digestibility making use of Tilley and Terry method. In a manufactory located in the city of Sabzevar. The average values of Dry Matter (DM)، Crude Protein (CP)، Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDFom)، Acid detergent fiber (ADFom)، ash، Ca، P، Mg، K، Na، Fe، Mn، Cu and Zn in the unprocessed broiler litter constituted 83. 5% of the fresh matter، 26. 4، 41. 3، 14. 2، 18. 6، 1. 85، 0. 97، 0. 8، 1. 0، 0. 065 % of DM، 910. 75، 332. 73، 58. 14 and 384. 4 mg/kg of DM، respectively. These values for the processed litter، respectively، amounted to 92. 9 % of fresh weight، 25. 5، 46. 2، 14. 4، 18. 6، 1. 74، 0. 95، 0. 72، 0. 94، 0. 062 % of DM، 1029. 3، 304. 25، 54. 74 and 379. 75 mg/kg of DM. As for the Semnan manufactory، the average values for the unprocessed litter were، respectively،73. 2 % of fresh weight، 28. 8، 16. 0، 17. 2، 1. 92، 1. 13، 0. 61، 1. 1، 0. 036 % of DM، 13.، 374. 0، 52. 69 and 345. 0 mg/kg of DM. Fllowing the processing operations the mentioned values changed to 82. 3 % of fresh weight، 28. 3، 49. 1، 18. 5، 17. 8، 1. 86، 0. 94، 0. 60، 0. 87، 0. 035 % of DM، 1598. 2، 338. 67، 51. 15 and 302. 6 mg/kg of DM، respectively. Protein fractions A، B1، B2، B3 and C in the unprocessed litter at Sabzevar manufactory were، respectively 51. 8، 18. 5، 17. 1، 7. 13 and 5. 01 % of CP. The values for Semnan manufactory were recorded as 50. 3، 11. 1، 24. 6، 9. 51 and 5. 4 % of CP، respectively. After heat processing، accomplished and fot both manufactories، fractions A and B1 were reduced، wtereas B2، B3 and C increased (P<0. 05). The in vitro DM Digestibility (DMD)، Organic Matter Digestibility (OMD) and ME contents for the unprocessed litter، respectively، were 799، 798 g/kg and 9. 63 MJ/kg DM for Sabzevar manufactory، and 780، 791 g/kg and 9. 70 MJ/kg DM for Semnan،s. Heating process had no significant effect on digestibility and ME (P>0. 05)، except for DMD at Sabzevar manufactory، which had singificantly decreased. The Pressing method of processing reduced (P<0. 05) DMD، OMD (771 and 773 g/kg) and ME (9. 31 MJ/kg of DM) as compared with unprocessed litter. Overall، although application of indirect heat processing of broiler litter somehow reduced CP، Mg and Cu contents، but by removal of the pathogenic organisms it can lead ot the production of a protein supplement، enriched in mineral،s as a ruminant feedstuff and which can help reduc the environmental pollution.

In this article, the assessment and evaluation of the efficiency of selected countries in the Middle East and Central Asia region in the field of training and education using the method of linear programming. For this purpose, and given that in assessing non-parametric and parametric methods are mainly used non-parametric methods, by which on the basis of mathematical planning methods and in particular is based on the data envelopment analysis method, Iran and regional countries in terms of the efficiency of the education system and classification training and ranking. It must be mentioned that the major advantage method Data Envelopment Analysis )DEA( compared to other available methods for the measurement of efficiency, is that it can be used by the efficiency with multiple input and multiple output )conversion to non-reliable(, evaluation. In the present article, due to the input and output of the education system and training in selected countries during the year 2010, assessing returns with two fixed and variable returns to scale relative to the scale. The results show that first assuming countries; Iran, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey and Uzbekistan among the countries of Georgia, Azerbaijan, Jordan, Oman, Pakistan, Tajikistan, UAE, Turkmenistan and Yemen of the highest efficiency and default 85% efficiency under the average. With a view to having the second assuming countries; Pakistan, United Arab Emirates and Tajikistan to the worlds ‘ States that the average efficiency of under the assumption of 92/2%. Finally, with regard to the template being the country of Uzbekistan is based on the findings of this study can be said that developing countries, especially Iran, non- efficiency in order to increase the efficiency of your pattern should be the country of Uzbekistan.