m. ranjbar

This research sought to assess the climate comfort conditions for tourism in Hamadan Province.

This applied study, conducted in 2023 in Hamadan Province, utilized climate data gathered from meteorological stations across the region. Key climatic variables, including temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and atmospheric pressure, were collected from 2004 to 2018. The meteorological stations examined included Hamadan, Tuyserkan, Asadabad, Razan, Famenin, Nahavand, Qahavand, Nojeh, and Malayer. After gathering the data, the Stress Index, the Steadman-Tom Temperature-Humidity Index, and the Climate Potential Index were calculated and analyzed across various time periods, such as different seasons, to determine which periods and areas provided optimal climatic conditions for tourism.

The models revealed consistent patterns, including climatic homogeneity and stability, persistent cold in winter, variations in climate between spring and summer, and unfavorable conditions during winter. All three indices indicated that climate changes in the Hamadan region have been gradual, without extreme fluctuations, leading to uniform conditions within each season. This consistency across the indices suggests that, despite methodological differences, the overall findings regarding climatic and thermal comfort were similar.

Most meteorological stations in Hamadan report unfavorable bioclimatic conditions for tourism in January and February, with March also being suboptimal. The most favorable months for tourism in Hamadan Province are May, June, and September.

The present investigation aimed to study the anatomical characteristics of Virgularia gustaviana (Herklots, 1863) from the Strait of Hormuz in the northwest of the Persian Gulf. In this regard, 25 sea pens, which were identified as V. gustaviana (Herklots, 1863), were collected from the intertidal zone of the Suru and Bandar Abbas coasts (the northeast of the Persian Gulf). The samples were fixed in the alcohol formalin glacial acetic (AFA) fixative for a week and were then studied using a stereomicroscope. According to the results, the body of V. gustavia anatomically consisted of two main parts (rachis and peduncle), both of which originate from a primary polyp. The rachis was the upper part of the body with leaf-like leaves. The peduncle, with a smooth, straightforward structure, was the lower part of the body. The caudal part of the peduncle was bubble-like. A mineralized axis was observed at the center along the body, surrounded by mesenteric septa. Although all sea pens share the same basic anatomical structure, colony shape varies considerably in different species in terms of evolution.

Rural tourism development is of great importance in rural development and plays an important role in diversifying the rural economy to provide more opportunities in such regions. The identification of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for the advancement of rural tourism in Makhunik village, situated in South Khorasan province, was accomplished through the utilization of strategic planning employing the David model.

This is an applied study carried out in 2021 in Makhunik village. The study population consisted of two groups: rural households residing in Makhunik village and tourists as well as officials from institutions associated with the village. Data were collected through both library research and fieldwork methods. The questionnaire was developed based on a thorough examination of scholarly sources and interviews with officials from organizations affiliated with rural tourism. A comprehensive list of recommended strategies was formulated, and the factors were subsequently incorporated into a 47-item questionnaire utilizing a 5-point Likert scale. The strategies were determined in accordance with David's model, which is based on the SWOT framework.

The assessment of internal factors (total final score 2.29) demonstrates that the weaknesses of tourism in Makhunik village outnumber its strengths, necessitating the formulation of strategies to address these weaknesses. The evaluation matrix of external factors (total final score 2.47) reveals that the region's tourism opportunities surpass the threats it faces. Consequently, macro strategies should be devised to capitalize on these opportunities for the region's tourism.

The proposed strategies for rural tourism planning encompass conservative (WO), defensive (SO), offensive (SO), and competitive (ST) strategies, respectively. These strategies have been presented with the aim of enhancing tourist visits to the village and fostering tourism development through their accurate and timely implementation.

Bipolar disorder as a complex chronic disease is characterized by mood changes, mental pain followed by harmful behaviors such as suicide attempts. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between suicidal thoughts and mental pain of people with bipolar disorders in 2022.

This study is a cross-sectional descriptive study on 200 patients with bipolar disorder selected from patients admitted to psychiatric wards in Iran hospital by continuous sampling. After obtaining written consent, mental pain and Beck suicidal ideation questionnaires were completed. Descriptive data were analyzed and reported using tables of frequency, mean and standard deviation and quantitative data by inferential statistics using independent t-test, chi-square and analysis of variance in SPSS-v.16 software.

Mental pain has a direct relationship with suicide in patients with mood disorders (0.653>0.001), as there was a direct and significant correlation between suicidal thoughts and all dimensions of mental pain except social distancing and emptiness. The highest correlation of suicidal thoughts was with the dimension of emotional disturbance (r=0.882) and the lowest correlation was with the dimension of confusion (r=0.182). Discussion and

The findings of the present study indicate the association and direct relationship between mental pain and suicidal thoughts in patients with bipolar disorder and the importance and necessity of considering this case in the treatment of these patients.

In the real world, in most cases, such as industry, management, and even in daily life, we encounter optimization and decision-making problems that require the opinions of experts and masters on the problem to be able to make the best decision. In these cases, it is necessary to use an optimization problem with hesitant fuzzy parameters.There are few studies on hesitant fuzzy linear programming (HFLP) problems. Therefore,in this paper, we  consider such problems.Especially, we study HFLP problems with hesitant cost coefficients. For this purpose,we propose the simplex  method to solve the introduced optimization problems and draw a flowchart of the proposed  method.Finally, by solving two illustrative examples with hesitant fuzzy information, we examine the applicability of the proposed method.

In this study, two inorganic additives with perovskite structure have been used as additives in fabrication of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Ba2In2O5·(H2O)x and Ba2(In1.8Cr0.2)O5·(H2O)y was applied in perovskite precursor solution for synthesis of photo absorption layer in PCSs by a one-step solution method with solvent engineering technique. Cr-substituted and pristine Ba2In2O5·(H2O)x were prepared by solid-state and soft chemistry methods like the procedures in previous work, and utilized to improve the crystal structure and morphology of perovskite layer of PSCs. The morphology of the new perovskite layers was studied by FE-SEM, and XRD analysis. The results showed using 2 wt % of additives in precursor solution of fabricated PCSs increased the open-circuit voltage (Voc) of cells, also the power-conversion efficiency of the cells improved from 7.8 % to 9.7, and 9.3 % by using both additives respectively. Cr-substituted and pristine Ba2In2O5·(H2O)x could modify the coverage of perovskite film on the TiO2 layer and consequently improve the photovoltaic stability and performance of perovskite solar cells.

A hesitant fuzzy number (HFN) is important as a generalization of the fuzzy number for hesitant fuzzy analysis and takes some applications that were discussed in recent literature. In this paper, we develop the hesitant fuzzy arithmetic, which is based on the extension principle for hesitant fuzzy sets. Employing this principle, standard arithmetic operations on fuzzy numbers are extended to HFNs and we show that the outcome of these operations on two HFNs are an HFN.Also we use the extension principle in HFSs for the ranking of HFNs, which may be an interesting topic.In this paper, we show that the HFNs can be ordered in a natural way. To introduce a meaningful ordering of HFNs, we use a new lattice operation on HFNs based upon extension principle and  defining the Hamming distance on them.Finally, the applications of them are explained on optimization and decision-making problems.

An efficient family cannot be defined as one that is free of mental stress, conflicts, and problems, but rather, it is defined based on the extent to which the family is capable of fulfilling its duties and functions. Poorly functioning families have difficulty dealing with emotional issues. In these families, communication is neglected or unqualified, the range of emotional reactions is limited, and the quantity and quality of these reactions is abnormal depending on the context and environment. These issues highlight the need to provide psychological training to the families of patients with chronic mental disorders. The variety and intensity of caring roles may lead to mental disorders in family members. If these individuals receive no intervention, their mental health will decline, thereby rendering them as ‘hidden patients’. Family interventions could reduce the recurrence and frequent hospitalization of patients with mental disorders. Therefore, the involvement of the families of patients with chronic mental disorders is paramount. The families who live with these patients are exposed to the challenges associated with their illness and are often responsible for their care and wellbeing. Life skills training is an effective psychological intervention that helps families promote adaptive and positive behaviors to manage the challenges of daily life. Life skills training for the families of patients with chronic mental disorders could also reduce the stigma associated with the disease, improve familial relations, and decrease the burden or stress of the caregivers. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of life skills training on the performance of the families of patients with chronic mental disorders.

This single-group quasi-experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design on 37 family members of patients with chronic mental disorders admitted to Iran Psychiatric Center in 2020. The sample size was calculated to be 32 considering the error rate of 0.05 and test power of 0.80, which was almost equal to 37 participants with 10% attrition. The participants were selected via convenience sampling from the family members of the patients. After obtaining the required permit to conduct the research, the researcher began the sampling process. Due to the simultaneity of the intervention with the Covid-19 pandemic, it was not possible to hold meetings in person, and the intervention was performed virtually. For this purpose, the researcher referred to the research environment, and after coordination with the educational supervisor, obtained the contact number recorded in the patientschr('39') files, and the families were contacted. While explaining the objectives of the research, the researcher convinced the families to participate in the study. To have access to all the subjects, the researcher formed a group in WhatsApp, which was called Life Skills, where all the subjects had direct access to the researcher. After completing the informed consent form and to perform the pretest, demographic forms were distributed among the families to measure the variables of age, gender, marital status, education level, relationship with the client, economic status, type of mental disorder, and family performance tools. One month after the pretest and at the end of the training course, the posttest was conducted electronically via WhatsApp by the researcher. The research samples were taught online in six 60-minute sessions for three weeks using recorded audio, PowerPoint, PDF files, and clips, which could be uploaded to WhatsApp. Initially, the demographic form and McMaster family assessment questionnaire were completed, and the life skills training was provided afterwards. The posttest was performed one month after the intervention. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using descriptive and analytical statistics. The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences, and written informed consent was obtained from the participants electronically. Participation was voluntary, and the subjects were assured of the confidentiality and anonymity of the data. 

 The majority of the participants were aged less than 30 years (51.4%), female (75.7%), and married (56.8%). In addition, most of the subjects had academic education (73%) and a moderate economic status (75.7%), and the client-parent relationship was most frequent (40.5%). According to the posttest results, the mean scores of overall family performance (P<0.001) and its dimensions, including problem-solving (P<0.001), communication (P<0.001), roles (P<0.001), emotional response (P<0.001), emotional mixing (P=0.045), and behavior control (P=0.006) significantly decreased compared to the pretest, indicating the positive effect of the training intervention on family performance and its dimensions. Based on the calculated effect size, the maximum effect of the intervention was on the problem-solving dimension (0.93), and the minimum effect size was observed in the emotional response dimension (0.34).

 According to the results, life skills training for the families of patients with chronic mental disorders had a significant impact on all the aspects of family performance and could be used as an effective method in psychiatric centers to improve the performance of these families. Furthermore, it is suggested that psychiatric ward nurses become familiar with the educational content of life skills and family performance to implement these interventions for patientschr('39') families if necessary. Our findings could also help nursing managers and head nurses of psychiatric wards for the better management of care provision to patients with chronic mental disorders and supporting the families of these patients after discharge. The life skills educational content provided to our participants could also be provided to clinical professors, so that students would become familiar with these outlines and incorporate the content into their care plans. Since the implementation of an intervention based on life skills training improved family performance of clients with chronic mental disorders, it is suggested that a similar intervention be evaluated to improve variables affecting life skills areas such as communication skills, problem solving skills, and Behavior control.

In this paper, palladium doped-tungsten oxide thin films have been prepared by sol-gel deposition method. In this way, tungstic ‎acid obtained by Kudo method was doped by different amounts of palladium chloride and were deposited on transparent ‎conductive oxide of ITO/glass by dip-coating method. The effect of Pd doping on morphology and optical properties as well as ‎electrochemical characteristics were investigated using scanning electron microscopic (SEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy, cyclic ‎voltammetry (CV) and optical transmission at 632.8 nm constant wavelength. SEM revealed that the WO3 layers have a thickness ‎of 450-500 nm were obtained with smooth and uniform surfaces. Also, the transparency of layers was above 85%, for which the ‎optical gap was decreased by increasing Pd content. The voltammetry results showed that the doped palladium reduces the ‎catholic potential, increases the chemical stability of tungsten oxide thin films, stabilizing the electrochemical performance of ‎these layers. Finally, we measured the electrochromic response time and the corresponding electrochemical efficiencies

In this study, we use metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), TMU-60 ([Zn (OBA)(L*). DMF]L*=5,6-di(pyridine-4-yl)-1,2,3,4 – tetrahydropyrazine) (compound I), and TMU-60-Cd (compound II), with excellent conductivity as additives in perovskite solution. The presence of cadmium in the structure of TMU-60-Cd can significantly enhance the conductivity of the framework. These frameworks can transfer the electron between the structures. Therefore, the use of these frameworks in perovskite solar cells could have a positive effect on electron transfer. However due to the creation of a lot of voids during the formation of perovskite layer, the power-conversion efficiency (PCE) of resulting PCSs were weaker than the pristine PCS. The results revealed that using even small amounts of TMU-60, and TMU-60-Cd caused a significant reduction in PCE, and the short current densities (Jsc), while improving the stability of the perovskite film, and the device. The absorption, and morphology of the new perovskite layer was also studied by UV–Vis spectroscopy, FE-SEM, and XRD.

Zinc oxide nanostructures exhibit unique properties which make them suitable for dye-sensitized solar cell applications. Their specific properties such as appropriate optical properties, proper energy band gap and high electron transfer characteristics have motivated researchers to use them in the fabrication of dye-sensitized solar cell photo-anodes. In the present study, the effect of thickness on the performance of a new ZnO photo-anode has been studied. All the photovoltaic parameters of the cells fabricated using N719 ruthenium dye were measured. SEM technique was utilized to determine the thickness and the UV-Visible method was used to study the transparent properties of the photo-anodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique was employed to determine the appropriate equivalent circuit for studying the electron transfer mechanisms in all the fabricated cells. The results demonstrated that the ZnO thickness is a critical parameter for providing either sufficient resistance to suppress the charge recombination process or appropriate electron transferring properties. The optimized ZnO photo-anode was obtained at a thickness of 19 µm, which resulted in an efficiency of 3.22%.

Behavioral and psychological factors, such as power, agency costs, profit management, and myopic behavior of managers can affect information transparency and cause significant changes. Evidence, on the other hand, suggests that investors determine the value of stocks under the influence of judgments based on mental imagery, unscientific information, and the psychological and emotional conditions of the stock exchange. However, investors can be present in this market relying on information transparency.  Therefore, considering the importance of these relations for market, the present study is an attempt to investigate the effect of managers' ethical and behavioral characteristics on investors’ sentiments in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. For this purpose, hypotheses are developed and data of Companies listed on Tehran Stock Exchange during 2009 to 2018 are analyzed. The statistical population of the study includes 150 companies, selected by systematic elimination. The regression model of the research is tested using panel data method with integrated effects approach. The results show that with regard to the effect of managers’ ethical and behavioral characteristics, optimism, short-sightedness, agency behavior, and profit management intensify investors' sentiment and have a positive and significant effect on it by reducing transparency in firms’ decision-making environment. Moreover, the results confirm that the managerial power index, which reflects manager's authoritative behavior, has no significant effect on investors' sentiment.

Antisolvent-assisted one-step spin coating approach has been investigated as an effective method for the preparation of perovskite solar cells (PSC) under ambient conditions. The influence of antisolvent dropping delay time on the final morphology was investigated. The photovoltaic device with FTO/TiO2 block/TiO2-mp/CH3NH3PbI3/Au structure was fabricated, and the impact of different delay times on the morphology of CH3NH3PbI3 layers were examined. The hole transport materials (HTM) free PSC with optimal antisolvent dropping delay time exhibited open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.76 V with power conversion efficiency (PCE) of  3.54 %, which were much higher than those of the PSC fabricated without antisolvent treatment (Voc of  0.64 V and PCE of 1.51 %). Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to study the morphology and structure of the CH3NH3PbI3 films. Photocurrent-voltage curves were plotted to investigate the photoelectric properties, carrier transfer, and recombination process in the fabricated perovskite solar cells. Our findings indicated that the proposed antisolvent-assisted one-step spin coating approach can provide a high-performance atmospheric method for fabrication of low-cost HTM-free perovskite solar cells.

Nowadays, smart systems are being widely used in combats because there exist a lot of applications for these systems which usually depend on sensors. Matching sensors to weapons and threats or in short sensor-weapon/threat assignment is a major challenge in modern wars and is classified as a complex resource assignment optimization problem. Consequently, the result of modern wars highly depends on effective usage of sensors and weapons. In this paper, the sensor-weapon/threat assignments and their scheduling problem have been formulated. The object of this model is maximizing the destruction of threats in a given time horizon subject to operational constraints. This model has been solved using CPLEX. Furthermore, a metaheuristic algorithm based on GRASP is developed. Finally, using a set of randomly generated test instances, the results of all developed solution approaches are reported and compared.

In the bipolar disorder, the mood of the individual is damaged and constantly and abnormally changes from very good to very bad and depressed. Outbursts of explosive anger are one of the characteristics of patients with the bipolar disorder, which causes self-harm and harm to others. Aggression occurs in this population due to factors such as the lack of social support, frequent recurrence of the disease, and failure to use medication. The main consequence of aggression in this vulnerable population is that they are pushed toward substance abuse and alcohol consumption, which eventually disrupt their social functioning. Considering the adverse, debilitative effects of aggression on patients with the bipolar disorder, proper measures must be taken for effective management. Since patients with the bipolar disorder experience severe emotional fluctuations that could damage themselves, their families, other patients, and nurses, it is important to reduce the damages to others and replace aggressive behaviors with constructive interactions in the form of anger management programs. Anger management is a skill taught for the control of aggression in bipolar patients. In fact, anger management helps these individuals learn how to stay calm and control their negative emotions before the onset of anger. In other words, the purpose of this psychological training is to increase psychosocial abilities, effectively deal with the conflicts in life, prevent harmful behaviors to health, and promote the mental health of bipolar patients. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of an anger management educational program on the aggression of individuals with bipolar disorders.

This single-group, quasi-experimental study was conducted at Iran Psychiatric Center in 2019 on 39 participants, who were selected via continuous sampling from the admitted patients with the bipolar disorder based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire for the variables of age, gender, marital status, occupation status, education level, and history of admission due to bipolar disorders. In addition, the valid and reliable aggression scale by Buss and Perry was used for data collection, which consisted of for subscales, including physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, and hostility. Initially, a pretest was performed on the participants. Afterwards, the anger management training program was presented to the participants. Notably, the contents of the educational program were prepared based on the available texts regarding anger management with an emphasis on the psychotherapeutic considerations regarding the aggression of patients with the bipolar disorder. The covered subjects in the program included ways to deal with anger and aggression, teaching effective anger management skills, playing a role in anger, teaching problem-solving skills, and decisiveness training for patients with the bipolar disorder. Following that, the validity of the educational contents was confirmed by psychiatric nursing professors. The training program was presented through lecture by the co-researcher with questions and answers between the researcher and the participants and expressing the experiences and roles played by the participants in the study. The program was implemented for four weeks with two 60-minute sessions each week. Due to the fact that it was not possible to gather all the participants in the training sessions, the sessions were held in small groups with gender segregation for 5-7 participants. The meetings were held after the hour of prayer and lunch in the visiting rooms of the inpatient wards. In addition, a 15-minute break was considered for each session. One month after the intervention, the participants were post-tested. This article was extracted from a research project approved by Iran University of Medical Sciences. During the research process, the ethical policies of the university were observed, including obtaining informed consent from the participants and their voluntary participation. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (paired-t test).

At the pretest, the mean score of aggression was 99.74±14.73, which reduced to 83.21±11.68 at the posttest. At the pretest and posttest stages, the mean scores of physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, and hostility were 32.90±8.02 and 28.87±6.86 (P=0.042), 19.41±3.73 and 17.77±3.55 (P=0.814), 22.69±4.47 and 17.85±3.41 (P=0.010), and 24.74±7.55 and 18.72± 6.55 (P=0.032), respectively. In addition, the results of paired t-test indicated significant differences in the scores of aggression at the pretest and posttest in the patients with the bipolar disorder (t=-3.061; P=0.003). The anger management educational program affected all the dimensions of aggression, with the exception of verbal aggression (P=0.814).

According to the results, anger management training could reduce the aggression of the patients with the bipolar disorder in the subscales of physical aggression, anger, and hostility. Our findings could be a step toward the implementation of anger management training for this population of inpatients admitted to psychiatric centers in order to improve their aggression. Furthermore, it is recommended that nurses working in psychiatric wards become familiar with the educational contents of anger management for the subjects under study, so that they could perform the program at the bedside of these patients in appropriate situations in admission wards. In addition, the obtained results are useful for nursing managers and psychiatrists to better manage the care of individuals with the bipolar disorder. In the field of clinical education, the content of anger management could be provided to clinical nursing instructors to acquaint their students with such trainings, so that students could use the contents in their care plans for patients with the bipolar disorder.

Patients with bipolar disorder are faced with the phenomenon of stigma. On the other hand, self-compassion plays a key role in the improvement of their mental health. The present study aimed to determine the correlation between stigma and self-compassion in patients with bipolar disorder.

This cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 200 patients with bipolar disorder hospitalized in Iran Psychiatric Center in Tehran, Iran. The patients were selected via continuous sampling. Data were collected using the questionnaire of demographic data and validated, reliable scales of stigma and self-compassion. Data analysis was performed using descriptive (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson's correlation-coefficient, independent t-test, and ANOVA).

The mean scores of stigma and self-compassion were 77.03±7.06 and 77.57±4.47, respectively. Pearson's correlation-coefficient showed no significant correlation between stigma and self-compassion in the patients (P=0.301; r=-0.073). On the other hand, significant correlations were observed between the dimensions of discrimination (P=0.030; r=-0.153), disclosure (P=0.045; r=-0.142), and positive aspects of stigma with the isolation dimension of self-compassion (P=0.034; r=-0.150), which was an inverse, weak correlation as reduced isolation was associated with increased stigma in these dimensions. Moreover, significant correlations were denoted between the number of family member, age, and family history of mental disorders with stigma (P<0.05). However, no significant associations were observed between the demographic characteristics and self-compassion.

The results indicated no significant correlation between stigma and self-compassion. However, significant associations were observed between the dimensions of stigma with the isolation dimension of self-compassion, which were inversely and significantly correlated. Therefore, it could be concluded that as the patients further perceived the dimensions of discrimination, disclosure, and positive aspects of stigma, they were more inclined toward isolation. Stigma is an inherent cultural element in the community, which is so strong and complex that even high self-compassion could not diminish its effects.

In this research, localized surface plasmon resonance spectra for single spherical gold nanoparticles with radius between 20 to 55nm in environments of different refractive indices between 1 and 1.8 has been studied by Finite Different Time Domain method. In this simulations, plasmon resonance frequency is determined for each nanoparticle with optimized mesh size, and is compared with the results of Mie theory. Moreover, using these results, plasmonic propertis of gold nanoshells of various diameters were studied in air (n=1) and water (n=1.33). Plasmon resonance has been calculated for nanoshells and it was concluded that in different environments, gold nanoshells with outer radius of 20 nanometers and diameter of 12 nanometers have their plasmonic spectrum are associated on gold nanosphere with the same outer radius.  frequency for nanoshells has been calculated. The plasmon resonance peak shift for various nanoparticles is plotted versus refractive indices. Finally, the most sensitive and most insennitive of nanoparticles to the refractive index of the environment has been discussed for sensing applications.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of self-directed on personal knowledge management of school managers. The research method was descriptive survey and the research tools were the self-directed scale of sheikhnezami and the personal knowledge management scale of Bagheri. Validity of the questionnaires was calculated using Case's analysis and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha method, which was 0.85 for self-directed and 0.92 for personal knowledge management. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics including linear regression analysis and multiple regression analysis using SPSS software and path analysis using Lisrel software. Findings showed that self-directed have a significant effect on personal knowledge management of school managers. Self-directed dimensions including self-education, time management, communication skills, document management, professional growth planning, and attention to physical and mental health have a positive and significant effect on personal knowledge management in Lamard schools managerss. The simultaneous effect of variables in the final model using multiple regression and path analysis showed that all self-directed dimensions have a positive and significant predictive value for personal knowledge management in managers of Lamerd city schools.

Lichen planus is a mucocutaneous chronic inflammatory disease with unknown etiology. Malignant potential of oral lichen planus (OLP) and lichenoid reactions (OLR) are controversial. Since micronucleus frequency of cells is representative of risk of malignancy, the aim of present study was to evaluate micronucleus frequency in these lesions. In this cross-sectional study, study group consisted of 20 OLP and 20 OLR which clinically and histopathologically had been confirmed and 20 healthy individuals without oral lesions and systemic disease who presented in oral medicine department of Babol dental college. After receiving written consent, smears were prepared from lesion site at buccal mucosa by cytobrush and were stained at laboratory using Papanicolaou stain. In each slide 500 cells were assessed under light microscope at 400X magnification; mean number of micronucleated cells and mean total numbers of micronuclei were calculated. Mean number of micronucleated cells in OLP, OLR and normal mucosa were 5.20±3.73, 5.65±3.66 and 0.95±1.19 and number of micronuclei were 6.75±4.94, 8±4.66 and 1.30±1.72 respectively. Mean number of micronucleated cells and number of micronuclei were significantly greater in OLP and OLR than normal mucosa (p<0.001) but there were no significant differences between OLP and OLR (p=0.67 and p=0.36 respectively). There were no significant differences in mean number of micronucleated cells between reticular and erosive subtypes of OLP and also OLR (p=0.96). There were also no significant differences in mean number of micronuclei between these subtypes (p=0.96 and p=0.93 respectively). The results of this study indicated that significant increase in micronucleus frequency of OLP and OLR are probably indicative of higher risk of malignancy in these lesions.

Today, traffic problem has influenced people in major cities. The problem which has been brought by modernization and industrialization. Without a doubt a percentage of this problem is the result of improper driving behavior by traffic users. Unfortunately traffic discipline and driving regulations are not accepted and conducted by various drivers. Traffic police as the traffic regulation enforcer has to encounter with them by traditional methods in addition to new methods. Using traffic cameras and electronic devices to detect and record traffic violation is one of the options. This research deals the police mechanism in order to acquaint electronic devices and traffic cameras usage in the statistical society of this research is Tehran's drivers which is obtained by questionnaire to gather information, thenceforth it deals to statistical analysis with related software. Ultimately it was presumed that camera activity reduces the traffic violations and improves law-abidance and assists Tehran's traffic police if certain conditions are met.
Unfamiliarity of all Tehran's traffic personnel’s with this scheme is one of the weak points of its implementations which needs to be informed to them in this certain subject.

Background and

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder which is an ordinary type of dementia in the elderly. It impairs memory and cognitive ability. Different kinds of treatment have been presented to cure AD or reduce its progression, most of which are based on inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme. According to traditional Persian medicine, the bay laurel fruit has been applied for different medical purposes such as improving mind and memory function. The aim of the presented study was to evaluate the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of fixed and essential oil of Laurus nobilis L. fruit.
Methods and Materials: Dried fruit of Laurus nobilis L. was subjected to hydro distillation for obtaining the essential oil, then the fixed oil of fruit was extracted by a Soxhlet apparatus (n-hexane as a solvent). Ellman method was employed to evaluate the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of bay laurel fruit.

Both fixed and essential oil exhibited acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity which the percentage of inhibition for fixed oil (1.35 mg.mL-1) and essential oil (1.8 μg.mL-1) was 34.33 ±2.4 and 50, respectively.

According to the results obtained from the present study, the effect of bay laurel on mind and memory can be relevant to its acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity.

Introduction and purpose:

In recent decades, organizing analysis of Damaged Area rural zones due to utilization of internal capacities in development planning has been the subject of scientific and practical studies and the key stage of restoration of this old rural Damaged Area is formulation the procedure and taking appropriate approach in renovation and restoration. This research purpose is examined and study about necessity of formulate of appropriate model for renovation and restoration of worn and old rural areas to achieve sustainable development.

In this research for making intervention pattern and approach at rural Damaged Area and old zones border, after analyzing and recognizing present situation of case study limited area by using of Cochran formula 324  questionnaire was filled and The analysis was performed through the SWOT matrix, position of the limited area at Internal  and external matrix is determined.

Data analysis showed that the case study limited area was in competitive situations at nine box matrix. Then a set of criteria and indicators Evaluated with Delphi technique and participatory mass building achieved the highest score.

Medicago biflora (Griseb.) E. Small and Trigonella tenuis Fisch., two new records of the tribe Trifolieae (Fabaceae) from Iran, are redescribed. M. biflora and T. tenuis belong to M. sect. Lunatae Boiss. and T. sect. Bucerates Boiss., respectively. The former species is closely related to M. brachycarpa (Fisch.) Moris. and the latter to T. persica Boiss.