mahdi bagheri

Empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), is a primary pharmacological therapy for chronic heart failure (CHF). Notably, it has demonstrated anti-arrhythmic properties in some experimental and human studies. This clinical trial aimed to evaluate the effect of empagliflozin on supraventricular arrhythmias in patients with CHF and an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD).  In a before-and-after clinical trial conducted in Tehran, Iran, 62 patients were administered empagliflozin 10 mg/d for 12 weeks. The frequency and proportion of supraventricular arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation (AF), atrial flutter (AFL), and inappropriate ICD therapies during the 12-week treatment period were compared with the 12 weeks before enrollment. Hospitalizations due to CHF, blood glucose levels, lipid profiles, and vital signs were also assessed as secondary outcomes.  Empagliflozin significantly reduced the frequency of supraventricular tachycardia and AF/AFL per hour (P = 0.028 and P = 0.038, respectively). However, the frequency of inappropriate therapies and the proportion of patients with supraventricular arrhythmias or inappropriate ICD therapies did not change significantly. Empagliflozin also reduced hospitalizations due to CHF (P = 0.008). Furthermore, fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and high-density lipoprotein levels improved after 12 weeks (P < 0.001, P < 0.003, P < 0.013, P < 0.001, P < 0.032, P < 0.009, and P < 0.008, respectively).  Empagliflozin exhibits anti-arrhythmic properties for AF/AFL in individuals with CHF and an ICD. These anti-arrhythmic effects may be attributed to its positive impact on hyperglycemia, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hospitalizations due to CHF. (Iranian Heart Journal 2025; 26(2): 66-76)

The aim of the present study is to identify the dimensions and components of school social responsibility in order to achieve an appropriate model. The research method is applied in terms of its purpose and is qualitative and grounded in theory in terms of implementation. The statistical population of the study includes 15 experienced and representative school principals and vice principals, and the samples were selected using the snowball sampling method, and sampling continued until the research reached theoretical saturation and adequacy. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Using the results of the study of theoretical foundations and research background and the content analysis of the interviews, the dimensions of social responsibility of schools were identified and, through 3 stages of open coding, axial coding and selective coding, the model of the components of school social responsibility was presented in 6 main categories: causal conditions, axial phenomenon (exploration of the components and dimensions of school social responsibility: including 3 main categories of goals, characteristics, implementation method and 6 subcategories), causal conditions, strategies, contexts, intervening conditions and consequences of social responsibility for exploitation in schools. The results of this study show that school social responsibility refers to its main and central beneficiary, namely the student. Organizations, including educational organizations such as schools, are in a network of relationships with stakeholders, and the recognition and method of interaction with stakeholder groups in the organization's activities are important.

Transferring a patient from one care team to another is called handoff, which has a crucial role in care quality and patient safety. This study aimed to audit compliance with handoff standards of trauma patients admitted to the hospital by emergency medical service personnel.

This descriptive cross-sectional study, which focused on trauma patients, was carried out in a northeastern city during the first half of 2023. The sampling process was observational and event-based. The instrument of research was a researcher-designed checklist covering various dimensions of patient handoff standards. The validity was assessed by using qualitative face and content validity methods, while reliability was evaluated through inter-rater agreement. The data were analyzed through SPSS software version 24.

A total of 361 trauma patients were analyzed. The findings showed that the average score achieved by emergency medical personnel was 13.48, which was lower than the maximum achievable score of the tool. Among the nine key dimensions, the highest average score belonged to the explanation of the process (4.73), while the lowest was related to the mechanism of injury (0.27).

The findings revealed that the score for compliance with handoff standards of patients was significantly lower than the average achievable score in most areas. Therefore, developing standard protocols and auditing compliance with handoff standards and their effect on the quality of patient care can be a crucial step toward enhancing patient safety.

Organizations that employ professional and skilled personnel, particularly in management roles, possess a significant competitive advantage. This has resulted in heightened efforts to recruit qualified human resources in recent years. The objective of this research is to design a model for selecting competent professional managers in alignment with the organizational professionalism standards within the country's banking industry.

This research utilized the qualitative content analysis method to gather field data through semi-structured interviews with 12 experts from academia and the banking sector. The data analysis was facilitated using Atlas TI 8 software.

The findings revealed eight general categories, which encompass the semantic framework of organizational-oriented professional activism, the regulation of management requirements for professional roles, the functional aspects of interactive competencies, strategic and forward-looking competencies, the framework of individual-team-organizational competence-enhancing behaviors, the strategic ecosystem of human resources management actions, the promotion of positive employee behavior, and the enhancement of the image and organizational capital within the banking sector.

Attracting and employing skilled professional managers in the banking industry necessitates essential organizational measures. This includes fostering a culture of organizational professionalism, which will enable a clearer understanding of the strategies needed to effectively recruit and retain qualified and competent managers.

Dear Editor,I am writing to you today to express my excitement and insights from the recently concluded 24th National Congress and the 10th International Student Congress. The event was held in Milad Tower in Tehran from October 4-6, 2023 (1). The Ministry of Health arranges this event in different cities annually (2, 3), which was hosted by Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences in 2023. It proved to be a resounding success, attracting a diverse group of scientists, researchers, and experts in medical science from around the world.The congress was attended by 1,200 researchers from across the country. There was a total of 74 panels, consisting of 26 lecture panels and 48 poster panels. Additionally, 600 articles were submitted, covering various topics in medical science such as clinical and basic sciences, artificial intelligence, and pharmaceutical innovation. Following a thorough evaluation, a total of 281 articles were carefully chosen from the submissions as potential candidates for publication in the Trauma Monthly Journal (see attached file).The organizers, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences and the Trauma Monthly Journal, should be highly praised for their collaborative efforts in establishing a dynamic platform that promotes effective communication and collaboration among medical experts. The scientific committee's dedication to using the congress's outcomes, especially the selected trauma-related articles for publication, demonstrates their strong commitment to advancing the field.I believe that the 24th National Congress and the 10th International Student Congress have significantly contributed to advancing medical science, especially in the field of trauma. The publication of the selected articles in Trauma Monthly Journal will undoubtedly serve as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and students.Sincerely,[Mohammad Rezapour]Scientific secretary of the 24th annual congress of medical students.

It is necessary not to provide an integrated model based on entrepreneurship for the development of student business markets with the approach of foundation data theory and to know the factors that can cause the expansion of such markets in schools. This is important and the main goal of this research. Also, this research with the question of whether strengthening, appropriate educational background and people's knowledge can improve the level of entrepreneurship? designed and carried out. The current study was carried out with an exploratory approach and using the Foundation's data method. The interviews and information gathering were semi-structured, and by using the purposeful sampling method, information was collected from 24 experts in the field of business and entrepreneurship. According to the obtained results, a qualitative model was designed for student businesses. By extracting more than 465 open codes or initial concepts from the interviews, as well as 85 concepts and 26 categories, it was determined that the causal conditions that are directly involved in the development of business markets include 1. Entrepreneurial attitude of school officials and decision makers, 2. Motivation. students, 3. needs assessment and targeted development, 4. teaching-learning process, 5. school quality assessment and 6. continuous monitoring of business markets. The results showed that student business markets lead to improving the level of entrepreneurship, creating new value, training creative students, increasing ability and experience, and improving the level of employment and productivity of students. Finally, the entrepreneurial model for the development of student business markets was designed in secondary schools of the second period of Sistan and Baluchistan province.

One of the recommended treatment methods for covid-19 is herbal treatments, which, if used, can be used as an effective preventive or supportive treatment in the treatment plan of patients with covid-19. PHR160 spray is a combination of cineole, menthol, Safran, safranal, and crocin each of these substances affects respiratory diseases alone. Investigating the effectiveness of PHR-160 spray, in controlling and improving the laboratory results of patients with covid-19.

The present study is a multicenter, double-blind, randomized clinical trial study, which was conducted in 4 medical centers. The study population includes all hospitalized patients with covid-19 who met the study inclusion criteria. The data collection tool was a checklist including 1- Demographic information, 2- The existence of concomitant diseases, and 3- Tests performed at the beginning of admission and from the first to the 10th day.

There was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the study of demographic variables, examined diseases before using PHR-160 spray (P>0.05). Also, after using PHR-160 spray for ten days, there was no significant difference in the admission to the intensive care unit, patient mortality, laboratory tests and complications of the disease in the two groups (P>0.05)

Based on the results, PHR-160 spray has no beneficial effects in controlling and improving the laboratory results of patients with covid-19 and cannot play a significant role in improving the patient's condition and reducing the complications caused by the disease.

The current study was undertaken with the aim of formulating a model for the dimensions of succession in primary school principals through the application of structural equation modeling.

The present study utilized a mixed research design, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The qualitative phase employed thematic analysis, while the quantitative phase employed survey methodology. The qualitative sample consisted of units of analysis from Nahj al-Balagheh and experts in religious sciences in this particular field. In contrast, the quantitative sample comprised principals from secondary schools in Tehran. Data collection in the qualitative phase was conducted through interviews with experts, while the quantitative phase gathered information through the use of a questionnaire.

The findings revealed the dimensions of succession among school principals as derived from the teachings of Nahj al-Balagheh. These dimensions encompass social capabilities, creative management, specialized capabilities, managerial capabilities, effective management within a meritocratic system, personality traits, and motivation. Furthermore, the model derived from the qualitative data was subjected to testing through structural equation modeling, demonstrating a favorable fit with the data.

The findings of this study offer valuable insights to senior education managers in the selection process for primary school principals, ultimately contributing to the enhancement of management skills among this group.

The coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic emerged in December 2019, resulting in a high number of deaths worldwide. There is a need to investigate how this condition affected people with different diseases, particularly atopy. This study aimed to compare clinical symptoms, laboratory test results, radiological manifestations, and clinical outcomes between hospitalized COVID-19 patients with and without atopy. This single-center cross-sectional study with matched controls was conducted on 106 (out of 334) COVID-19 patients hospitalized in Baqiyatallah Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from March 24 to April 24, 2020. Among them, there were 40 and 66 cases with and without atopy, respectively. The non-atopic patients were also matched with the atopic patients in terms of age, gender, Body Mass Index (BMI), and the prevalence of comorbidities, particularly hypertension and diabetes. Patients' clinical characteristics, laboratory findings, and radiological features, recorded upon their admission, and the outcomes were then compared between both study groups. Compared with the non-atopic group, weakness, myalgia, and chills were more frequent in the patients affected with atopy (P <0.05), and neutrophil count, Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR), C-Reactive Protein (CRP), bilateral lung involvement, bilateral pneumonia, and Ground-Glass Opacity (GGO) were among the laboratory test results and radiological manifestations that were observed significantly less in atopic patients (P <0.05). No significant difference was further detected regarding the COVID-19 outcomes in both study groups (P >0.05). This study showed that atopic conditions were capable of increasing the frequency of some COVID-19 clinical symptoms and reducing the severity of COVID-19 with regard to laboratory findings and radiological features on admission. In addition, atopy was not correlated with COVID-19 outcomes in atopic patients.

This research aims to identify the knowledge management infrastructure due to reducing employee absenteeism based on data mining. Examining the status and reports of employees using data recording systems, creating information dashboards, and applying data mining techniques is important for the transparency of the mental state of employees. The mixed research method (qualitative-quantitative) has been done in two phases. The first phase was conducted with a qualitative-inductive approach using the Delphi method and a semi-structured interview tool. In the second step, codes were grouped in a common axis and 13 axis codes based on the similarity and distinction between the extracted codes. The interview sample was 10 people selected using the purposeful sampling method. In the second phase, the quantitative research method was data mining; Then, according to the research literature and experts' opinion, the researcher-made questionnaire was designed with a five-point Likert scale. The data mining technique is based on neural networks and decision trees in Rosseta and Weka software. The results showed that knowledge management can increase the quality of organizational processes based on data, increase the empowerment of employees, and reduce absenteeism. The knowledge obtained from the data mining of organizational information dashboards is important for strengthening the mental health systems of employees and increasing productivity.

Reactive power has countless benefits for power systems, which are called reactive power sub-services. One of these services is voltage control. The main goals in this research are to find the suitable price for reactive power and set the voltage of the buses in the allowed range and at the same time consider the suitable amount of reactive power in the generation buses as a reserve for technical and voltage support in the power system. In order to optimize the objective functions, the gray wolf optimization algorithm has been used and 33 bus radial distribution system has been considered and it has been assumed that the load of the power system changes during 24 hours and it is assumed that in this distribution network, generators are placed in some buses. The simulation results show that in addition to the cost of reactive power being minimized, a suitable amount of reactive power is also stored in the generation buses and the voltage deviations of the buses are also minimized.

This systematic review aimed to examine the results of various studies on the effect of COVID-19 on thepsychological problems of medical department students worldwide.

Our statistical population includes all English articles on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on stress, anxiety, and depression in medical students from January 1, 2019, to the end of December 2020. The articles were searched in Google Scholar, Pubmed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS databases using the keywords medical students, PTSD, depression, and anxiety, followed by a secondary search similar to the primary search.

This study was conducted based on the PRISMA - statement. All included studies were performed using the crosssectional analytical method. Out of 24 studies with a sample size of 12042 people, ten articles dealt with the anxiety topic, one article addressed the depression issue, and 13 articles discussed both the anxiety and depression topic in medical, dental and nursing students. Most studies have shown that women experienced more anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic than men. The level of anxiety of medical students was much lower than that of non-medical students.

A large number of students considered virtual education as an unusual and unfamiliar method and expressed their anxiety symptoms. There was a significant relationship between anxiety as well as depression levels and COVID-19. COVID-19-related anxiety and depression caused sleep, appetite and diet disorders, lack of energy and concentration, decreased selfconfidence, and loss of the ability to overcome life problems in students.

Cardiac catheterization is one of the major diagnostic procedures in CADs involving examination of the right or left part of the heart and the coronary arteries. The present study aimed to systematically review the best time to leave the bed with superior care efficacy and minimum complications. Google Scholar, Pub Med, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched to obtain the relevant articles. All the clinical trial studies that mentioned all three clinical trial indices, including randomization, control, and intervention groups, were included. Nine RCT papers accounting for 2242 subjects were systematically reviewed. The rest time in bed varied from 2 to 24h. The sandbag's weight in the angiography catheter insertion site ranged from 2.3 to 4.5 kg. All studies revealed that despite decreasing the post-angiography bed hospitalization duration, early ambulation caused no significant difference in the emergence and severity of the angiography-induced complication (hematoma and hemorrhage) in the intervention group compared to the control group. The pain severity difference between the intervention and control groups was statistically addressed in some studies, and the results indicated that the reduction of hospitalization duration managed to decline the pain severity in the intervention group significantly. This review study suggests that the patients can leave the bed 2-4 h after the procedure, which can reduce low back pain and urinary complications.

One of the recommended treatment methods for covid-19 is herbal treatments, which, if used, can be used as an effective preventive or supportive treatment in the treatment plan of patients with covid-19. PHR160 spray is combination of cineole, menthol, safran, safranal , crocin that each of these substances effects on respiratory diseases alone.

Investigating the effectiveness of PHR-160 spray, in the treatment of Covid-19.

The present study is a multicenter, double-blind, randomized clinical trial study, which was conducted in 4 medical centers. The study population includes all hospitalized patients with covid-19 who met the study inclusion criteria. The data collection tool was a checklist including: 1- demographic information, 2- vital signs, symptoms, CT scan changes, drug side effects (neural, cardiac and respiratory) at the beginning of admission and from the first to 10th day.

There was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the study of demographic variables, vital signs, symptoms, CT scan changes, and drug side effects before using PHR-160 spray (P>0.05). Also, after using PHR-160 spray for ten days, there was no significant difference in in the admission to the intensive care unit, and patient mortality in the two groups (P>0.05)

Based on the results , PHR-160 spray has no beneficial effects in controlling the symptoms of patients with covid-19 and cannot play a effective role in improving the patient's condition and reducing the complications caused by the disease.Keywords: PHR-160 spray , Covid-19 , treatment , patient.

The purpose of this research was to develop a model of the resilience of primary school principals. This research was a qualitative study carried out by applying the grounded theory approach. By purposeful sampling method, twelve experts of educational psychology and educational administration were selected. Semi-structured interviews were conducted until the theoretical saturation was reached. Data collected were analyzed by MAXQDA 2018. Open coding yielded 180 preliminary codes classified into 20 thematic categories. In selective coding, the resilience of primary school principals was identified as the central phenomenon. The model of the resilience of primary school principals is a valuable conceptual map for directing a wide range of educational provision. Among efforts to support primary school principals in order to cope with hardship and crises, a systematic perspective would be of high importance.

There are numbers of technical limitations that must to be satisfied for the operation of the power systems, and these limitations are related to the power flow of the power system, thus the solar panels cannot inject any unlimited amount of power into the power system. Therefore, the maximum injection power of solar panels is limited to the specific value. This issue is also true for the reactive power produced or consumed by SVCs and solar panels, so the maximum injected power of photovoltaic panels must be obtained in such a way that the technical limitations of the power system are maintained. In the current research, a 33 bus radial distribution network has been considered and the goal is to maximize the injection power of photovoltaic panels, minimize the network power losses, by reconfiguring in this type of the network and establishing effective coordination between the control devices, including the output reactive power of photovoltaic panels and the fire angle of the SVC and graph of the power system. The bus voltage should be within the allowed range, and the cost of purchasing electricity from the upstream network should be minimized. The results of the simulation on the 33 bus radial network confirm the validity of the above claims.

One of the issues that are neglected in the history of the interpretation of the verse “lā yus’al” (Anbīyā’: 23) is not distinguishing between descriptive and normative approaches. To clarify the verse, this article explores the question that “whether the phrase of “lā yus’al ‘ammā yaf'al” (God is not questioned about what He does) is only a recommendation and expression of normative dos and don'ts for "prohibition" of asking about the divine act, or can it contain a descriptive and news message to talk about the real world and prohibiting the question of God’s actions?” The answer depends on two sub-questions: a) What is the basis of the unquestionability of God's actions? To find this basis, we use conceptual, systematic, and propositional analysis. b) With what purpose does the verse express the unquestionability of divine action? We seek the answer by examining the context of “lā yus’al ‘ammā yaf'al” in the semantic context of Surah Anbīyā’. The results show that the question of objection in this phrase is a process that implies different stages of “evaluation,” “blame and protest” and “reprimand and punishment.” Therefore, in the context of a descriptive approach, the verse may include the message that none of God’s servants can (not that they should) ask about God’s actions. Also, this phrase may indicate a directive prohibition of “interrogative question” about the end of divine actions. This prohibition (in the form of news) refers to the limitation of the perceptive realm of servants as questioners and their lack of knowledge of God.

Reducing the consequences of natural hazards at the community level requires the development of social responsibility to prevent the risk of new disasters. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to firstly identify the indicators of social responsibility in the management of reducing natural hazards and then determine the action priorities, with an interpretive structural approach.

The current research method is descriptive-survey and practical in terms of purpose. The research data was collected in the field and in a mixed (qualitative and quantitative) way. The statistical population in the qualitative section included all crisis management experts and experts, 18 of whom were selected non-randomly and purposefully. The statistical population in the quantitative part, including managers and experts of the crisis management organization and general crisis administrations of the provinces, (297 people) and national and provincial managers and experts of cooperating organizations and institutions and members of the Supreme Crisis Management Council, (361 people) in total, equal to There were 658 people, based on the table of Karjesi and Morgan and using Cochran's formula and simple random sampling, 248 people were selected as a sample. The tool of data collection was a researcher-made questionnaire with 39 questions of indicators of social responsibility in the management of reducing natural hazards and a structured self-interaction form. The content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by 10 university management professors and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test (α=0.83). Interpretive structural modeling technique was used to level the factors.

The findings showed that there are 39 indicators in the form of 17 components in social responsibility in natural risk reduction management and the components were placed in seven levels. Organizational culture, environmental perception and organizational structure are at the first level, and the support of senior managers and moral belief are at the lowest level.

The obtained results confirm that the organizational and economic support as well as the promotion of moral belief will facilitate the achievement of other components and the development of social responsibility in the management of reducing natural hazards.

The preparation of the healthcare staff is one of the influencing factors in providing the correct treatment, care, and proper control to deal with biological threats. Since the preparation of nurses is understood under the influence of variables of knowledge, attitude, performance, and sense of danger, so this study aims to determine the level of knowledge, attitude, performance, and sense of danger of military clinical nurses in facing biological threats with special emphasis on COVID-19 disease.

The present study is a cross-sectional descriptive-correlation study that was conducted in 2021 using stratified random sampling in 600 military clinical nurses in selected hospitals of East Azerbaijan. The validity and reliability of the nurses' preparation questionnaires were evaluated by calculating the content validity ratio (CVR=0.94) and content validity index (CVI=0.83). The information obtained from the questionnaires was entered into SPSS statistical software and the data analysis was performed at a significance level of 5%.

The preparedness of military clinical nurses in facing biological threats during the covid-19 pandemic had a significant correlation with the variables related to knowledge, attitude, performance, and sense of perceived risk (P<0.001). Univariate regression analysis showed that male nurses had a weaker level of knowledge and attitude and sense of perceived risk regarding the covid-19 disease. But female nurses had better performance than male nurses. In this study, history of suffering from this disease (P=0.683) and work shift (P=0.877) did not have a significant relationship with the performance of nurses in the face of covid-19 disease.

The level of knowledge and performance of clinical nurses is favorable and the level of their attitude and sense of perceived risk is average. It seems that in order to ensure the readiness of nursing staff against biological threats such as the covid-19 epidemic and to maintain it at the desired level, it is necessary to carry out interventions such as continuous training and in-service training.

Ionizing radiation (IR) is one of the major therapeutic approaches in the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, it can paradoxically result in cancer progression likely through promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the cancer stem cell phenotype. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether IR promote EMT/CSC and to investigate the clinical relevance of EMT/CSC hallmark genes.

In this experimental and bioinformatic study, A549 cell line was irradiated with a high dosage (6 Gy) or a fractionated regimen (2 Gy/day for 15 fractions). The EMT-related features, including cellular morphology, migratory and invasive capacities were evaluated using scratch assay and transwell migration/invasion assays. The mRNA levels of EMT-related genes (CDH1, CDH2, SNAI1 and TWIST1), stemness-related markers (CD44, PROM1, and ALDH1A1) and the CDH2/CDH1 ratio were evaluated via real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The clinical significance of these genes was assessed in the lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) samples using online databases.

Irradiation resulted in a dramatic elongation of cell shape and enhanced invasion and migration capabilities. These EMT-like alterations were accompanied with enhanced levels of SNAI1, CDH2, TWIST1, CD44, PROM1, and ALDH1A1 as well as an enhanced CDH2/CDH1 ratio. TCGA analysis revealed that, TWIST1, CDH1, PROM1 and CDH2 were upregulated; whereas, CD44, SNAI1 and ALDH1A1 were downregulated. Additionally, correlations between SNAI1-TWIST1, CDH2- TWIST1, CDH2-SNAI1, and ALDH1A1-PROM1 was positive. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis identified lower expression of CDH1, PROM1 and ALDH1A1 and increased expression of CDH2, SNAI1, and TWIST1 as well as CDH2/CDH1 ratio predict overall survival. Additionally, downregulation of ALDH1A1 and upregulation of CDH2, SNAI1 and TWIST1 could predict a shorter first progression.

Altogether, these findings demonstrated that IR promotes EMT phenotype and stem cell markers in A549 cell line and these genes could function as diagnostic or prognostic indicators in LUAD samples.

The purpose of this study, which is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive survey method and structural equations, is the effect of structural, behavioral and contextual factors on rural tourism marketing in Hormozgan province. Statistical population of 10249 people using Cochran's formula 384 people were selected by simple random sampling as a sample. The data collection tool in this research is a questionnaire whose validity has been confirmed using CVR coefficient and its reliability has been confirmed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data were collected through a specialized and researcher-made questionnaire. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis has been used to determine the construct validity of the research questionnaire. The reliability of the research questionnaire was done by using interviews with experts and determining the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and SPSS software, to analyze the data performed using SPSS 22 software, descriptive statistics, tables and graphs were used and PLS software was used to model the structural equations. By performing factor analysis on 53 identified components, 3 factors were identified as dimensions of tourism marketing, which were structural, behavioral and contextual factors. Among them, 27 indicators are related to structural factors, 12 indicators are related to behavioral factors and 14 indicators are related to underlying factors. The results show that all indicators related to structural, behavioral and contextual factors have an impact on rural tourism marketing.

This study was investigated to represent and measure the impact of social responsibility components on crisis prevention in a conceptual model. Therefore, according to the research model, this study proposed 17 hypotheses about the existence of social responsibility among the employees of organizations involved in helping the victims of natural and man-made disasters, which would lead to crisis prevention.

This applied research was performed based on the descriptive-survey research method with a correlational approach using field study to collect data. The statistical population of this study consisted of 250 managers and experts of the Crisis Management Organization and the general departments of crisis management of the provinces (subdivisions of the Provincial Governments). The samples were selected using the relative stratified random sampling method, and the final sample size was determined at 150 individuals using Cochran's formula. To collect information, a 17-item researcher-made questionnaire was employed consisting of three main components (i.e., macro environment, organizational factors, and individual factors) and items for each of these three components. The responses were rated on a 5-point Likert scale (from 1=very low to 5=very high). Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to check the normality of the distribution of variables. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26 and the t-test and confirmatory factor analysis modeling was used in AMOS24 software

The results showed that the significance levels obtained for all factors, except technological and geographical factors, were less than 0.05; therefore, all these factors were different from the average of the community. On the other hand, since the mean differences were positive in all factors, all components of social responsibility, except technological and geographical factors, had an impact on crisis prevention.

It can be said that the special attention of managers, authorities, and employees to the vital issue of social responsibility, especially in their daily activities, not only would help improve intra-organizational communication and increase employee motivation but also would lead to preventing crises.

One of the weaknesses associated with buying non-textbooks in the field of children is that parents do not trust their contents. At the same time, ethical measures and ethical marketing in book sales companies, and brands active in the field of children's books, including written and illustrated books, can create a suitable culture for Iranian children from an early age by raising the per capita reading rate. In the meantime, because the decision-making power of children in choosing right books is low, the role of parents in choosing books is very important. Therefore, ethical marketing and doing pathology in this field can play important roles in creating a culture of reading at an early age.

The purpose of this study is to focus on a corrective mechanism in the children’s book market and explain the required immoral actions in this area. Lack of a pathological approach in the field of book marketing can reduce trust in brands in the field of written and illustrated books, and the market share of these brands declines over time due to the inability to provide value to the customer. This also degrades the reading culture in childhood. Thus, the main focus of this research is on the pathology of ethical marketing practices and the presentation of a process model in the field of children's book marketing.

The present research is developmental-applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of data collection and nature. The study made use of a data-based theory along with the "Strauss and Corbin systematic approach". Therefore, the phenomenon-centrality of ethical marketing in the field of cultural products, especially in the field of non-textbooks for children, causal conditions, contextual conditions, intervening conditions, and finally reaction measures and ethical marketing consequences were studied through the data theory. Open, axial and selective codings were done to analyze the data in this method. In order to collect the data, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with open-ended interviews along with the views of experts in the field of ethical marketing of children's textbooks.  The participants were selected through purposive and snowball sampling. Open-ended questions asked about the experts' understanding of ethical marketing, the harms of ethical marketing in the non-textbook publishing industry; the consequences of paying attention to ethical marketing in the non-textbook publishing industry and certain other issues. The statistical population of the study included all the senior managers, consultants, managers and marketing experts in the brands active in the field of compiling and selling children's textbooks as well as university professors. The sampling continued until theoretical adequacy was achieved. In total, 20 interviews were conducted, and no new codes were obtained from 15 to 20 people in the interview process.

The results suggest the existence of uncertainty in parents' decision-making as a causal condition, ethical marketing as a central phenomenon, contextual conditions including the broad categories of rules and regulations and ethical culture, intervening conditions including vendor personal characteristics and organizational support, strategies in three major categories of ethical branding, vendor ethical responsibility and ethical attachment. The results of this study reinforce the culture of reading and improve sales performance. In this study, in the section on causal conditions, parents' decision uncertainty was raised. In fact, these conditions refer to the creation of the main phenomenon. It seems that one of the major weaknesses and disadvantages in the field of ethical marketing is the inability of parents to make sure about purchasing non-textbooks for children. The main tenet of this research has been ethical marketing.

Ethical marketing in this study includes normative and descriptive marketing that seeks to explain the ethical characteristics of marketing. In the normative part, the main focus is to explain the principles. Also, in the field of background conditions, the researcher achieved two major categories of rules and regulations as well as moral culture, which shows weaknesses in the country in these two areas. In fact, these two major categories suggest that organizations are not in a stable and supportive position in terms of specific and precise frameworks so as to achieve ethical marketing. Moreover, regarding the interventionist conditions that can affect the identified strategies, the research points to the individual characteristics of the salesperson and organizational support that can affect ethical marketing programs. The fifth dimension concerned strategies and included ethical branding, vendor ethics, and general ethics. Finally, for the target community and the whole Iranian society, it is important to enhance the sales performance for all brands active in the field of publishing non-textbooks and strengthen the culture of reading books, especially non-textbooks among children.

Indiscriminate use of antibiotics frequently leads to healthcare complications, including an increase in the number of resistant microorganisms and patient hospitalization period, which subsequently results in a financial disadvantage for the patients and the country's healthcare system. Therefore, researches on causes of such malpractices could shed light on ways to prevent further impacts on health care system. The purpose of this study is to investigate antibiotics administration’s pattern and its financial burden in a teaching hospital in Iran in 2018. This descriptive cross-sectional study is based on data obtained from the hospital medicine statistics unit. The share of antibiotics in the total cost of medicine expenditure has been calculated and the cost burden of top 10 antibiotics and their administration in different hospital departments were also assessed. According to the data obtained, about 12.2% of the total cost of medication expenditure in the hospital in 2018 was attributed to the administered antibiotics. The financial burden due to the use of all medicines and antibiotics in 2018 per patient admitted in the hospital were 4,327,912 Rials (1,030 USD) and 529,400 Rials (126 USD), respectively. The total use of these antibiotics was 56.77 DDD/100Bed-Days. Financial burden of the injectable forms of antibiotics is higher than other pharmaceutical forms and the intensive care unit showed the most use of these antibiotics. The 10 most high-cost administered antibiotics included Meropenem, Ciprofloxacin, Clindamycin, Vancomycin, Teicoplanin, Levofloxacin, Metronidazole, Azithromycin and Ceftriaxone, respectively. Compared to the other published data regarding administration of antibiotics in other hospitals, this study showed that there is a need for more surveillance on rational administration of the antibiotics in this hospital.

Obesity is a multifactorial disorder, and gut microbiota has a fundamental role in its pathophysiology. Bacteroides spp. has significant roles in gut microbiota- host interactions that determine health and disease development. Since the gut microbiota pattern changes based on different criteria in each population, we studied the abundance of two important Bacteroides strains, Bacteroides fragilis, and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, in Iranian obese and normal-weight subjects for the first time.

In this study, 100 participants were recruited and classified based on their body mass index (BMI). The subjects were divided into normal (average BMI, 22.37 kg/m2 ) and obese (average BMI, 29.10 kg/m2 ) groups. Bacterial DNA was extracted from the samples, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was conducted based on 16s rDNA universal primers. Finally, the correlation between bacterial abundance and obesity was investigated.

The results of qPCR showed that the relative abundance means of B. fragilis in normal weight and obese subjects was 8.68 × 1012 and 9.27 × 1012 cfu/mL, respectively. Also, the relative abundance mean of B. thetaiotaomicron in normal weight and obese subjects was 2.32 × 1012 and 5.39 × 1012 cfu/mL, respectively. Although obese subjects had more B. fragilis and B. thetaiotaomicron abundance compared to subjects with normal weight, no significant difference was identified between relative abundance of B. fragilis (P = 0.79) and B. thetaiotaomicron (P = 0.18) in the two groups.

Although obese subjects had more B. fragilis and B. thetaiotaomicron abundance compared to normal-weight subjects, no significant difference was identified between the two groups. Since Bacteroides spp. have significant role in gut microbiota-host interaction, determination of their abundance in obesity development and targeting restoration of gut microbiota pattern could be valuable in controlling obesity. In this regard, dietary intervention could be based on determination of gut microbiota pattern in certain populations.