mahmoud abbasi

Emmanuel Levinas is considered one of the most important philosophers of the modern era. The importance of his philosophy is evident in ethics. In Levinas's moral philosophy, the subject-centeredness is removed from priority and the "other" and their "face" are prioritized, in such a way that the other's face indicates moral messages and the subject, upon receiving these moral messages, feels a duty to consider themselves accountable and responsible to the other. But the question is, what is the meaning of "face" in facing the other in Levinas's moral philosophy? And on what basis can its moral aspect be justified? In the structuralism and semiotics of philosophers such as Ferdinand de Saussure, external matters in the real world are signs, and these signs take on meaning within the scope of the subject's mental concepts and categories. This meaning is ultimately reduced to ontological issues. Levinas's moral philosophy, however, is a kind of deconstruction and rebellion against the structuralism and semiotics of philosophers like Saussure. In Levinas's moral philosophy, the face of the other is a moral sign that invites the subject to accept moral messages and take responsibility towards the other. In such a situation, moral messages and commands are not reduced to ontological issues. It seems that Levinas is trying to justify the moral aspect of the face on the basis of linguistics.

The region east of the Euphrates due to its geopolitical position in the geographical connection of Syria with Iraq and bordering Turkey, as well as having rich oil and gas reserves and having a prosperous agriculture with major cultivation of wheat and cotton and the passage of the Euphrates and Khabour rivers, has an important place in the developments of Syria, especially in the shadow of the intensification of economic disturbances, the increase in fuel prices and the decrease in the value of the national currency in this country.
The strategic value of this region due to the presence of fertile and oil-rich areas, as well as its proximity to the important and strategic Bokmal crossing and the role of this crossing in connecting the territory with Iraq and neighboring Turkey, makes it one of the important and strategic areas for all regional and international actors involved in the Syrian crisis.
The Syrian Kurdish militia known as the Syrian Democratic Forces or "QSD" are known as the main actor of this region in the military-security field, and its political branch known as the Syrian Democratic Council or in other words "MSD" is also responsible for political affairs and foreign relations. In the current situation, due to the imposition of severe sanctions by the United States and European countries against the Syrian government and people, and as a result, the devaluation of the country's national currency and the intensification of the economic crisis , the region east of the Euphrates due to the presence of rich resources of oil and gas, water and Agriculture has a special and strategic position for the Syrian regime. The presence of American elements in this region is considered as the most important and main deterrent factor in restoring the sovereignty of Damascus over the mentioned region and the tendency of Kurdish militias towards the Syrian government. The supreme leader of the revolution, in his meeting with the president of Russia in 2022, clearly raised the issue of expelling America from this region.

Considering the essential role of national authorities in the implementation of treaties, it is important to study the process of determining them. In this article, in order to identify the weaknesses and strengths of the Iranian executive branch's procedure in determining national authorities, we have analyzed this procedure in a descriptive-analytical way. The result is that the authority of the government in this field is basically based upon assigning this authority by the legislature, which has been achieved in: 1- Determining the national authority in an Act and granting the authority to change it, 2- Not specifying the national authority in an Act and granting the authority to determine and change it. If the legislature is silent about the national authority, the government can determine the national authority by referring to Principle 138 of the Constitution for ensuring the implementation of the law ratified a treaty. In addition, in the case of ratification of a treaty by the government or determination of a national authority in the text of a treaty, the authority of the government is not based on the will of the legislature. One of the important criticisms of the government's procedure in this field is citing incorrect bases for determining some national authorities, especially in the wrong reference to the Act of adding two notes to the Act of membership of Iran in international organizations and institutions of 1370 and citing the principle 138 instead of the Act assigning the authority to determine the national authority.

Many international treaties explicitly or implicitly require the determination of national authorities by the contracting parties in order to implement all or part of the treaty obligations, and therefore, it is important to study the process of determining national authorities. In Iran, only the legislative and executive branches have played a role in determining national authorities; In this article, in order to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the Iranian legislature's procedure in determining national authorities, we have analyzed this procedure in a descriptive-analytical way. The result of the study is that due to the silence of the Constitution regarding national authorities, the legislature has, based on the general competence of legislation, the authority to determine national authorities for all international treaties and institutions. Despite this, in many cases, the legislature has left the determination/changing of national authorities to the executive branch, which is critical, especially considering that some of these national authorities are non-executive. Anyway, comprehensive knowledge of the treaty, which is required to determine a national authority, is generally obtained for parliamentarians at the time of ratification of a treaty, and therefore, the most appropriate tool for determining the national authority is the Act ratifying the treaty, but the legislature in rare cases has used these Acts to determine national authorities. Meanwhile ratification of a treaty by the executive branch, which is allowed in some cases, and determination of national authorities in the text of the treaties, have limited the power of the legislature to determine national authorities.

In this article, we are trying to examine God and his place in Levinas's moral philosophy, which is based on another concept. For Levinas, the other is not a passive person, but an active person whose face indicates messages and moral commands, and upon receiving these messages and moral commands, a person feels the duty to consider himself accountable and responsible to the other. . The continuation of this accountability and responsibility leads to a moral life. But the question is, what is God's position in the structure of Levinas's moral philosophy? And what is it based on? And in other words; What are the components of religion in the structure of Levinas's moral philosophy? Levinas believes that when a person encounters another, he finds an inner desire and attraction towards him. This inner desire and pull towards the other, which originates from man's desire for infinity and perfection and God, is a fundamental and metaphysical desire and ultimately leads to the moral relationship and interaction of man with the other and God in a moral life. In the moral and divine life, man finds his true identity, which is a moral and divine identity, and by cultivating his moral talents, he steps on the path of becoming infinite and attaining God's perfections.

Immanuel Levinas is considered one of the most important philosophers of the new age. The importance of his philosophy is shown in ethics. In the moral philosophy of Levinas, the central subject is left out of priority and his "other" and his "face" are given priority in such a way that the other's face indicates moral messages and the subject feels duty upon receiving these moral messages. consider himself accountable and responsible to the other. But the question is, what is the meaning of "face" in facing the other in Levinas's moral philosophy? And on what basis can its moral aspect be justified? Can it be based on ontology and epistemology, or psychology and linguistics? Levinas, when Western philosophers tried to give priority to the subject and reduce all issues to ontology and epistemology, provided a redefinition of another concept and another face. The author believes that the moral foundation of another figure can be examined based on four bases: 1- ontology 2- epistemology 3- psychology 4- linguistic so that finally the moral foundation of Levinas's thought can be discovered in his linguistic basis.

The rapid advancement of technology necessitates the alignment of basic rights and freedoms with legal accountability, particularly in safeguarding people's health rights and preventing adverse outcomes. Among these emerging technologies, artificial intelligence (AI) stands out as one of the most transformative, significantly impacting various sectors, including healthcare. This research aims to employ content analysis to examine the relationship between health rights and AI technology, focusing on transparency, permeability, and their mutual influence. The study reveals that as the importance of new technologies grows, so too do their associated challenges, which require regulation. AI has increasingly shaped the intersection of health rights and broader human rights. However, concerns arise in areas like self-awareness, decision-making, diagnosis, and treatment by AI, potentially leading to violations of health rights. The study suggests that a combined approach, where AI complements human expertise rather than replacing it, is a viable solution. AI should assist, not replace, human decision-makers, ensuring that ultimately, decisions are made by humans.

Today, new technologies are evolving rapidly, and in the meantime, artificial intelligence offers many potential benefits to mankind with its ever-increasing progress. Such technology requires the processing and analysis of significant amounts of data, as well as access to large volumes of big data. However, the ethical issues of artificial intelligence in the digital space must be identified and taken into account to prevent abuse. Therefore, ethical principles should be considered in the artificial intelligence-based system and guidelines should be provided for users who implement artificial intelligence technologies; which can be called digital ethics. Therefore, the main question of the paper is "What are the moral risks of artificial intelligence and is it possible to create liability insurance for artificial intelligence-based systems?". The research method of this paper is theoretical and based on a library data collection tool, and the data analysis method is descriptive-analytical. According to the findings of the research, the most important ethical challenges of artificial intelligence include ethical concerns related to the collection and unauthorized use of personal data, which will lead to the violation of privacy and human dignity. On the other hand, one of the concerns is non-compliance with the ethical principles of bias and data security. As a result, while trying to develop ethical standards with monitoring and accountability for artificial intelligence and digital space, digital liability insurance suggested in utilization of artificial intelligence in the digital space of liability and negligence in digital environments. Providers of digital technologies may require specialized malpractice insurance to address potential liability issues specific to these environments. Insurers must develop policies that reflect the unique risks associated with digital environments.

 The concept of menstrual rights is usually discussed as a marginalized topic; in addition, the realization of women’s menstrual rights faces ambiguous structures and challenges. This study, therefore, aimed to systematically review the concept and the most important structural dimensions of the menstrual rights of menstruators in order to evaluate the suggestions on different dimensions of menstrual rights and to raise the awareness of health service providers in this regard.

 In this study, all papers and documents addressing this subject and accessible in international databases (i.e., PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science) and Iranian ones (i.e., IranMedex and Magiran) were reviewed from September to November 2021. Then 28 papers and documents were selected for final review and analysis.

 The concept of menstrual rights concerned with the ability of women and girls to manage menstrual issues and enjoy a healthy and sanitary period of menstruation. The structure of menstrual rights consisted of menstrual rights in subcultures and religions, components of menstrual rights (e.g., social rights, health rights, educational rights) and menstrual rights in special cases (e.g., natural disasters, disabilities, transgender, etc).

 According to our findings, decisive evidence was found about different dimensions of menstruation rights, which may have provided useful background information for the authorities involved in national and reproductive health, private sectors, charities, and activist groups in this field. These authorities, in turn, may have used the obtained evidence to perform civil acts focused on women and girls’ menstruation and reproductive health.

Today, according to modern medical developments and its rapid growth, the law as the most important source of law in Iran's medical law system alone is not able to quickly comply with the aforementioned developments, and the medical law system in today's environment due to the lack of Compiling comprehensive and complete laws and regulations requires the intervention of other factors to create this coordination. Among the legal sources, judicial procedure can play this role well. Therefore, the present article aims to examine the importance and necessity of using judicial procedure in the medical law system and make suggestions to strengthen the position of judicial procedure in the development of medical law.

This research is theoretical and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The method of collecting information has been done in a library and by referring to documents, books and articles.

Ethical Considerations:

 In all stages of writing the present research, while respecting the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

The results of the present study indicate that, although in Iran's medical law system, the use of judicial procedure is often considered as a secondary and interpretive source of the law, but the role of courts in the expression and production of judicial procedure containing general principles and fundamental concepts of law. Medicine is very important and vital.

The results of the investigation indicate that the judicial procedure of the courts can be a rule-making source by consolidating and elevating the concepts and principles of medical law, as well as a complementary tool to the law and a guide to the legislator in approving progressive medical laws and regulations and development of medical rights.

In order to increase the awareness of health service providers about the difficulties and consequences associated with the violation of menstrual rights, it is necessary to conduct a review study of existing programs in this area. This study aimed to review the menstrual rights programs and policies for reproductive-aged women and girls.

In this systematic review, we searched international databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science, as well as Iranian ones, such as IranMedex, Magiran, MEDLINE, and Embase, for relevant studies without considering publication year. Finally, of 832 results, including articles, reports, and governmental documents, 27 studies were included in this review study.

“Menstrual rights” is not viewed as a major issue, even in the international vision programs. The results indicate that the programs in this field were mainly focused on four aspects: laws and policies, empowerment in menstruation management, normalization, and support for menstrual justice. Despite the increase in programs to achieve menstrual health, dealing with the legality of these programs has been completely marginalized.

Since instructions and plans can play a vital role in implementing health policies, our findings emphasize the need for an evidence-driven plan to improve women and girls’ menstruation and reproductive health and rights that is consistent with longterm developmental goals. Attracting partnerships from the private sector, charities, and activists in this field can be very beneficial to achieving these goals.

As a medical procedure, hymen examination is influenced by various cultural and social factors. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the reasons and consequences of girls' virginity examination from the perspective of midwives.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 210 employed midwives in Tabriz in the year 2021. Sampling method was simple random sampling. Data on the reasons and consequences of virginity examination from the perspective of midwives were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 21 software and descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, independent t-test and one-way ANOVA tests, with p<0.05 considered significant.Ethical Considerations:Ethical principles in the present study included: clarifying the research objectives to participants, obtaining written informed consent, maintaining privacy and data confidentiality,providing the opportunity to leave the research at any study satge.

56.2% of midwives believed that hymen examination hasno therapeutic value and should not be performed. The majority (81.9%) agreed to perform virginity examination for the purpose of investigating sexual abuse and exploitation. 62% of individuals opposed virginity examination for issuing virginity certificates to girls before marriage. The majority (86.1%) believed that virginity examination is a violation of privacy and causes physical discomfort (74.7%), mental distress (86.1%), exacerbation of gender inequality (75.7%) and increase in physical and verbal violence (62.9%) and honor killings (55.8%).There were statistically significant associations between the causes for midwives' willingness to perform or not perform virginity examinations and ethnicity (P=0.018), personal history of virginity examination (P<0.001) and place of employment (P=0.003). Additionally, there were statistically significant associations between the consequencesof virginity examinations and the level of education (P=0.038), ethnicity (P=0.037), place of residence (P<0.001), place of employment (P=0.013) and the number of virginity examinations performed by midwives(P=0.022).

The study reveals that most midwives view hymen examinations as significant violations of women's rights and sources of physical and mental stress.Consequently, midwives, as key members of health care providers, can be instrumental in raisingawareness, providing educationand promoting cultural change. They can help dispel false beliefs, respect human dignity and privacyand shift the focus from the issue of virginity to other human aspects.

Today, artificial intelligencetechnologies can provide incredible benefits to the health system. While artificial intelligence has a significant capacity to improve the performance of the health system, it is accompanied by challenges that sometimes lead to damages the health system. Therefore, the aim of the current research is to review the ethical and legal challenges associated with the use of artificial intelligence in the health system.

This research is a review study. To collect data, evidence wassearched in Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases using the keywords artificial intelligence, medical ethics, health rights, health care and human dignity.

In all the stages of writing the present research, while respecting the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

Based on the findings of the present research, several items can be mentioned regarding ethical challenges: trust in artificial intelligence, violation of human dignity in artificial intelligence, observing the principle of individual independence and its rules, artificial intelligence in diagnosing the completion of treatment, and artificial intelligence and emotional functioning. The legal challenges include the standardizationof artificial intelligence in medicine, artificial intelligence and civil liability, artificial intelligence and the physician’s warranty, artificial intelligence and the breach of data confidentiality, and artificial intelligence and cyber security.

While using artificial intelligence technologies to provide healthcare and medical services, decisions should be made based on respect for human dignity and observing ethical and legal principles, rules and regulations. Any AI-based technology which is considered for use in healthcare and the health system must be efficient, safe, standardized and regulated. Such technologies can only be efficient if they are implemented in healthcare and medical services along with monitoring and evaluation.

Using non-scientific, vague and wrong words to describe the reproductive cycle of women is a common thing in Iranian culture and this can lead to negative taboos, followed by an adverse effect on the quality of life and health of half of the population. Using a word that is phonetically, structurally and conceptually worthy of describing this natural part of women's life with dignity is considered one of their rights.

This research is descriptive-analytical (theoretical analysis) in which the words used in research, medical and daily literature for women's bleeding cycles and the effect of these words on the formation of taboos or false beliefs in this field.

Ethical Considerations: 

Throughout all the stages of writing this research, authenticity, honesty and integrity have been observed.

The words that are used to describe "mahingi" in Persian culture and language mainly mean repetition and emphasis on being a rule or custom, which on the contrary does not emphasize the reproductive health needs of women in this era. Some words are reminiscent of cultural or social prohibitions or even have a negative literal meaning. The word "mahinegi" has unified the description of the life cycle of women in research, medical and social literature. In terms of phonetics and structure, it is suitable for contemporary culture, in terms of lexical meaning; it is normative and dignity-oriented for women's reproductive health rights.

In this article, the philosophy of replacing the word "mahinegi", which is derived from its connection with the moon, is discussed. Using the word "mahinegi" with a metaphor of the moon as a celestial body that has many structural similarities in its evolution cycle with egg development and also using the moon as a symbol of reproductive can be a dignified description of women's Menstruation. In addition to these cases, the use of this beautiful and magnificent symbolization can facilitate the start of families' conversations with their children in this field.

Protecting children is a moral consideration and a legal obligation. This study aimed to provide an operational model for the integration of child and adolescent health care programs in child rights clinics (CRCs).

In this qualitative study, a targeted search for laws and texts related to child/adolescent rights in domestic websites was conducted, using keywords including child/adolescent rights, child/adolescent friendly, or child/adolescent health. After reviewing the related laws and literature of child/adolescent friendly centers, the challenges faced by these centers were determined and the operational model was presented.

A review of the literature shows the establishment of child and adolescent friendly centers and also adolescent health clubs by the Ministry of Health and Medical education with the support of international organizations since 2005, as well as CRCs by the scientific association and national authority of the Children's Rights Convention of the Ministry of Justice since 2015, in Iran. However, the activity of these centers has been stopped due to the cessation of international organizations support and the lack of strategies of inter-sectoral cooperation and community participation. Despite the government's position in protecting children and adolescents in accordance with the mainstream laws and documents and the continuation of the activities of CRCs based on Article 50 of the Executive Regulations of Article 6 of the Law on the Protection of Children and Adolescents, issues such as the lack of budget allocation and the need for free legal services , the lack of monitoring and accreditation unit, as well as the lack of a link between these clinics and healthcare centers for at-risk children and adolescents, are among the challenges facing these centers. Therefore, integrating healthcare programs for at-risk children and adolescents in the CRCs and providing them with counseling and legal assistance services can be an innovative and preventive solution to ensure their health and well-being.

Considering the suspension of the activity of children and adolescents health centers and clubs, and establishment of the approved structure of CRCs, the management of the challenges facing these clinics and the determination of cases of referrals and services that can be provided be them are recommended by the Supreme Council of Health and Food Security with the participation of representatives of partner organizations.

The increasing growth and transformation of crimes that can be committed in cyberspace and the spread of negative and harmful consequences resulting from them cause physical, psychological, social, moral and economic harm to children and teenagers. Therefore, in addition to the substantive and procedural laws and regulations that have been established to protect all victims, it is necessary to stablish special laws by considering the special conditions of children and teenagers victims to support them. The purpose of this article is to investigate the innovations of legal materials and the possibility of their extension to the field of victimization of children in the cyberspace as well as discovering the shortcomings and offering suggestions in this field.

The present research has been done using descriptive-analytical method and library resources.

Although the legislator of Iran, under the influence of the criminological teachings of children and teenagers and the awareness of their special conditions, support them with the "Law on the Protection of Children and Teenagers", provided protections such as explaining the dangerous situation of a child or teenager, establishing a children and teenagers protection office and imposing duties for institutions such as Welfare Organization, police force, Prisons and Security and Corrective Measures Organization, Ministry of Interior and Ministry of Health and Medical Education and benefit from welfare social worker, but their special support in cyberspace has been neglected.

The criminal system needs to take measures in order to protect children against threats caused by cyberspace in two levels of preventing harm against children and teenagers and support them after being victimized.

Since past time, societies have been encountered with such damages as diseases, poverty and death. Hence, it is for centuries that many states have attempted to reduce such damages via policymaking in order to realize citizens’ welfare rights. Social consequences of such initiatives are manifested in promoting citizens’ life quality level. Therefore, in the modern era, the social policies of the governments have been followed with different approaches from the past and have been influenced by the surrounding conditions of the societies.

Research methodology in present paper is based on cause-and-effect analysis of data and data collection technique is based on library and documents studying in order to respond raised hypothesis in the paper.

Ethical Considerations:

 In order to organize this research, while observing the authenticity of the texts, honesty and fidelity have been observed.

Present paper findings suggest that today states have looked at human’s welfare rights through a new approach and have attempted to cover damages from people’s incapability such as unemployment, disability and senescence through wisdom of the crowd and utilizing social initiatives and policymaking in macro levels since such damages would yield to reduction in incomes and consequently, mitigation in welfare level and losing human dignity.

The focal point of efforts can be seen in theories resulted from establishing welfare state that could improve citizens’ welfare and life qualities through supportive policies and extending human security indicators in food supply, healthcare services and training and have enhanced life expectancy via a human development approach. Despite of this, states impacted by globalization, have pursued a postwelfare approach on social policymaking based on a minimum attitude toward supporting citizens’ welfare rights.

Several cultural and social factors have influenced virginity testing as a medical procedure. This procedure is performed, but sometimes there is no scientific reason to perform it.

This study investigated the views of midwives working in Tabriz, Iran, about virginity testing.

This cross-sectional study was conducted among 210 midwives using the sociodemographic and a researcher-made questionnaire to assess midwives’ views on virginity testing. The samples were selected by random sampling among midwives working in Tabriz City, Iran. The Pearson correlation test, independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA were used to determine the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and midwives’ views on virginity testing.

The Mean±SD age of the participants was 35.25±8.9 years. The overall score of the midwives’ view on virginity testing was 206.98, of an attainable range from 55 to 275. There was a significant relationship between the overall score of midwives’ views on virginity testing with the variables of age (P=0.033), education level (P=0.001), ethnicity (P=0.012), place of residence (P=0.001), and place of employment (P=0.001). Most midwives (56.2%) believe virginity testing has no therapeutic value and prevention of problems and should not be done, and 59.1% opposed virginity testing motivated by a man’s right to impose a healthy virginity condition on marriage. Most participants (81.9%) agreed to perform virginity testing to investigate rape and sexual abuse.

The authorities and the legislators should take the necessary measures to prepare the regulations and provide appropriate training to this group.

In the modern era, the components of cultural identity-making underwent changes and transformations. It seems that in this social and cultural mess, women were more influenced by new cultural and social values than men and they had an identity crisis. The novel “Wandering Island” and its second volume “The Wandering Camel-Rider” describes the complex political-social-cultural situation of the country in the inflamed years before the Islamic Revolution and the early years after that until the beginning of the war, from a woman's perspective which is associated with Women's identity crisis. The present study has been compiled in a descriptive-analytical manner and based on library sources and tries to reveal the process of self-knowledge and identity crisis of women with a modern approach and analysis of historical-political-social-cultural conditions in two novels by Simin Daneshvar. to answer the question: What effect has the socio-political situation in Iran, along with the arrival of modern components, had on the crisis of women's identity and their bewilderment? Studies show that the crisis of women's identity in these novels, leads to nobility and deprivation, confrontation between tradition and modernity, Westernization and Westernism, the influence of modern schools of thought, confrontation of religious beliefs and feminist views.

Educational assessment is done at the beginning of entering the school to determine the status and identify the educational needs and adapt the education courses in the normal or exceptional schools to the child's conditions. This program needs proper implementation to achieve its goals in the education system. The present study was carried out with the aim of investigating the problems and challenges in the process of educational assessment of children with learning disorders and those with autism, taking into account the requirements of the right to education.

This research was carried out by using field investigations and recording evidence from the examination of a case sample in the process of educational evaluation, as well as using library documents and internet resources.

Factors such as insufficient information, crowding of referrals, short assessment time, delay in processing, separation of the child from parents, lack of counseling and adequate explanation, lack of right to protest the assessment result, and inattention to the infrastructure and educational facilities in the region as a result of the assessment, are challenges in the educational assessment process which in relation to children with learning disorders (especially children with mild disorders and borderline intellectual functioning,, whose condition diagnosis and appropriate training course is more sensitive), can directly or indirectly affect the quality of fulfilling the right to education.

The problems in the educational assessment process can lead to the possibility of making incorrect decisions that are not in accordance with the existing conditions and facilities for children with learning disorders and children with autism. Considering the dimensions and requirements of children's right to education in domestic and international documents and the importance of receiving high-quality and effective education and protecting the child's interests, it seems necessary to eliminate the defects and improve the quality of the students' assessment upon entering the school.

Psychological pressure in committing criminal acts and in punitive reactions towards delinquent children and teenagers, who themselves are silent victims of unstable living conditions, poses a significant challenge that requires deep reflection and urgency in addressing it, given the current social situation. This matter needs a novel interdisciplinary study, which this article aims to do, to achieve equal and vast judicial justice.

This article employs a descriptive-analytical approach and gathers data through library research, relying on the opinions of relevant experts and scholars. The results are presented in the form of diagrams. Therefore, this research has been conducted using a combined method, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative (Likert scale) research foundations.

Ethical Considerations:

 Throughout the process of writing this research, ethical considerations of library research, including authenticity, text integrity, honesty, and trustworthiness, have been observed.

One of the most significant findings of this study is presenting the "fundamental role of psychological pressure factors in most delinquent actions of children and teenagers, who violate criminal laws". This was achieved through a systematic analysis of the factors that contribute to psychological pressure, the analysis of reactions, and the explanation of coping strategies using qualitative research. According to 82% of legal experts and specialists, "psychological pressure on children and teenagers has a more significant impact on their involvement in criminal activities than their bad upbringing".

The need to consider the extensive dimensions of psychological pressure on children and teenagers, who violate criminal laws, in the commission of criminal acts, demands the adoption of preventive measures that are appropriate to the current time and place in Iran’s criminal policy. Furthermore, the aspect of psychological pressure in certain legal punitive reactions towards children and teenagers, who violate criminal laws, and the inadequacy of their correction and upbringing within the framework of Islamic educational principles and international documents, in some cases show a significant distance between the current situation and the desired state.

Some of food producers use legal or illegal drugs and growth stimulants in order to gain more profit because of increasing production efficiency. Considering the variety of drugs and growth of stimulants used by the manufacturers and the extent of these crimes’ effects as much as the society’s people and even its impact on the future generation of the society of one hand, and with the aim of protecting the citizens of the other hand, it is necessary to gain an effective criminal policy in preventing such crimes via identify the MRL (maximum amount of remaining pharmaceutical substances in proteins) and criminalization of its violation in domestic laws, while implementing criminal justice.

In this article, while defining MRL and its effect on food consumers as well as examining the way these crimes are committed and their potential in current laws, the need to identify MRL and criminalize it in Iran law system is investigated with a descriptive and analytical method.

Ethical Considerations: 

In all stages of writing the present research, while respecting the originality of the texts, honesty and trustworthiness have been observed.

At the national level, due to lack of a precise definition of MRL and identification of the drug residue and growth stimulants level in food as well as presence of a legal gap in relation to these crimes, the legislator should protect the citizens and the future generation by defining the MRL and criminalizing its violation.

It can be concluded that at the level of domestic laws, despite the potential in the food and drink law, it is practically not possible to deal with the crimes related to presence of pharmaceutical residues in food due to lack of MRL recognition and its standard level.

Children without identity need special attention due to their physical and mental vulnerability and dependence on others for enjoying their rights. In this study, health rights of undocumented children living in Iran have been investigated.

The data of this qualitative study was collected by literature review that included books, articles, legal documents and national and international reports related to the right of children without identity in 2023. The documents were in Persian and English languages. The text of the selected documents was coded and analyzed and used in writing the paper.

Ethical Considerations:

 In all stages of the study, authenticity, honesty and trustworthiness have been taken into consideration.

Even though, there are laws supporting children without identity, access of these children to health services is not enough. These children usually belong to families of low economic and social status who cannot afford medical and insurance costs. Because of not having identity documents, they are not covered by public support. Living in unsafe and unhealthy settlements, working at a young age in unauthorized workplaces and on the street, being orphaned or living with abusive parents and feeling isolated and rejected from society are examples of the threats to the health of these children.

The access of children without identity to health services is a challenge. The situation of the right to health and health of these children needs to be carefully examined. Identifying these children and granting them identification documents, not necessarily Iranian nationality, can be the basis for support programs to improve the living conditions and health of these children and promote national security.

United Nations Children's Rights, according to Article 24, it has recognized the right of children to have health and health care services and has emphasized the right to sustainable development in order to realize health and health care.Although progress and development in the goals of the 2030 Agenda, this area covers children, but it is not clear that it can have a sustainable development with the spread of diseases! Despite the importance of this issue, little work has been done at the national and international level regarding the issue of children's health in the spread of infectious diseases such as Corona (Covid-19). . Therefore, this research examines children's right to health with emphasis on the right to sustainable development in the spread of infectious diseases from the perspective of international law.

This research has been compiled using library sources and descriptive analytical research method.

Ethical Considerations:

 The present research has been written with respect to ethical principles, trustworthiness and honesty.

Introduction to the Universal Declaration of the Rights of the Child (1959), introduced development as one of the comprehensive concepts in terms of social growth and improvement of living conditions and freedom. According to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 24 alone is not enough to realize the right to health and it has been supplemented to a significant extent by other provisions of the Convention. On the other hand, the Children's Rights Committee has emphasized the unbreakable connection between broad, fair and sustainable development in the realization of children's rights by providing equal opportunities in access to basic resources, including health and a healthy and safe environment for children.

Since the sustainable development goals are an important milestone in the commitments of the international community in achieving the goals of human rights in the right to health, but the traditional patterns of economic development and growth are not enough by themselves. Therefore, international cooperation is necessary to reduce or remove obstacles to development and create an international document in order to establish and implement the standards of the right to development in children's health.

Immanuel Levinas is considered one of the most important philosophers of the new age. The importance of his philosophy is more apparent in the field of ethics. Levinas's moral philosophy revolves around the "other". In the structure of Levinas's moral philosophy, one central subject is out of priority and another is given priority. For Levinas, the other is not a passive person, but an active person whose face indicates messages and moral commands, and the subject, by receiving these messages and moral commands, feels the duty to be accountable and responsible to the other. to know The continuity of this accountability and responsibility leads to a moral life. But the problem is that the approach to moral life in the structure of Levinas's moral philosophy is based on what basis? And in other words; What are the components of a moral life in the structure of Levinas's moral philosophy? Levinas believes that the subject finds an inner desire and pull towards the other when facing another's face. This internal desire and tension towards the other, which originates from the subject's desire for infinity and perfection, is a fundamental and metaphysical desire and leads to the subject's moral relationship and interaction with the other and ultimately to moral life. Within the moral life, the subject finds his true identity, which is a moral identity, and by cultivating his moral talents, he steps on the path of becoming infinite and achieving perfection.