mahmoud mehmannavaz

The critical book "The Story of Hajibaba Esfahani" was written by James Morieh and translated by Mirza Habib Esfahani (Beni). In this book, people, groups, and society are criticized, and in general, an important part of it is devoted to social criticism (especially the three institutions of religion, government, and the Iranian family). In this article, with regard to the British colonial goals in Iran and the role of Moriya in the British government, and in a descriptive-analytical way, his view on the three mentioned institutions in the Iranian society was discussed. The results show that in Moriah's book, all three of these important institutions in Iran are disintegrating; Religion is a tool to gain power and wealth. The government and its agents and employees are caught in bribery, oppression, naivety and ignorance. The institution of the family is also polluted and there is no empathy and cooperation in it.

The coming to power of Shah Abbas I (1038 - 996 AH) caused extensive changes in the structure of the Safavid government (1135 - 907 AH). One of Shah Abbas's strategies for consolidating the foundations of his power was to reduce the power of the Qizilbash forces and reform the Safavid military organization. From these reforms, Shah Abbas created some new military positions, one of which was the position of Sepahsalar. In fact, the history of the position of Sepahsalar dates back to the pre-Islamic era, and Shah Abbas somehow revived it. In the Safavid military organization, the Sepahsalar was responsible for commanding all military forces, including the Qizilbash, the Qollars, and ... Usually, this position existed during the outbreak of war, and at times when the Safavids were not involved in a specific war, this position was eliminated. However, this rule was not always observed, and in some cases, the position of Sepahsalar existed even without the country being involved in a war. The present study has been conducted with the aim of investigating and explaining the role and position of the Sepahsalar in the Safavid military and administrative organizations. The approach of the present study is descriptive-analytical based on collecting information using a library method. The research relies on the original texts from the Safavid period.

Dentistry has been one of the oldest branches of knowledge in the field of medicine. This medical discipline has undergone various changes throughout different historical periods. During the Safavid period (1135-907 AH), practitioners showed a keen interest in dentistry, and numerous medical texts were written in this field, serving as valuable sources of information about the medical conditions of that era. It appears that dentistry in the Safavid era did not experience significant transformation compared to previous periods and largely imitated the achievements of earlier practitioners. The primary topics of focus in Safavid dentistry included the treatment of toothaches, prevention of dental diseases, polishing and whitening of teeth, management of gum diseases, and pediatric dentistry. The most notable remedies prescribed by the medical community of the Safavid era for treating various dental ailments involved the use of Sanun, a concoction made from several herbal ingredients believed to alleviate or cure dental diseases. The main resource for this research was the medical texts from the Safavid era.

The ascension of Shah Ismail Safavi (907-930 AH) and the establishment of the Safavid dynasty constitute one of the most significant events in Iranian history. Scholars of the Safavid era, particularly, have focused on this event, making it a pivotal aspect of Safavid historiography. The prevailing perspective shaping the reflection of this event in Safavid historiography is the presentation of a religious and doctrinal narrative. This approach, influenced by the religious outlook prevalent in Iranian historiography and the specific religious nature of the Safavids, underscores the use of Quranic verses as a central theme in Safavid historians' accounts of Shah Ismail's rise to power. The primary concern of this research is to investigate the role of Quranic verses in the Safavid historiographical narrative of Shah Ismail's ascension. The findings of the study indicate that the Quranic narrative of Safavid historians on Shah Ismail's rise is reflected in five components: legitimizing the rule, Quranic narrative of Ismail's victories, describing opponents, drawing parallels between Ismail's life and divine prophets, and ultimately justifying Ismail's often violent actions. Legitimizing the rule was the primary concern of Safavid historians and had two axes: legitimizing the entirety of Safavid rule and legitimizing the rule and actions of Shah Ismail. Safavid historians have endeavored to use Quranic verses in line with these objectives.

Sheikh Hussein bin Abdul Samad Harithi Ameli (984-918) was one of the famous jurists of the first Safavid period and contemporary with Shah Tahmaseb (984-930 AH). The main purpose of this study is to study political thought, its influence and performance in political affairs. The main question of this research is what effect did Sheikh Hussein's political thought have on Safavid society and the political performance of Shah Tahmasb? Research Method In this research, historical-analytical and data collection has been done by library method. The main research tool is the data of historical sources of the Safavid era, especially the surviving works of Sheikh Hussein, many of which have not yet been translated and corrected (for example, the treatise of Abbah to receive the awards of the rulers, of which an independent report has been published so far. It is not submitted). The findings of this study show that the most important influence of Sheikh Hussein's political thought and action can be considered as generalizing the holding of Friday prayers as a religious-political duty. In general, Sheikh Hussein's approach to Friday prayers, the issue of receiving prizes and gifts from kings and prostrating to the Shah, has been in the direction of legitimizing the rule of Shah Tahmasb and has made great efforts in this regard.

This study intends to examine the idea of ​​destiny as one of the historiographical features of the Turkmen secretary Skanderbeg in the "History of the Abbasid Scholars". The findings of this study show that the idea of ​​destiny is one of the most important axes in the writing of the Abbasi theologian, so that Skanderbeg has maintained and adhered to the policy of destiny in all historical narratives. He did not consider himself obliged to provide rational explanations and analyzes in any field, and especially in the field of negative news, he followed the path of destiny and used it to justify failures. The level of destiny in the text of the history of the worlds increased and decreased depending on the political situation, and on average, this rate was higher than the other during the years of Shah Tahmasb's death (930-984 AH) until the peak of Shah Abbas's power. There have been sections. Due to the nature of the research topic, the research method is descriptive-analytical. Destiny-minded thought has also given legitimacy to the Safavid rule, and in this regard, the Turkmen have used terms such as Iqbal Shahi and Bakht Shahaneh. In fact, it can be said that the ultimate goal of resorting to the fateful idea was to legitimize the actions of the Safavid Shah and the Safavid government. However, not all aspects and features of Turkmen historiography have been the subject of this research and the focus has been on the place of fateful thought in writing the history of the Abbasid theologians.

A few years ago, due to the efficiency of the Safavids in Iran (1502), a global disease called syphilis or Atashakspread throughout Europe and spread to Iran in a short period of time. The current research has been carried out with the aim of investigating and explaining the status of syphilis disease in the Safavid period and relying on the sources of that period.

The main tool of this research is the data of historical sources of the Safavid era, which includes medical texts, Ferangian travelogues and the works of historians of the Safavid period. The research method in this research is historical-analytical and information collection is done by library method.

Honesty and trustworthiness havebeen observed in reporting and publishing.

Iranian medical society in the Safavid period started its efforts to recognize this disease from the time of the introduction of syphilis to Iran and in this regard prescribed drugs and methods for the treatment of syphilis. Some special doctors did not just prescribe medicine and wrote down their findings and the medical community to inform their contemporary society about the methods of treating syphilis and to pass on their achievements to future generations.

Syphilis is a fast-spreading disease that is generally transmitted through sex, shared items and public bathrooms. The use of Chinese beech, mercury, prescription of a special diet and constant washing of the body were the most important ways recommended by the doctors of the Safavid era to treat syphilis. It seems that the treatment methods of the doctors of that period were useful and effective for the control and treatment of syphilis

Ilam has the largest land border with Iraq, making it difficult to be controlled. In recent decades, fighting against contraband as a destructive economic phenomenon in this region has always been a concern for the central government as well as the local military and disciplinary forces. The present study, with a descriptive-analytical approach and relying on the documents, sought to identify the measures taken by the military forces and other involved agents of the first Pahlavi government in combatting contraband. The findings show that the performance of the central government and local military forces in this regard was not efficient enough as the main strategy to resist the entry of contraband into Ilam, which was to arm all officials involved in the job, led to unintended conflicts and unrest in the region. Furthermore, because of inadequate training of some forces, they were in some cases disarmed by contrabandists who sometimes used the same weapons to loot government property and places. The use of informants was another way to confront smugglers, which was more successful despite some shortcomings.

Georgia was a Christian land that was of special interest to the kings of this dynasty during the Safavid period. Most of the Safavid attacks on Georgia took place during the reign of Shah Tahmasb, which were carried out to achieve the two goals of jihad in the way of God and gaining booty. The type and manner of reflection of these attacks in Safavid historiography is a topic that this study seeks to address. The presupposition of the research is based on the fact that due to the religious nature of the Safavid rule and in general the religious worldview prevailing in that period, historiography in that period is also subject to the conditions and Shah Tahmaseb's attacks on Georgia as O religious narrated. The present study has been done with a descriptive-analytical approach and relying on the method of collecting information from historical sources.Findings show that Safavid historians have followed two methods in narrating the attacks of Shah Tahmaseb on Georgia: First; To magnify Shah Tahmaseb's successes was to turn to the use of epic expressions in the narrative of Tahmaseb's attacks on Georgia. Second; Justification for the killings and looting that took place in these attacks, using arguments such as: - Introducing the Georgians as polytheists and infidels, whose killing and looting was naturally legitimate in such a situation - Defending the Safavid king from the borders of Islam and Promoting Islam, which is the duty of every Muslim ruler - destiny in the sense that

Shah Tahmaseb, the second Safavid king, due to the infancy of this government, needed to establish his spiritual position among the Shiites. The Razavi shrine had a prominent spiritual status among Muslims, especially Shiites. This study includes the developments and the changes taken place with the focus on the Razavi shrine in the period of Shah Tahmaseb. It seeks to answer the following question: How is it possible to describe and explain the spiritual and religious status of the Razavi shrine during this period? By examining components such as; Pilgrimage, recourse, vows, endowments, and burial of elders near the Razavi shrine it can better understand the high spiritual and religious status Of shrine during the reign of Shah Tahmaseb. In addition to religious and spiritual aspects And since Razavi shrine was the only shrine of the Imams in the realm of Shah Tahmaseb, it had a special validity in the policies of this king. The Shah and the courtiers have tried to prove their devotion to this holy shrine by resorting to various methods. This study aims to address the following issues: the place of pilgrimage and recourse to Imam Reza, endowments and vows of the Razavi shrine in this historical period, the position of the Razavi shrine among neighboring governments, the role of the Razavi shrine in the decisions of Shah Tahmaseb and Finally, the buried near the Razavi shrine. Research methodology is historical - analytical using library method to gather the data. Research materials are based on the historical sources of the Safavid era through the findings of sources of inference, explanation and analysis. 

The present study seeks to retrieve and analyze the historical events of the short three-year period from the history of Iran between the years: 1052 to 1055 AH / 1642 to 1645 AD. This research has been conducted with the aim of investigating and explaining the role of Sarotqi in the court competitions of the first years of the reign of Shah Abbas II. The research method in this research is historical-analytical and data collection has been done by library method. The main research tool is to cite the sources of that period, which are finally based on the findings of the sources of inference, explanation and analysis.The findings of this study indicate that at the beginning of the reign of Shah Abbas II, due to the young age of the Shah, intense court competitions were held for important positions and more mastery of affairs by influential people and claimants. As prime minister, meanwhile, Sarutaghi sought to maintain power as well as expand his dominance over all matters, including the judiciary, the military, and the economy. Sarutaghi was one of the most intelligent people of the Safavid period, who went through the stages of progress well during the reign of Shah Abbas I and Shah Safi and reached the highest court position during the reign of Shah Safi. During the reign of Shah Abbas II, Sarutaghi did not want to lose the previous power, and in the process, he sacrificed several important officials, including Rostam Khan,

By surpassing the stage of prostration and guidance, the Safavid tariqa at the time of Sheikh Junayd (died in 864 AH) and Sheikh Haydar (died in 893 AH) adopted a military strategy to achieve their political goals. They were able to attach power and influence in worldly affairs to the spiritual power of the leaders of the Safavid tariqa and create a cohesive military organization that aided Shah Ismail-I (930-907 AH) in establishing the Safavid dynasty. Relying on collecting information from historical sources, the present descriptive-analytical study seeks to answer that question that how the wars fought in Sheikh Junayd and Sheikh Haydar's era have been reflected in the historiography of the Safavid period. It seems that Safavid historiography has tried to give a sacred aspect to these wars using a sacred narrative. The findings show that defeats and victories in the wars of this period have assumed an epic burden, but this epic writing practice has a religious rather than a national atmosphere. In fact, Safavid historiography has presented a sacred narrative of sacred wars in which every event (whether victory or defeat) has been evaluated within a context of sanctity. Against this backdrop, in describing and narrating these wars, Safavid historians have used Qur’anic and Hadith-based expressions besides drawing similarities between the leaders of Safavid tariqa and the Imams (AS).

Superstition as a cultural cause had penetrated into all aspects of Safavid Iranian society. The field of health and medicine was also seriously involved with superstitions and had almost penetrated into various branches of medicine. The present study aims to investigate and explain the role of superstitions in Safavid medicine and based on the sources of that period. In this research, an attempt has been made to address a cultural damage to society in the field of medicine and in a historical context.

The main tool of this research is the data of historical sources of Safavid era, which include: travelogues of Farangians, works of Safavid historians, medical texts and religious texts of that period. Research Method In this research, historical-analytical and data collection has been done by library method.

It seems that all classes and social groups in the Safavid period were involved in the issue of superstitions and superstitions in the field of medicine. The upper classes (especially physicians and the court) played a greater role in promoting these beliefs because of their influence. Ethical Considerations: Honesty and trustworthiness have been observed in reporting and publishing materials.

It seems that all social classes and groups in the Safavid period were involved in the issue of superstitions and superstitions in the field of medicine. The upper classes (especially physicians and the court) played a greater role in promoting these beliefs because of their influence. The extent to which the origin and treatment of a disease (eg infertility) was unknown, the more superstitious beliefs pervaded that area. Ignorance and low level of literacy in all aspects of Safavid Iranian society has been very effective in encouraging superstitions.

From the beginning of its formation, the Safavid government was involved in maintaining the western borders with the Ottoman government. With the death of Shah Abbas I, the Ottomans gained a good opportunity to attack the borders bordering Iran, with the most important goal being the conquest of Baghdad. In the early years of the Shah's rule, the Safavid regime managed to repel Ottoman attacks to some extent in order to maintain the structure of the Shah Abbas-era corps, but the IRGC sought to eliminate court rivalries that resulted in the removal of Shah Abbas-era officials. Iran weakened and lost the ability to maintain Baghdad. Also, the prolongation of military clashes with the Ottoman government has exhausted the military forces and the Safavid king, which has not been ineffective in not making serious efforts to preserve Baghdad. This research has been done with the aim of analyzing the border confrontations between Iran and the Ottoman Empire during the reign of Shah Safi and with an emphasis on the fall of Baghdad. The findings show that the dominance of personal interests over national interests among officials, the fierce court rivalries during the reign of Shah Safi, of which the Shah himself was to some extent responsible, and the recklessness of the Shah and his commanders in making the right decisions are among the most important causes of loss. They are part of the Western frontier, especially Baghdad, and the Shah's failure to maintain the borders of the time of King AbbasI.

Preparing books with educational purpose for teaching university courses with scientific indicators is an important and necessary thing. Some institutions and organizations, such as “the Organization for the Study and Compilation of Humanities Books” (Samt) in this field have tried to respond to this concern of the academic community with the help of researchers in various fields.This organization has published several works in the field of history, some of which have been published several times due to the welcome of professors and students.Criticism of these works that are related to education can increase their scientific and educational richness. By using such critiques, the flaws and shortcomings of those works can be eliminated in the next editions as well as helping for the next writers who will write with such a purpose. One of the works written in the Samt organization for educational purposes is the book "History of Political, Social, Economic and Cultural Developments in Iran during the Safavid Era" written by Abdolhossein Navai and Abbas Gholi Ghaffari-Fard, which has been written for BA students majoring in history. . This work covers the entire history of the Safavids and the present study has been done with the aim of critique and review of this work. The findings indicate that several editions of the work in recent years says that this book has been able to satisfy its audience. However, some basic criticisms have been made about this work, both in terms of form and structure, as well as in terms of content, which shows that this book is not free from objections and problems. Although many of these flaws are obvious and can be fixed, in several editions, no attempt has been made by the author to resolve them.

Astronomy and its rules always have had a significant position in Iran history. One of the significant and main functions of astronomy was to inform about the future. Such a feature has made kings pay more attention to it. Among Safavid kings (907-1135), especially in Abbas the Great period (996-1038), astronomy had special importance. The main issue of the research is what effects had the astronomy and astronomers on Abbas the Great government?Based on historical data, findings of this study indicate that despite the conventional belief among researchers, Abbas the Great was not rationalist, rather had been extremely influenced by astronomers and astronomical rules from the beginning to the end of the kingdom. King’s trustworthy people were astronomers in martial, political, architectural, recreation affairs and the like and king avoided doing anything without their positive opinion. It seems that factors such as indoctrination, some correct predictions of astronomers, distrust in others and uncertain future of the government in general, have been effective in impressionability of Abbas the Great from astronomers and astronomical rules.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and explain the violence, penalties and limitations of women in the Iranian society of Safavid era and relying on the sources of travel magazine. The method of research in this research is historical-analytical and data collection is done by the library method. The main tool of the research is the reference to the logbooks of that period. Finally, based on the findings from the sources of inference, explanation and analysis have been made. This research studies the status of women in two groups of women and ordinary women. The findings of this research show that: women were the main victims of the traditional and patriarchal system of Iranian society of Safavid era. In that period, there was no difference between women of the upper classes (court) and ordinary women in society, in order to protect men from violence or to have freedom of action. The penalties imposed on women were strongly enforced, and class affiliation did not have much effect on the severity of this punishment. In essence, women were considered second-class elements in Iranian society as Safavid era, and lacked any independence or security (against men). Power sources It was entirely in the hands of men, and this led to violence, cruel punishment and restrictions on women.

After its formation in the early 16th century (10th century A.H.), the Safavid Shia government needed an organized, efficient, and capable system of education to consolidate its rule and to express the principles of its legitimate authority. This system could also help the government to meet its political and religious goals in the geographical context of Iran. This education system in the Safavid government was established based on the religious teachings of Twelver Shias and had many scientific, educational, and civil achievements leading to a glorious period during the advancement of Islamic culture and civilization. The main purpose of this research is to study the achievements of the Imamiah education system in the Safavid period. It uses a descriptive-analytical method and draws on the original sources of the Safavid era. The findings showed that the education system based on the teachings of the Shia Imamiah had an influential role in the advancement and expansion of different sciences. It also helped promoting and confirming the Shia thoughts in the society of that time.

The Bagratian clan was the oldest and the most legitimate in Georgia and Safavid was confident about them. During the reign of Shah Safi, the credit of Bagrati clan was increased due to their valuable service to the monarch and fining his reign. In the beginning of the accession, he wanted set up the tent of her reign based on the new columb and overthrow old elements that was independent on Shah Abbas. To overthrov these old elements, he required to a vigorous, skilled and efficient agent for replacement. Bagrati clan has necessary elements and dependent on the old elites. Shah Safi could make conquests on the all interior plots, with assistance and recourse to Bagrati clan. The main purpose of this study is to find the answer of the following questions: Why Shah Safi rely on the Bagrati clan? Which are the reasons the Bagrati clan reached to the maximum power of their authority? What are the attempts of the Bagrati clan to conduct the affairs? What is the influence of Bagrati clan attempts on the disordering the balance of power? what the first Shah Abbas developed among three opponent groups (Turk, Tajik and Ghollar)?

Based on the pattern of public religions sociology, which its stems are in Max Weber’s studies in public religions, it could be found the elements such as eclectic ideas, the priority of the faith that has been applied in the context of the life than the faith that has been recommended, mythicism and the believing in earthy saviour between beliefs of the masses.Through an historical - sociological analysis it could be shown that the appearance of these religious elements in the religious ideas of the masses, as the main part of the movement of Black Garments, more than being an outcome of the type of the religion of the lower strata of the Iranian society of that time, it has been stemmed in the political - sociological situation of that era, which made a transient period by the beginning of Arab invasion and the collide of two cultures, to races and two religions, that it caused a widespread social change. If we split the Shuubiyyah movement into two general form, radical (military) and moderate (political - cultural), then the struggles of the society’s lower strata in that period could be categorized in the radical branch of Shuubiyyah. It should be noted that from the authors view, those peoples’ activities were not emerged from their sympathy to Sassanid and their tendency to protect Iranian identity, but it was a negative campaign against the fake carriers of the Islamic faith.In fact, the ensigns of those social - economic struggles were searching the Mazdak teachings inside Islamic faith and in a new interpretation it could be assumed that the teachings of Islam, itself was the greatest cause of those movements.

The purpose of this research is to study the struggles and conflicts between Poshtkouh governors and the Ottoman government over salt mines that were located in the border between Iran and Ottoman Empire in the period 1838-1928. Methodology/Approach: This research uses a descriptive and analytic method and is based on available records and library resources. After evaluating and analyzing historical data، organization and deduction is carried out. The findings show that one of the areas of conflict between Poshtkouh (Ilam) governors and the pashas of Baghdad - who owed allegiance to the Ottoman government - was the salt mines. These mines were around the northwest of Poshtkouh and the borders between Iran and the Ottoman Empire. The mines were called Dashtlag، Tarike، and Davdar. The economic importance of these mines and the efforts of Poshtkouh governors and the pashas of Baghdad seeking to take control over these mines lead to conflicts between the two parties. Hassan Khan –the first governor of Poshtkouh – and his son، Heidar Khan secured their dominance over the mines، and Heidar Khan even took control over the salt mine in the Ottoman territory. But for several reasons، Abbas-Gholi Khan was not successful in keeping control of the mines and they were seized by the Ottomans during his time. After Abbas-Gholi Khan، his cousin، Hossein-Gholi Khan، known as Abou-ghadareh، became the governor of Poshtkouh. He reclaimed the salt mines from the Ottomans، and during the period of Hosein-Gholi Khan’s son، Gholamreza Khan، the mines remained within Poshtkouh territory without concern. This research included a record-based survey to study the conflicts between the two countries and how they were resolved.