فهرست مطالب maryam ghazinejad

Organizational performance and competency assessment are an important mechanism for improving the efficiency of non-governmental organizations and help them to maximize their capabilities, increase their social impact, and, consequently, achieve their ultimate goals. Most of the charities in Tabriz are run in a semi-traditional way and along with the many problems and issues we are facing in the field of charities in this city, the lack of evaluation of charities and their performance and the factors affecting it is also considered a major and important issue.  (Hatami Khaljan, 2023, 87).The purpose of the current research is to measure the performance of charitable institutions and investigate the effects of group cohesion variables, the role of social networks, and contextual variables (the age of the charity institution, the scope of activity of the charity institution, the history of membership) in the performance of the said institutions. 

 The present study was conducted by survey method among managers of 133 non-governmental organizations in Tabriz and SPSS and SMART PLS software were used to analyze the data. From the various criteria that were mentioned in the research literature and interviews to evaluate the performance of Charities, criteria appropriate to the characteristics, facilities, and limitations of the present study were selected and measures were designed. To measure the group cohesion variable, 6 items in the 5-part Likert scale (low, relatively low, medium, relatively high, high) were used, from the sum of these 6 items the group cohesion variable was obtained. These items are based on the adaptation of the Carron et al. (1985) Group Environmental Questionnaire. To measure the role of utilization of Online social networks, measures in the 5-point Likert spectrum (low, relatively low, medium, relatively high, high) have been used. These metrics are extracted from the Kinuthia master Thesis Questionnaire entitled "Investment in Information and Communication Technology and CHARITIES Performance in Kenya" (Kinuthia, 2012.).

 The results showed that the average performance of non-governmental organizations among the statistical sample (in the range of zero to one hundred) was 70, which indicates the relatively high performance of non-governmental organizations under study. The average group cohesion in the studied samples was 75 out of 100, which indicates that the level of cohesion is relatively high. The average variable of the role of using Online social networks among the statistical sample was 65, indicating that this variable has a relatively high role in the performance of Charities. The use of the Instagram page has the highest number among the research sample and 49% of users have an Instagram page. After that, using the WhatsApp group with 43% is the most frequently used among the samples. The average performance of the samples among the statistical sample (in the range from zero to one hundred) was 70, which indicates the relatively high performance of the studied samples. The results of the hypothesis test showed that the variables of group cohesion and the variable of Online social networks with a coefficient of 31% had the most positive effects on the performance of Charities. The results of the hypothesis test showed that the variables of group cohesion and the variable of Online social networks with a coefficient of 31% had the most positive effects on the performance of non-governmental organizations. According to the managers, the Telegram group with 46.9%, the Instagram page with 44.5%, and the WhatsApp group with 21.8% had the most role in introducing and improving the performance of Charities, respectively, and in the fields of 1- Introduction of charitable institutions in the community; 2- Increasing transparency and better information about the performance of charitable institutions; 3- Satisfying supporters and members; 4- Attracting financial and non-financial aid; 5- Communication with other non-profit organizations; and 6- Attracting the participation of volunteers. There is a significant inverse relationship between the history of membership of managers in Charities and their evaluation of the performance of non-governmental organizations. There was no significant relationship between the variables of age level of operation of non-governmental organizations with their performance and the degree of group cohesion, but the variable of using Online social networks with a coefficient of 30% had a significant effect on increasing group cohesion.

In a general conclusion, the results showed that 56.8% of the respondents evaluated the performance of their charity institution at a relatively high level, and the variables of group cohesion and the role of social networks had the most positive effects on the performance of charities, and the role of social networks also had a significant effect on increasing group cohesion. has increased group cohesion by a factor of 30%. The reason for this can be the fact that previously communication between members of a group or organization was only possible through physical presence, but today communication platforms, platforms and new tools for more communication and easy communication, as a result, have provided understanding, intimacy, and cohesion between members. According to Harvey et al. (2018), charities are increasingly using social media tools in fundraising and increasing communication with donors and others. Institutions through. Three major mechanisms are used (1) signaling, (2) escalation of commitment, and (3) social contagion. Finally, the results showed that the total research variables can predict only 25% of the changes related to the dependent variable, and the other changes are related to other variables that have not been studied in the current research and can be investigated in future research.

The purpose of this study was to meta-analyze the research conducted in the field of the role of NGOs in solving social problems. The statistical population of the study is all articles and dissertations done in Iran in this field in the years 1991-2019. Through research in databases, 104 researches were extracted and general information about them was provided in the next step to calculate the Effect size were selected only those researches that had been done quantitatively and by survey, the number of which is a total of 23 articles (scientific-research) and dissertation. Findings showed that 29.8% of the research was done quantitatively and 70.2% was qualitative. Therefore, we are faced with the dominance of qualitative methods in research in this field. Social sciences (26.9%). According to the findings, environmental variables, women's empowerment, street children, etc., crime prevention, urban and rural development, security, and addiction have been among the most frequent variables in research in this field. The results of "effect size" statistics indicate that the highest effect size is related to the variables of crime prevention with a coefficient of 74%, then the variables of addiction, empowerment of women and children ... and the environment with coefficients of 45, 42, 41%, respectively. . Finally, in a general conclusion, it can be acknowledged that in this study, although according to the requirements of quantitative meta-analysis method, we have calculated the effect size, but in the opinion of the researchers, given that in most of the studies, with significant methodological problems And how to measure them, not choosing the appropriate statistical population, etc.), so we can not rely much on estimates of the size of the relationship, and therefore the size of the effects estimated in the present study, will not be very accurate.

The present study intends to explore the lived experience of saleswomen working in new shopping centers and thereby achieve its semantic implications. Malls and shopping centers have expanded in megacities such as Tehran in recent years. This shows forms of consumer culture in society, as well as informal work and the feminization of the workforce and its challenges. This research has used qualitative grounded theory method. The Purposive sampling Methods with maximum variety was used to gather the samples. Additionally semi-structured interviews were used to gather the data. 30 saleswomen working in shopping centers participated in the research sampling.The results of the research show that causal factors such as economic autonomy, easy access to the sales job, femininity of the work environment, an opportunity to be seen and redefining the female identity, have played a role in explaining the lived experience of working women. Meanwhile, ignoring work rules, work bodies including؛ Exhibitive body (imposing clothing and makeup codes and saleswomen as a model), disciplinary body, faking kindness, and customer-oriented rationality act as intrusive strategies and conditions. According to the present study, the lived experience of saleswomen in shopping malls has resulted in accepting inferiority, and alienation. The Core category also implies "selling as exploitation".

Although the statistics show the growth of the number of NGOs in the country, this quantitative development is not accompanied by qualitative development, and in reality, there is no match between the number of the NGOs and their performance, and they are struggling with many problems on the way to achieving their goals. The purpose of the present research is to identify the most important problems of the NGOs in the field of social problems in Tabriz City and design and validate a questionnaire to rank these problems. Research method To identify the most important problems, the method of practical participation was used, which was achieved through the participation of 49 non-governmental organization managers in the field of social problems in Tabriz City in 2021. The set of problems mentioned by the managers was analyzed through Maxqda Software, and the findings were coded in the form of 254 concept codes, 18 sub-categories, and 4 main categories. Then based on the concept codes written by the participants, items were compiled. Then, the subcategories were the basis for designing the questionnaire items. In the next step, Smart PLS Software was used to check the reliability and validity of the questionnaire. According to the model fitting results, the designed questionnaire has reliability and validity. The results of rating the problems from the point of view of managers (133 managers) showed that the components, 1- Not having a fixed place and the rent of the place, 2- Lack of teamwork culture in the society and members, 3- Cumbersome laws and lack of unanimity of government institutions, 4- Lack of credit and financial resources and non-payment of costs, and 5- Lack of awareness of the existential philosophy and the nature of the NGOs ARE considered to be the most important problems.

Even though it can be argued that inequality, distance, and social exclusion have always existed across societies, one can not ignore reflecting on the reason why and how it is created together with its consequences for today’s various groups and social systems. The aim of this study is to explain the relationship between religious identity and the feeling of social exclusion by considering the mediating variable of social distance between two groups of Shiite and Sunni students. The statistical sample includes 279 graduate students of the faculties of social sciences in the three universities of Allameh Tabataba’i, Tehran and Beheshti, in which Sunni and Shiite students were chosen through snowball method and random selection, respectively. The findings indicate that the mean values of feelings of social exclusion, social distance and religious identity among Sunni students are higher than Shiite ones. Also, there is a direct relationship between the level of religious identity and the feeling of social exclusion, and the same is true for social distance and the feeling of social exclusion. Multivariate regression analysis reveals that the variables included in the equation have been able to explain a significant part of the variance of the changes related to the dependent variable. The results of path analysis also demonstrate that the variables of religious identity, ethnicity and social distance are related to the feeling of social exclusion.

Based on grounded theory, the present paper aims to answer the question that, "How do the binary transsexual people understand and experience their gender identity?". For this purpose, 30 in-depth interviews were conducted based on theoretical sampling and in accordance with the logic of theoretical saturation.“Excluded identification” is the main category which has been abstracted from the four major categories Which are “confused identity”,“suspended identity”,”imperfect identity”,and “developed identity”. These four identities are output from three different stages of their lives. The first stage involves a period in which they are unaware of their transgender gender identity. The second stage covers the interval between awareness of gender identity and gender affirming surgery, and the last stage is related to the postoperative period.Findings show through identification dialectic of inside and outside, In the stage of confusion and suspension, excluding encounter from others(outside) forms the dominant side of this dialectic. Attempts to eliminate the trace of being a trans in imperfect identity also reproduce the binary structure and discourse that exclude and does not accept them. It seems that it is only in the developed identity that one's agency, the inner side of this dialectic, is given the opportunity to resist the dominant binary excluding structure, identify herself or himself beyond gender and even reciprocally do not accept the ruling discourse and exclude it through the non binary discourse.

Along with the influence of social networks on people’s personal lives in recent decades, the dimensions and quality of family relationships have also undergone extensive and unprecedented changes. One of the most influential groups is women, who are experiencing a new form of social communication beyond traditional or cultural limitations. Currently, 72% of women use smartphones and their internet penetration is 42.7%. The website “NiniSite” deals specifically with topics and issues affecting women and has gained numerous users. The website has about 750,000 registered users and is visited by 800,000 people daily. While the gender of the users cannot be determined with certainty, based on the topics on the site, it can be assumed that more than 90% of these users are female. This study examines one of the site’s forums on the topic of “wives” to investigate how female users form marital relationships. The main research questions addressed key aspects, categories, couples’ positions, and the establishment or mitigation of gender stereotypes in relationships. The conceptual framework of the study was based on two approaches of constructivism in media (Stuart Hall) and cyberfeminism. Within Stuart Hall’s theory, culture is based on the ideology of the infrastructure of different readings of a meaning. He discusses two important strategies in the representational system: stereotyping and naturalization. Most cyberfeminist theorists agree that the Internet has promoted women’s agency and can raise public awareness by focusing on emancipation.

The method of the study is based on qualitative content analysis and time sampling was conducted in a period of one month (July to August) 2019.

The four main themes extracted include emotional and sexual, financial, family, and critical relationships. The results of the analysis show that emotional concerns are the most common topics of conversation among users and that there is a significant level of empathy and validation of shared experiences in this aspect of the relationship. At the same time, a significant amount of “generalization” and “stereotyping” is formed in this area. Women have shown the most evidence of agency and rethinking in sexual and financial relationships. The dominance of a discourse that can be called “sexual satisfaction” or “sexual orientation” has caused problems for women in its various dimensions. In the area of financial relationships, the desire for independence and personal purpose shows a clear shift in thinking from traditional ideas.

In areas related to social customs (e.g., marital commitment), family traditions (e.g., Iranian family-centered culture), and legal challenges (e.g., divorce and custody), the reproduction of gender stereotypes and compromises is more pronounced. Regarding critical relationships related to the occurrence of deadlocks in relationships, betrayal (or suspicion of betrayal) and violence (psychological, verbal, and physical) were very common, and (as with sexual relationships) the anonymity of users plays an important role in expressing them.

Health is one of the basic pillars of the human rights system and ensuring the health of individuals (physical, mental and social) is the most important element of society. Social health in society is affected by many factors that can be studied in sociological studies. This article aims to investigate the effect of social violence on women's social health with the mediating role of relationship disorder.

According to the purpose of the research is applied studies and in terms of data collection is also a survey method and a variety of correlation schemes and structural equation modeling method . The statistical population of this study is all women aged 15-49 years in Oramanat region in Kermanshah province. Sample size was 300 people based on Cochran formula by multistage cluster sampling. The data collection tool in this study was a questionnaire. Factor analysis technique was used for the validity of the research and the reliability of the research based on Cronbach's alpha technique was optimal for all variables. Respondents' findings were analyzed using SPSS software and statistics such as Pearson coefficient and regression. Also, structural equations for the model are performed using Smrt PLS software.

The findings showed a significant and inverse relationship between social violence and relationship disorder with social health in the study population. Regression results indicate that among the effective variables (socialization, ethnic identity, religious violence, gender role, women's power and independence in the family, job discrimination, verbal violence and deprivation of political participation) on social health, the variable of Women's power and independence in the family with a beta value of ./22 inversely has influences the social health of women in the community. In total, multiple independent variables of the study were able to explain 0/29 of the changes, the dependent variable, ie social health. Also, the goodness of fit criterion (GOF) is equal to 0/341, which indicates a good fit of the overall research model.

The results show that the elimination of social violence is primarily related to socialization and changing power relations in the family. Therefore, we need to change gender roles in order to reduce women's relationship disorders

The present study aims at extracting the indexes of Iranian users’ of sense of security, using the triangulation method, in the social cyber networks during September 2016 to December 2018. Social networks were included domestic networks such as Soroush, Etâ, etc. And the foreign networks as telegram, WhatsApp, etc. The findings were obtained through documentary studies, in-depth interviews with experts and active users, focus group techniques, and content analysis of cyber-user references and press interviews of officials. The result of this research show the extraction of indexes of the sense of security and the determination of its dimension in the Iranian users’ cyber space. we determined and finalized 66 indexes in 5 dimensions (including economic, political, cultural, social and legal dimensions) with 11 Categories (including the financial Exchanges, occupational Opportunities, political opinions, national power, moral Principles, cultural norms, religious beliefs, emotional, family Connections, privacy, and citizen rights). The Iranian users’ sense of online security, although manifested in varying degrees of offline security, is affected by the state-citizen relationship in the real community. The concerns of users are more focused on mental dimension and micro-security levels, where the privacy of users is sign. Double-edged sword of technology and the New Age fluid surveillance, in addition to creating freedom and promoting awareness, is in service of political system objectives and this is the main concern of Iranian users. The theories of Turkel (2011) and Wellman (2012) are good insights in explaining the status of the components of online security

Healthy human is the axis of social development, and the development process without regarding to health is impossible .Social health in society is affected by many factors that can be studied in sociological studies. This article is aimed at sociological analysis of the social health of women and social violence.

In this research, using Quantitative survey methods, women aged between 15-49, in Owramanat area in Kermanshah Province, have been studied in 1398-1397. Sample size was 300 people based on Cochran formula by multistage cluster sampling. . Data were collected using a Researcher-made questionnaire and Respondents' views were evaluated .

The results of the study showed that the level of women's health was moderate, and the highest average value was related to the social participation dimension and the lowest value was related to social acceptance dimension. The findings also showed a significant and reverse relationship between socialization, ethnic identity, verbal violence and gender attitudes with social health in the studied population. Regression results indicate that among the effective variables (socialization, ethnic identity, verbal violence and gender role) on social health, the variable of verbal violence with a beta value of ./185 inversely has influences the social health of women in the community.

Also, the results indicate that the indicators of socialization, verbal violence, gender role and ethnic identity can explain up to 15% of the dependent variable. Key words: Social health, Owramanat, Social violence, Socialization, Verbal violence.

In recent years “emigration” from Iran has become a common behavior among a lot of young specialists and students. According to statistics, Iran is among countries that have high and increasing rate of trained human resource migration. Considering the importance of young skilled human resource role in national development, especially in the socio-historical opportunity called "demographic window", the reason of migration is a significant and important subject to study.
Taking up structure-agency approach, current research studies meaning system changes, identity changes and identity reflection in context of national and transnational changes in order to explore deeper reasons of influential factors on migration among higher education students. The method of this research is survey and it has 272 samples from 4 state universities in Tehran which are selected through Cochran formula, using cluster sampling. The outcomes of statistical analysis showed that about 41.5% of students, have a great tendency to emigrate and increase in reflexivity resulted in increase in migration tendency and vice versa, increased possibility of practical realization of reflexive identity resulted in its decrease. There was a significantly meaningful negative relationship between feeling ontological security as an intermediate variable, with a tendency to emigration (the dependent variable). Based on the results of multiple regression, the following variables have the greatest impact on attitude to emigration: practical reflexive identity, ontological security, marital status, employment status which have been proposed as the predictor variables for the dependent variable. According to the theoretical approach, possibility of practical realization of reflexive identity, completes its mental reflexivity process and finally, creates the ontological security and feeling safe positioning in the living space. Therefore, in order to control the tendency of educated young people to emigrate and positively confront escape attempts, the feasibility of realizing the practical dimensions of reflexive identity should be considered. There also should be serious activities on organizing and improving life status in terms of marriage conditions and securing employment.

Having unity, mutual acceptance and tolerance, lack of humiliating behaviors among ethnic and religious groups as well as bridging gaps and social distance are important issues particularly for institutes and cultural references, specially religious one in all ages and countries. Because the solidarity between these groups not only is necessary for improvement of human being life but also maintains border identity and integrity of each and every country. The aim of this research is to illustrate the relation between the level of religiosity and the social distance of Muslims and Christians in Tehran, with a considerable emphasis on tolerance.The theory framework is based on collective theories of Durkeim, Robertz and Alport.The statistical society includes Muslims and Christians over 18 years old who reside in Tehran.The survey method is used for this research. Data gathering has been performed from 204 individuals (cluster selected sample) and has been analyzed via SPSS software. The results show that there is direct relation between the level of religiosity and social distance between Muslims and Christians, while between the level of tolerance and social distance there is an inverse relation. Based on regression results, the level of social tolerance has the most effect on social distance. Additionally the level of religiosity and the type of religion are significant factors on social distance. Consequently all variables show 49 percent of social distance changes.

Along with the rest of the world, Paying attention to health dimensions, especially social health and its elements, is essential in Iran's society. Moreover, the recent decade is faced with a wave of women entering universities and their demand for job.Since job, as a main social determinant, affects health, and women's health brings family and eventually social health, we intended to probe the impact of job on social health of female. The statistical population included women employed students studying in Alzahra University. The sample size was determined as 111 subjects who were selected from different faculties using cluster sample method. This was a sectional survey study that information collected with Self-made questionnaire and Keyes social health standard scale and analyzed by using spss software. The suitability of job conditions (wages and benefits, job security, organizational support, growth and prosperity at work, etc.) had the highest effect on the student's social health. In addition, results indicated the effect of casual mechanisms of financial independence, social relations, social support, self-esteem, and social status on social health of employed people. Among the underlying variables, age, marital status, and type of living place were significantly correlated with social health. Finally, The type of job (in terms of rank and status) didnt have any major correlation with student's social health. Employment doesnt change one's social health. The main things that affect social health are occupational components including the type of job, suitability of job conditions, social-mental capabilities (consequences of job).

Today, the women from the half of the civil society population and from the perspective of security in the urban society, they are vulnerable social groups that their security is threatened in different ways. This study seeks to examine the factors affecting social security of women living in two neighborhoods in Vanak and Sarasiab. Research theoretical model is composed (inspired by the views Sampson, Skogan, and feminist theory) of a set of variables that influence the feeling of security in neighborhood investigated. These variables include the variable of neighborhood as the independent variable of this paper and the order and trust for splicer variable of the neighborhood position and the feeling of the security. In the aim of empirical research methods, we have used the survey method and questionnaire technique as a means of gathering information. The sample population consisted of 270 women residing in two neighborhoods in Vanak and Sarasiab. The results of experimental study show the differences in women’s feeling of security according to the local situation. In the both neighborhood, neighborhood position in the space-physical and non space-social and interpersonal trust dimensions, impact on female residents feeling safe and what makes the difference in feeling of security in the two neighborhoods is the effect of physical discipline, generalized trust and fundamental trust in the neighborhood Vanak and social order in the neighborhood Sarasiab.

Opening the "population window" by young people born in 1980s (baby boom) in Iran, as an transitional and changing society over the last decades, has resulted challenges for youth welfare and national development, instead of golden opportunity to benefit them, due to lack of earlier and long term planning and policies to support the young generation's needs in life cycle (from childhood to adults). In this context, measurement and providing a comprehensive image of youth situation in Iran, through the new and rights - centered approach named "Social Exclusion/Inclusion" can be useful, as it reveals knowing and assessing youth socio-economic condition and difficulties, moreover, can suggest to policy makers relevant social policies affecting youth affairs. This paper aims to operationalize and apply "social exclusion" to measure Iranian youth deprivations and insufficient social inclusion/integration in social system as objectively and subjectively. Objective social exclusion is operationalized in 3 dimensions: 1- material deprivations 2- lack of basic social rights 3- lack of socio-cultural integration . Subjective social exclusion hasbeen extracted from the gap between youth's expectations and real life. This study is a descriptive- explanatory national survey over years 2012 - 2014. The population consisted of 15-29 years old youths. Using the multi-stage cluster sampling method, 4522 participants were selected from 12 provinces .They received the standard - localized questionnaire. Findings revel that near the half of youth(45%) participants have been suffering objective social exclusion (mean score 34 in a 0-100 grading scale ) over their life course & mean score for subjective social exclusion was about 2 times (68/7%) higher than objective one. Therefore, about half of them (49/2%) had the hard sense of subjective exclusion. Observed differences in levels and dimensions of social exclusion between youths in different groups have been analyzed.

Women’s fears in public accompany special consequences, which can be classified form personal habits to social and restrictive behaviors. Although, there is no congruence between the women’s fears and the objective status, which opposes them, the relationship between these two factors is still under question. The consequences of fear are serious and restrictive for women. The objective of the present study was evaluating the women’s experience and their strategies in facing fear and phobia. The present study was a qualitative research the data of which were obtained using 46 semi-structured interviews. The women’s fear can be classified into three categories, including case fears, fear of sexual harassment and fear of males’ ruling. The women’s strategies in facing fear can be classified into innovative – active behavior or passive- reactive behavior. For every one of these fears, women use unique strategies. In innovative – active behavior, women try to manage their fears and face the fears logically, in so doing they make use of all their resources. In passive behavior, women make use of strategies like silence, surrender, seclusion, prudence and change in personal habits. Since the participants were selected non-randomly, the results of this study are not generalizable at all.

Awareness of “public attitudes toward crime” has been considered by the philosophers of criminal law, social philosophers and social scientists in different cultures and communities. Since a “Same” Social Understanding of the importance, seriousness and severity of criminal behavior in a society does not exist, therefore the amount and type of social interactions, against deviance and criminal activities is different, so the effects and consequences of these differences must be investigated.
This study is a sectional survey about understand “perceived seriousness of crime” in context of Iran, the full transformation country, in both young and adult generation. Checking the relationship between perceived seriousness of crime and Value orientations is also one of the most important purpose of this study.
A definition of perceived seriousness of crime was applied in questionnaire administrated among a sample of 246 person (18 – 35 and 42 – 60 years old) resident of up, middle (center) and down Tehran in March 2014.
Results showed that the “Generation gap” about “attitudes toward crime” in our society does not exist and both generational groups almost give the high marks for crimes, in two wrongful and harmful Dimensions. Also there is a relationship between perceived seriousness of crime and Value orientations. It means a considerable amount of generation’s attitude toward crime is determined by their values.
Sociological and historical generation theories such as Mannheim and Inglehart were used to explain the aspects of this study.

The present article is adapted from a survey on analysis of value orientation (individualistic-collectivistic) differences between two generation cohorts, based on 246, face-to-face interviews conducted with individuals between 18-60 years old who were randomly chosen from Tehran's different districts using stratificated mutli-stage cluster sampling method.The aim of this research is to recognize and compare value orientation differences (individualistic-collectivistic) between the youth (18-29 years old) and the adult generation (40-60 years old), and to measure the relationship of value orientation with current socioeconomic status (objective) and sociolizaiton (subjective) of generations, and to analyze these differences and their cause and effects. Hence, at first, an overview of value orientations of generations and their differences is illustrated, and then, those differences are sociologically analyzed within framework of age stratification or generational class.The data indicate that although the youth is more individualistic and the adult is more collectivistic, finding value orientation differences between the two generations is only sginificant in middle class. Also, the results of power (subjective and objective) variable impact on individualism-collectivism values indicate that the difference of value-orientations among generation cohorts is correlated to the ability of decision making of generation cohorts in strategic domains of their life. The correlation of sex variable and value-orientation is significant. This correlation has been confirmed between youth generation of men and women in terms of individual values. Namely, men are more individualistic than women of the same generation.Findings are also compatible with the assumptions of the theoretical age stratification and structural approach conflict in determining the generation cohort value orientations. In fact, this compatibility strongly confirms the basic approach of current study.

Drug abuse, which was mostly single-gendered (male), is becoming androgynous. In the past few decades, the rate of drug abuse among Iranian women has increased more than men; and some researches showed it has doubled. The present study investigates the identity disorders and its relationship with tendency of drugs abuse among girls and women. This study was a field detector and predictor survey consisted of a random sample of 384 subjects among female students of Tehran's Islamic Azad University and public universities. Research instrument consisted of identity-based approach in the framework of Anderson and assessing readiness for addiction via the scale of the global standardized Iranian Addiction Potential Scale (IAPS). F-test and regression analysis were used for data analysis. Approximately 40% of students had moderate to high level of readiness for addiction and about 80% of them suffered from damage of identity (distressed identity and loss of identity control) due to chronic social exclusion and discrimination. Advanced statistical analysis and experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of the major variables in the theoretical model in predicting the trends of addiction in high-risk groups in Iranian society, including women.

Today, social wellbeing is regarded as one of the important foundations in individual health and as a criterion of human and social development is one of the major elements for arguing in scientific assemblies and forums and in the world policy making. Social wellbeing defines as the assessment of the one's relationship with others, fellows and his/her community around and as such it can be considered as an important measure of life quality. Lacking an instinctive research of this in Iran, and considering the results of some related studies which have shown that Iranian youth are not socially health, the present study has been done in order to evaluate the aspects and causes of youth social health and identify the effective social factors in this regard. This study has been done according to a valid statistical sample consists of 350 Tehrani participants in the range of 15- 29 years old by using survey as the research method and the questionnaire as the technique. In order to evaluate social wellbeing, we have used Keyes concept model which considers five aspects of social health that are operated in personal level and are based on a health oriented approach in a broad factor analysis. In completing Keyes conceptual model and explaining our intended issue, we have used Ahuvia ideas.As a conclusion, there was an inverse significant relation between one's values with his/her community about and his/her social wellbeing.

Aging is "the last chapter of the human life" which corresponds to the variation of employment, income and social network. Death of relatives, decline in communication with friends and coworkers due to retirement, poor health and other factors make this period of life extensively dangerous for the elderly people.
Social exclusion of different social groups is one of the main study topics, and the social exclusion of elderly makes no exception and many research have been done on this matter alone.
This research conceptualizes the social exclusion in five different dimensions, categorized as exclusion of financial resources, social services, social relations, neighborhood, and social activities, in both objective and subjective levels.
Using survey method, this research has studied 123 elderly aged 60 and above who were randomly chosen from districts of 1,3,8,12,17 and 18 of Tehran. The results show that among the five different dimensions of social exclusion, experience of exclusion from civil engagement and subjective exclusion of social services exclusion have the highest levels of responses. Findings also indicate that the type of exclusion that an old person experiences in life has significant effect on his/her subjective exclusion and marginalization.

The study of victim known as victimology has not been attended in traditional criminology which focuses on crime and criminals. But now, there is an interest in theories which have been advanced to explain victimization. While it is the main concern of criminology to ask about the reason behind of offending, victimology asks why some people become the suitable target for criminal activities. The main aim of this study is to find the concept of victimization through the view of women as well as finding a theory to explain the victimization. This research is inspired by grounded theory and tries to understand victimization based on narratives of women. To achieve the objective of research, semi-structured interviews conducted with 46 women in Tehran. However, the results of this study do not generalize in any way because of the small sample size. The result of research shows that concept of victimization includes a range of emotions. In definition of women on victimization three main concepts including “lack of resources and authority”, “vulnerability” and “deprivation of life” have been emerged.
Women explain their victimization by referring to concepts like male domination, deficiency of different structures and gender inequality.

This paper is adopted from a survey on the social exclusion of the youths in Iran aiming to study the theoretical literature of the subject and to assess the amount and dimensions of the social exclusion and its conditions and contexts in the young urban population of Tehran and its margins. The survey was administrated on a sample including 1200 subjects. The modern concept of the social exclusion has created a research framework in the field of inequality, poverty and social deprivation. Based on the mentioned framework, the visible and invisible dimensions of the social exclusion of the at-risk groups including youths will be assessed in a wider scope and in more systematic and more precise way. In the social exclusion context, the excluded groups and regions are marginalized and excluded from the mainstream of the distribution of resources and social opportunities based on some (different) specific conditions, events, and characteristics in an accumulative and chronic way, so that their release from such a situation (i.e. from the exclusion trap) will be a trans-personal issue requiring corrective activities and combinational interventions at systemic and social level. The findings and results of this research are presented in a descriptive and an analytic part in the paper. The mentioned findings and results show that approximately half of the teenagers and youths of the study (including both boys and girls) of Tehran and its margins stand at the risk of being marginalized and socially excluded in most part of their youth age (15-29 years old). This risk for the mentioned population is higher than average and currently the studied population live in the situation of objective and subjective chronic multiple limitations. The range of the subjective exclusion index is more than the objective exclusion. There is no significant relationship between the mentioned index and the risk variables (including the gender and the residence of the respondents) except for the variable of the age which shows a significant relationship with the subjective exclusion. In contrast, the objective exclusion has a significant relationship with the age and residence, though it has no significant relationship with the variable of the gender.