mohammadreza asef

Specimens of tooth fungi were collected from pine tree cones (Pinus sp.) in the Northern forests of Iran and transported to the laboratory for identification. The macroscopic characteristics of the samples were examined visually and microscopically using an Olympus BH2 microscope (Olympus, Japan).The macroscopic features of the specimens were as follows: Fruit body hydnate-stipitate, pileus semicircular or kidney shape, broadly convex or flat, 1-3 cm across, covered with fine brown hairs. Hairs flexible when young, becoming tough and turning dark brown with age, growing singly or gregariously.The underside of the pileus is covered with a crowded array of tiny tooth or needle-shaped spore-bearing structures or hymenium, up to 3 mm long, 0.5 mm diameter, initially whitish to cream, turning brown with age.Stipe eccentric or lateral (attached to one edge of the pileus), 1.5 to 2 mm in diameter and up to 5 cm in length, tough, and covered with short fine hairs of the same color as the pileus.Basidiospores broadly ellipsoid or globose, 4.5–5.5 × 4–5 µm, hyaline, smooth, or becoming finely spiny when mature, turning blue in Melzer’s reagent (amyloid). Spore print white.The basidia four-spored with basal clamp connection, 15–24 × 3–4 μm. The hyphal system dimitic, comprising both generative and skeletal hyphae.Specimens were identified as Auriscalpium vulgare Gray (Russulales, Auriscalpiaceae,) based on Koski-Kotiranta & Niemelä (1987) and Larsson & Larsson (2003). This is the first report of a species from the genus Auriscalpium Gray in Iran.

This paper investigates the application of geomechanical and geological engineering methods to determine the optimum working face width for the safe and efficient extraction of manganese ore extraction at the Venarch Mine (Qom Province, Central part of Iran). The underground workings on the west face (240m depth) present significant geotechnical challenges due to the presence of faults, clay seams, and loose rock layers. These features require careful careful stability analysis to ensure the safety and economic viability of the underground mining operation. This study uses three established methods for rock mass classification and stability assessment. The Rock Mass Rating (RMR) classification system, the Q-system (Barton), and the numerical analysis using Plaxis 3D software. A robust and data-driven approach to determining the optimum workshop width was achieved by employing a synergistic combination of these three methods, together with meticulous ground observations and expert engineering judgement. This framework offers a powerful tool for determining the optimal and safe workshop width for this sector of the mine. By capitalizing on the strengths of each methodology, this research aims to establish a data-driven and informed decision-making process to ensure a stable and economically viable approach.

In the framework of collecting and identifying macroscopic fungi of Iran, samples of a coral mushroom were collected and identified as Ramariopsis pulchella (Boud.) Corner (Agaricales, Clavariaceae) based on literature. This is the first report of species from Iran. The characteristics of the identified taxon are as follows: The fruit body consists of coral-shaped branches, pale pink to deep purple; coral branches have regular to irregular sub-branches, double to multiple in length and tip; tips of branches and sub-branches may be sharp or rounded; length of the fruit body is up to 5 cm and the number of branches that determines the width and range of the fruit body is variable; spores spherical to semi-spherical with dimensions of 2.5–3.5 × 3.5–5 µm. Specimen examined: IRAN: Mazandaran Province, Pol-e Sefid, Anarom, saprophyte on soil on the debris of plants and leaves, 6.7.2023, Asef, M.R. (IRAN 18308 F).

Ganoderma Karst. is widely acknowledged within the Ganodermataceae for its exceptional healing properties for humans, but it also can cause diseases in plants. This study aims to compile all original articles and texts published on the morphological identification, phylogeny, host relationships, and dispersal of the Ganoderma species in Iran until 2024. The species predominantly inhabit Angiosperm trees, with occasional occurrences on gymnosperms. Recentstudies showed that more trees have been infected with these species in Iran. According to the literature, nine Ganoderma species were reported in various provinces of Iran, including East Azerbaijan, Guilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, Khuzestan, and others. However, recent studies have revealed discrepancies in the previously reported species. One species (G. australe (Fr.) Pat.) was misidentified, while two other species (G. manoutchehrii Steyaert and G. kosteri Steyaert) have not been encountered during recent field studies conducted by recent Iranian mycologists. Although a herbarium sample of G. kosteri was found in the Meise Herbarium, no recent field collections have mentioned the existence of this species in Iran. Furthermore, this article discusses the presence of another reported species in Iran, Ganoderma vanheurnii Steyaert. Recent morphological and molecular studies in Iran have confirmed the existence of five species in recent years, which have had significant implications for trees and the ecosystem.This review assists environmental researchers in comprehending the forest destruction caused by the Ganoderma species. Additionally, it can assist taxonomists in precisely distinguishing similar species and properly introducing them to scientists engaged in pharmaceutical research on Ganoderma.

Ganoderma Karst. is widely acknowledged within the Ganodermataceae for its exceptional healing properties for humans, but it also can cause diseases in plants. This study aims to compile all original articles and texts published on the morphological identification, phylogeny, host relationships, and dispersal of the Ganoderma species in Iran until 2024. The species predominantly inhabit Angiosperm trees, with occasional occurrences on gymnosperms. Recent studies showed that more trees have been infected with these species in Iran. According to the literature, nine Ganoderma species were reported in various provinces of Iran, including East Azerbaijan, Guilan, Mazandaran, Golestan, Khuzestan, and others. However, recent studies have revealed discrepancies in the previously reported species. One species (G. australe (Fr.) Pat.) was misidentified, while two other species (G. manoutchehrii Steyaert and G. kosteri Steyaert) have not been encountered during recent field studies conducted by recent Iranian mycologists. Although a herbarium ample of G. kosteri was found in the Meise Herbarium, no recent field collections have mentioned the existence of this species in Iran. Furthermore, this article discusses the presence of another reported species in Iran, Ganoderma vanheurnii Steyaert. Recent morphological and molecular studies in Iran have confirmed the existence of five species in recent years, which have had significant implications for trees and the ecosystem. This review assists environmental researchers in comprehending the forest destruction caused by the Ganoderma species. Additionally, it can assist taxonomists in precisely distinguishing similar species and properly introducing them to scientists engaged in pharmaceutical research on Ganoderma.

Specimens of phalloid fungi, collected from Kerman province, south of Iran, were characterized morphologically and identified as Itajahya rosea (Delile) E. Fisch (Phallaceae, Phallales, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycotina, Basidiomycota). The main characteristic features of specimens were as have been described as follow:Young fruit-bodies were egg shaped, ovate to sub-globose, 3-6.5 cm in diameter, white to greyish white in color. The preliminary stages of the stipe and gleba can be seen inside the young fruit-bodies via cross-sectioning. Splitting the eggs (which usually happens during the night time), resulted in appearance of fruit bodies in the form of a stipe and a cap-like spore bearing gleba at the apex. Stipe was cylindrical, spongy, pinkish white to pinkish, hollow, tapering at the base and top, reached up to 10 cm in height and up to 3 cm in width in base, enclosed by volva.Receptaculum up to 5.5 cm diameters, fully covered by gleba. Gleba spongy, greenish-brown to black brown, turning blackish with age, soft, mucilaginous and sticky, with strong odor. The top surface of the gleba covers by “calyptra” that is the remnant of fruit body splitting. A fully developed volva, completely surrounds the stipe base (Fig.1). Basidiospores ellipsoid, hyaline, smooth, 3-4 × 1.5-2 µm in dimension. Phalloid form of fruit-body, color and texture of the gleba, presence of the calyptra and pinkish color of stipe were the main morphological characteristics of the specimens for differentiation. This is the first report of species of the genus Itajahya in Iran.Specimen examined: Iran, Kerman province, Jiroft, Jiroft Agricultural Research Center campus (near a felled tree of Ziziphus spina-christi), 25/3/ 2019, Najafiniya, (IRAN 18218 F). Fungi of the family Phallaceae or stinkhorns are interesting and a particular group of mushrooms in the order Phallales, phylum Basidiomycota. The genus Itajahya, is a rare and lesser-known genus of the family Phallaceae that was characterized by Möller in 1895 for a fungus discovered in Brazil. The main characteristic that distinguishes Itajahya from other taxa of stinkhorn fungi is the presence of calyptra at the apex of the gleba (Ottoni et. al. 2010). roseus was originally described from Egypt in 1813 (Delile 1813). Fischer in 1929 placed the species in the genus Itajahya Möller,1895, based on morphological characteristics and then, Kreisel (1996) included Itajahya as a subgenus of Phallus (Ottoni et al. 2010). Cabral et al. (2012) using the DNA sequence and phylogenetic analyses of Phallus roseus, moved species from Phallus and placed it as a species of the genus Itajahya. Later, Marincowitz et al. (2015) sequenced the DNA of the Itajahya galericulata and showed that it is phylogenetically separate from the Phallus and Dictyophora species. Their study also confirmed that Itajahya rosea and I. galericulata (type of the genus) are phylogenetically related and indeed both of them belonged to the genus Itajahya (Cabral et al. 2012, Marincowitz et al. 2015, Patel et. al. 2018).Four species have currently been reported from rare genus Itajahya in the world: Itajahya galericulata, I. rosea, I. hornseyi and I. argentina (Hansford 1954, Patel et. al. 2018). Itajahya rosea is a rare fungal species in desert and semiarid regions recorded from Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Egypt, France, Ghana, India, Morocco, Pakistan, Paraguay, South Africa and Yemen (Borde et al. 2021, Campi Gaona et. al. 2017, Kreisel & Al-Fatimi 2008, Moreno et al. 2013, Ottoni et al. 2010)

Compressional and shear wave velocities (Vp and Vs respectively) are basic and essential parameters for any geomechanical modelling in deep ground conditions. However, both are complex parameters that are strongly influenced by other rock properties such as porosity, in situ stress, pore filling, clay content, etc. Therefore, detailed information about the contribution of each of these attributes can improve the results obtained in geomechanical models. Especially when the wave velocity in the surface conditions is estimated based on in situ data such as geophysical logs from wells or core samples or drilling chips, the importance of this matter becomes much significant. In this research, experimental data for more than 180 shaly rock samples were analysed. Clearly, porosity was the most critical parameter affecting shear wave velocity. Accordingly, increasing porosity leads to a dramatic decrease in wave velocity. Nevertheless, it was noticed that for a certain porosity value, a relatively wide range of wave velocities may be observed. Further investigation revealed that, clay content was also a significant contributing parameter. Based on explicit statistical analysis, a predictive equation was introduced with which shear wave velocity can be estimated with high certainty. Accordingly, for samples with the same porosity, variation in clay content would result in different wave velocities

In the framework of collecting and identifying of larger fungi of Iran, specimens of a club fungus were collected from Sangdeh forests (Mazandaran province) in autumn 2022. Specimens were identified as Macrotyphula fistulosa (Holmsk.) R.H. Petersen (Agaricomycetes, Typhulaceae). This is the first report of a species from genus Macrotyphula in Iran. Morphological characteristics of specimens are as follows: Fruitbodies long-cylindrical, simple clubs with rounded, blunt or mitriform tips; solitary to gregarious, ochre to light brown in color; 7–25 cm high and 5–8 mm broad in tip; fruiting on small pieces of rotting wood. Spores white in prints, lacrimiform (teardrop-shaped), smooth, 10–15 × 5–8 µm, hyaline, inamyloid. The species apparently has widespread geographical distribution; Europe, and United States.

In this study, the effect of mycoendobiont fungi isolated from white button mushroom against Mycogone perniciosa, Lecanicillium fungicula and Trichoderma harzianum, as its important pathogens, was investigated for use in biological control and replacement of chemical compound. Isolates of mycoendobiont fungi were isolated from the cap, gills and stalk of healthy white button mushroom, collected from major mushroom growing farms in Iran. These isolates screened against aggressive strains mentioned above in dual culture tests and the most effective isolates were selected for greenhouse experiments. White button mushroom spawn was treated with the mycoendobiont fungi and disease incidence and growth parameters were measured. All mycoendobiont isolates tested were able to inhibit and compete with pathogens and controlled the incidence of wet bubble disease (M. perniciosa) from 21.42% to 97.61%, dry bubble disease (L. fungicula) from 60.63% to 96.80% and green mold disease (T. harzianum) from 64.28 to 96.93%. This test was performed in a completely randomized design with Three replications. Mycoendobiont isolates of Fusarium venenatum and Clonostachys rosea had the greatest inhibitory effect on the growth of all pathogens. In addition, Scedosporium apiospermum had a high growth inhibitory effect against M. perniciosa and T. harzianum. According to the results, mycoendobiont fungi of white button mushroom could be considered as the biocontrol agents and growth promoting with the aim of applying them in future.

Porosity is a very sensitive parameter for determining the velocity of waves, estimating geomechanical parameters and petrophysical properties of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Today, in oil industry this parameter is obtained by using the helium gas injection method on core samples. Determining porosity by methods such as core analysis requires a lot of time and money. Coring is difficult and costly. In addition, it is not possible to core in some wells (such as horizontal wells). Therefore, due to the lack of sufficient cores and lithological changes and heterogeneity of reservoir rock, the determination of this parameter by conventional methods is not very accurate. So far, many experimental relationships have been proposed to calculate porosity, but in most cases, the results in different regions are not desirable. In this study, in an oil well South-west Iran, porosity was measured using neutron, density and sonic logs and also a combination of these data. Then for 645 specimens of the same section, porosity was measured using helium gas injection test. Correlation analysis and mathematical manipulation resulted in an empirical equation for estimation of porosity based on a combination of three indicators: compressional wave velocity (Vp), density (), and the ratio of compressional to shear wave velocities (Vp/Vs). Artificial intelligence technics were used to optimize this empirical equation. As a result, porosity can be estimated at a lower cost and more accuracy for the whole length of drilling.

Samples of a hair-like fungus were collected from Lahijan in Gilan province, nearby the excreta of Indian crested porcupine (Hystrix indica Kerr.). Microscopic observations showed long, erect, aerial sporangiophores of a mucor-like fungus with globular sporangia at the apex (Fig. 1 A, B, C, D). Sporangiophores were measured up to 15 cm in height, 100 to 400 µm diameter, and silvery to shiny black in color. Sporangia were yellow to brown or silvery to black, shiny, and 250 to 950 µm diameter. Specimens were transferred to PDA culture media and the colonies grew rapidly, covered culture media in about five days. Sporangiophores arose from basal mycelia and elongated to at least 4-5 cm in height and 50-75 µm in diameter, without septa, pale brown, brown to black, constricted below the sporangium, with positively intense phototropism. Sporangia were yellow, orange to black, globose, and 50-120 µm in diameter. Columella were pyriform, smooth, and light to dark brown, with clear collar (Fig. 1 E). Sporangiospores were smooth, hyaline, elliptical, and measured 12-30 × 6.5-15 µm (Fig.1 F). No zygospores found in the culture. Specimens were identified as Phycomyces nitens (C. Agardh) Kunze (Mucoromycota, Mucorales, Phycomyceteceae) based on Benjamin and Hesseltine (1959) and Camino et al. (2015). This is the first report of a species from genus Phycomyces in Iran. The absence of zygospore in the culture medium was due to that the P. nitens is a heterothallic species (Eslava & Alvarez 1996). Species of Phycomyces are saprobic filamentous fungi, historically belonged to Zygomycota and recently reclassified to a newly introduced phylum Mucoromycota (Spatafora et al. 2016).The genus Phycomyces was originally described as an algal species, Ulva nitens, by Agardh in 1817 (Benjamin and Hesseltine 1959) and hence the genus name was determined as Phycomyces. In 1823, Kunze recognized it as a fungus, and erected Phycomyces name for the genus and introduced P. nitens as type species of the genus (Kunze 1823). Three species have been recognized in Phycomyces, viz., P. blakesleeanus Burgeff, P. microspores Tiegh. and P. nitens throughout the world. They can be distinguished by the shape and size of the sporangiospores. In P. microspores sporangiospores are globose, whereas sporangiospores are elliptical in the other two species. Phycomyces blakesleeanus have sporangiospores with 6-12 µm length (Benjamin and Hesseltine 1959). ش Despite the widespread geographical distribution of P. nitens in Europe and the United States, this species has been reported only from Japan in the Asia (Camino et al. 2015).Species of Phycomyces are model organisms for studies of phototropism and geotropism, carotene biosynthesis and other aspects of metabolism, and also sexuality (Camino et al. 2015, Eslava and Alvarez 1996). Specimen examined: Iran, Gilan Province, Lahijan, Goharsara; nearby the excreta of Hystrix indica, 2021, Hatami, N and Varzkaari, F, IRAN 18094 F.

In the past decades, Iran faced severe rain deficiency and/or uneven distribution of location and time of rainfall. This has initiated dilemma for over consumption of underground water. In this research, economic and engineering analysis for comparative advantage of construction of a human-made pond-like reservoir based on the local price of freshwater and local climate in 31 provinces across the country was conducted. Among various criteria, the price of freshwater and evaporation were the most critical ones. However, other parameters such as temperature, reservoir geometry, annual precipitation and seepage were discussed. Accordingly, construction of a reservoir at Khorasan-South (Khorasan-Jonoobi) province was the most economical compared to other provinces. Markazi and Yazd provinces were the next most economical ones across the country. It was noted that temperature is an essential parameter affecting local evaporation and the impact of temperature is more prominent than the relative moisture. For example, Hormozgan and Bushehr provinces sustain high evaporation while relative moisture is high (and therefore low evaporation is expected). Further, analysis revealed that morphological and engineering characteristics of reservoir such as the reservoir volume, depth of water and the reservoir surface exposed to the air and to the sun light may somewhat be controlled in order to reduce evaporation.

Determining the petrophysical properties of a reservoir is of great importance. The most important of these properties are the porosity and permeability of the reservoir sections. The petrophysical properties of a reservoir are usually obtained by methods including core analysis and well testing techniques which require spending a very high time and cost. Furthermore, the results of determining these parameters by the mentioned methods are not of good quality due to the lack of sufficient cores, lithological changes and heterogeneity of reservoir rock. Therefore, the optimal method is to use advanced evaluations of petrophysical diagrams in advanced software environments such as Geolog. The results of petrophysical assessments can be compared and calibrated with the results obtained from the core.Usually, porosity is estimated based on the one of the neutron logs, density logs, sound logs or combination of two logs in-site. Moreover, it can be calculated by laboratory methods which give different evaluations of porosity, of course. Experience has also shown that estimation of porosity using one type of log is not accurate due to the response of each log to certain parameters of a formation.Another method to estimate the porosity is to use longitudinal and transverse wave velocities and the ratio of these velocities. This method uses surface wave data and Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) surveys. Using the empirical relations between the porosity and seismic velocities, a proper estimation of porosity could be provided. In this research, porosity has been estimated using the VSP data and also some other petrophysical logs in a well in the Persian Gulf and the results have been compared with other methods.The results show that the porosity values obtained from VSP data are closer to the core analysis than acoustic log results. One of the advantages of porosity estimation using VSP data is the insignificant effectiveness of shale contents on this method.The well wall caving, especially at the bottom of the well, causes error in the reading of some logs and affects the amount of porosity calculated by petrophysical logs. However, well caving has little effect on VSP data readings and results in the estimated porosity values to be more accurate than the Vp/Vs velocity ratios in these areas.The porosity obtained from the dynamic method shows only the initial porosity of the rock and is not able to calculate the total porosity. Furthermore, the studies conducted in this research showed that the porosity achieved by acoustic method does not conform well to the helium gas in neutron log and density log methods (as a reliable method), and also does not have the necessary validity. For these reasons, in this study, a method was proposed to determine the porosity by combining the ratio of the longitudinal wave velocity to shear wave velocity (Vp/Vs) and rock density. Comparison of the results presented in this study with other available methods showed a good consistency and suggests that the proposed empirical equation provides a more realistic calculation for rock porosity.As a recommendation, we suggest that VSP data be acquired for the whole well column because extracting the compressional and shear wave velocities in all surveyed depths and calculating the ratio of them, will make it possible to estimate the amount of different porosities in all existing formations.

In this study, soil fungal isolated from Helianthemum ledifolium root and around of desert truffles were identified from ten different regions in Gonbad Kavoos in Golestan province. Desert truffles samples, were identified by morphological and molecular methods. Twenty one species of the fungal belonging to thirteen genera were isolated. Most of the fungal isolates were recovered from soil around desert truffle T. claveryi ascocarps and H. ledifolium rhizosphere respectively. Aspergillus and Fusarium were the predominant species which were isolated from soil around desert truffles. Acremonium, Paecilomyces, Polyschema and Ulocladium species were isolated with least abundance for the first time from desert area of Gonbad. Also Polyschema sclerotigenum was recorded for the first time in Iran. The results of the soil analysis collected from different regions showed that there was little difference in the structure and amount of lime in the soil. Most of the collected desert soil was alkaline, non-saline, with low organic matter, low phosphorus, sand and high lime.Amount of phosphorous was not significantly different in various desert soil samples.

During macrofungal surveys continually undertaken from 2014 to 2017 at different locations of Eslamabad-e Gharb and Gilan-e Gharb, Kermanshah Province, a large number of agaric fungi including two specimens belonging to the genus Panaeolus were collected. At the collection site, while recording geographical coordinates, habitat characteristics, growth patterns, and macroscopic morphological features were recorded and photographed. Microscopic features including basidiospores, basidia, and cystidia were observed, measured, and illustrated using a light microscope, OLYMPUS BX51. Also, the DNA sequence of the rDNA-ITS region was amplified and sequenced using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. The phylogenetic analysis and the determination of species relationships were performed by the Maximum Likelihood method with 1000 repetitions of 1000 bootstrap replicates using the MEGA6 software. Based on the results obtained from morphological examinations along with data obtained from ITS- rDNA sequences, two species including Panaeolus olivaceus and Panaeolus guttulatus were identified. According to the literature, both species were new records for mycobiota of Iran. In the present paper, the morphological description of the mentioned species is presented.

Through a survey of macrofungi in Ghalajeh heights and its surrounding plains, conducted from 2014- 2017, twelve specimens of macroascomycota were collected. The specimens were identified on the basis of macro- and micro-morphological characteristics. The internal transcribed spacer sequences of the selected specimens were analyzed to confirm the morphological identification. Based on the results, five species, including Terfezia claveryi, Tirmania pinoyi, Helvella acetabulum, Picoa juniperi and Picoa lefebvrei were identified. T. claveryi and T.pinoyi species had been previously reported from Kermanshah Province, but H. acetabulum, P. juniperi and P. lefebvrei species were reported for the first time.

Through continuous sampling of agaric fungi conducted from 2014–17 at different locations of Eslamabad-e Gharb (Iran), two specimens belonging to the genus Pluteuswere collected. At the collection site, GPS coordinates; habit, habitat and macro-morphological characters were recorded and photographed. Microscopic features including basidiospores, basidia, cystidia and pileipellis were observed, measured and illustrated using a light microscope, OLYMPUS BX51. Primer pairs ITS1/ITS4 were used to amplify and sequencing of ITS rDNA. Phylogenetic analyses of ITS-rDNA sequence data using Maximum Likelihood approaches with 1000 bootstrap replicates were performed using the MEGA6 software (Tamura et al. 2013). Based on the morphological characteristics along with data obtained from ITS rDNA sequences, two species including Pluteuscinereofuscus and P. nanus were identified. Pluteusnanus has been previously reported from Iran (Saber 1991, Saber & Mehravaran 2004), but P. cinereofuscus is reported here as a new record for the mycobiota of Iran. Morphological characteristics of this species are as follows:Pileus up to 4.0 cm in diameter, when young hemispherical, then expanding to plano-convex with low umbo, hardly striate at margin; at first hygrophanous and olive-brown in color, later olivaceous grey at centre and brown-grey at margin (Fig. 1a). Gills free, moderately crowded, at first white, then turns to pink (Fig. 1b). Spore print brownish pink. Stipe tall, cylindrical, up to 5.0 cm high and less than 1.0 cm in diameter, white in color and pale grey at base. Ring absent. Pileipellis consisted of globose elements (Fig. 1c). Basidiospors smooth, subglobose to ellipsoid and 8–9 × 6.3–6.9 μm (Fig. 1h). Basidia clavate, four-spored (Fig. 1d). Pleurocystidia in various shapes of cylindrical, clavate, utriform or lageniform (Fig. 1e-g). Comparing the sequence of this specimen with the sequences of P. cinereofuscus available in the GenBank database using Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) algorithm, represented only 94% similarity. This may be attributed to the complex nature of P. cinereofuscus.Nevertheless, clear morphological characteristics along with the results of phylogenetic analyses represented in figure 2, confirmed the identity of specimens. Pluteus is a species-rich genus belonging to the family Pluteaceae with more than 300 species worldwide (Kirk et al. 2008). The genus is characterized by pink spore prints, free gills and the absence of ring and volva. These fungi are saprophytic and grow mainly on wood or wood remains (Hansen & Knudsen 1992). According to the literature, prior to this study, 16 species of Pleuteus have been reported from Iran (Saber 1991, 1993, 2000, Saber & Esmaeili Taheri 2002, 2004, Saber & Mehravaran 2004, Ershad 1995, Arefipour et al. 2006, Asef 2007). Most of these reports have been related to the identification of macrofungi in the north of the country. Indeed, other regions including Kermanshah province have poorly studied. Therefore, greater attention to identifying macrofungi in this region and other poorly investigated areas in the country is needed.
Specimen examined: Iran: Kermanshah province, Islamabad-e Gharb, Darbadam, solitary on the remains of the leaves and twigs of oak trees, E46º 25´ 54˝, N34º 01´08˝, 1700 m, 12 May 2016, E. Seidmohammadi (IRAN 16960 F).

The widespread use of chemicals and pesticides has always led to risks to the human health, animals, ecological changes and imbalances in environmental sustainability. During this study, sampling was followed by collecting samples of rhizosphere of Helianthemum ledifolium and desert truffle surrounding soils in Golestan province, selected 7 strains of gram-positive Lactobacillus and catalase-negative which was isolated and identified on PDA, NA and MRS medium. Biochemical tests showed some of the bacterial strains were able to grow in acidic condition from pH 3 to 8 and they were able to tolerate up to 8% salt. Strains were also able to grow at minimum 15 °C and maximum 45 °C and the fermentation of the sugars were tested by the carbohydrate fermentation test. Using the 16S rDNA gene sequence, different strains of R11, R12, R21, R22, R31, S11 and S12 were identified as L. plantarum. In agar well-diffusion test, the highest inhibitory level was significantly observed in Pseudomonas syringae and Staphylococcus aureus with a diameter of 11 mm by R31 and S11 isolated from H. ledifolium root and desert truffle soil, respectively. In antifungal activity, the maximum growth inhibitory for P. expansum and F. solani were 69.37 and 66.69 percent, respectively. Sporulation reduced in P. expansum in comparison to the control. The results based on SAS system and completely randomized design showed that lactic acid bacteria with plant and soil origin could inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi and bacteria with high spectrum and can be used as safe biocontrol bacteria in post- harvest crop contamination.

Determination of in situ stress-direction and magnitude are prerequisite for any oil well drilling and oil field development such as hydraulic fracturing. One of the simplest and most widely used methods is called borehole breakout analysis. Breakouts are compression fractures made in the direction of minimum horizontal in situ stress (Sh), if drilling mud pressure be lower than optimum mud pressure. Some borehole imaging logs such as FMI, FMS and UBI are appropriate tools for wellbore fracture detection. These fractures are distinguished in the logs as dark and symmetrical points (or lines) on both sides of the well and are used as an indicator for in situ stress studies. The size and shape of these fractures are strongly depend on the magnitude of the in situ stress. Therefore, many researchers suggested that by analyzing the geometric shape of the borehole breakout is an appropriate technique for estimation of in situ stress components.

In this study, to determine the parameters of the rock mass quality Geomechanical and estimates and preliminary measures for tunnel maintenance system Pyrshryf, different methods have been used experimentally and numerically. In the case of four classification system RMR (rock mass Geomechanical classification), Q (quality index tunneling), GSI (Geological Strength Index) and RMi (rock mass index) was used. The numerical method of limit equilibrium method (software Unwedge) and finite element method (the software Phase2) were used. In order to estimate the parameters of the rock mass resistance criteria Hoek - Brown was used. The empirical analysis results showed that the first section of the tunnel to the second level, where conditions are unstable. The analysis also showed that the Unwedge instability, landslides and rock from the walls and roof of the tunnel is wedge manure. Phase2 analysis also revealed that the drilling of a step due to movements over the standards is not possible. The drill holes in two phases of the vault and Patagh was predicted. The following temporary storage system using experimental and numerical methods were proposed. Finally, it should be noted that the use of experimental and numerical methods in tunnel design is of great importance, because, in order numerical methods on the accuracy and reliability of the experimental procedures were carried out, are added. It should be noted that these methods are not mutually exclusive, but being in line with each other can lead to the development of the underground structures are designed and reliable results than when only a method is used, the provide. The use of multiple methods and new experimental results can be validated numerical methods that are usually not visible with their tolerance, will help.

Fungi are one of the major components in forest ecosystems and play an important role in converting processes as well as soil nutrients recycling and forest site fertility. The aim of this research was to identify beech macroscopic fungi and their associations with physiographic factors include altitude, slope and slop direction. Following winter and spring field surveys in parcels 112, 212 of Kheyroud forest, fungi samples associated with affected beech trees were collected. Totally 75 samples of macro fungi were collected of which 36 samples belong to wood-rotting y fungi. SAS statistical software was used to investigate any correlation between fungi abundance on beech trees and the physiographic parameters and The Duncan test was conducted to evaluate the differences. Results showed significant correlation between the physiographical factors and abundance of fungi (p

Most of wood-inhabiting fungi may cause disease and weakness in trees and shrubs as parasite or rotting of fallen woods and logs enrich plants as symbiotic. Thus collection and identification of them and their differentiating to benefical or harmful is necessary. Considering to geographical extent and climatic diversity in the west of Iran, there are limited information about this group of fungi compare to those in the north of Iran. In 2012 and 2013, various samples of wood-inhabiting macrofungi belonging to orders Hymenochaetales, Polyporales and Russulales including: Bjerkandera adusta, Inonotus hispidus, Peniophora incarnata, Peniophora quercina, Postia tephroleuca and Stereum hirsutum were collected and identified by valid keys from different parts of Hamedan province. Peniophora quercina on Salix sp., Postia tephroleuca on Malus pumila and Peniophora incarnata on Populus nigra are introduce from new plant hosts in Iran. All of the collected and identified specimens were deposited in Iran fungal herbarium (IRAN).

In the framework of a research project as identification of macro-fungi of Kheyroud Educational and Experimental Forest (Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran), more than 470 specimens of various groups of macro-fungi were collected and identified. From identified samples about 200 specimens were belong to 46 agaric species, as follows: Agaricus silvaticus, Bovista plumbea, Coprinus comatus, Cyathus striatus, Lepiota castanea, Leucoagaricus leucothites, Lycoperdon echinatum, L. perlatum, L. pyriforme, L. utriforme, Macrolepiota procera, Phaeolepiota aurea, Amanita pantherina, A. phalloides, A. crocea, A. aspera, A. ceciliae, A. caesarea, A. battarrae, A. vaginata, A. spissa, Entoloma sinuatum, Laccaria laccata, Crepidotus applanatus, C. crocophyllus, C. autochthonus, Megacollybia platyphylla, Mycena crocata, Panellus stipticus, Marasmiellus candidus, Armillaria mellea, Flammulina velutipes, Hymenopellis radicata, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pluteus leoninus, P. cervinus, Psathyrella candolleana, P. multipedata, Coprinellus micaceus, C. disseminatus, Panaeolus acuminatus, Cyclocybe cylindracea, Hypholoma fasciculare and H. sublateritium. From identified agarics, Amanita with nine species had high species diversity. Three species, namely, Cortinarius vibratilis, Infundibulicybe gibba and Pholiota adipose are recorded as new for Iran mycobiota.

This research aimed to investigate the effects of forest management on the presence and abundance of macrofungi. Through a full inventory of all fungus-affected trees and removing the fungi from the trees in the sites under investigation, three of them having a long history of different forest management in the Kheyroud Forest were selected, i.e. one in Patom with three periods of tree marking, another in Namkhaneh with two and the other in Gorazbon with no tree marking. The results showed that the majority of the fungi could be found at the fifth level of tree categorization regarding their health, i.e. at the level of fallen dead wood (log, stump, branches and twigs). Ganoderma lucidum at 14 percent showed maximum abundance, whereas Cookeina at 0/008 the lowest. With regard to the area of the site under investigation, in hectare, the percentage of the fungi in Gorazbon, Namkhaneh and Patom were 1.22, 1.18, and 0.54%, respectively. It could finally be concluded that the percentage of the wood macrofungi in intact forests was more than managed ones.