mohsen maleki

One of the generalizations of the normal distribution is the unlimited Skew normal distribution, which is more flexible than the classical normal distribution. In contrast to the normal distribution, the unlimited skewed normal distribution is an asymmetric distribution and includes various types of skewness. Therefore, it is used in fitting different types of real data. Therefore, we study the moving average autoregressive time series process based on the asymmetric normal coefficients of the unbounded Skew, or SUN-ARMA process for short. Providing a hierarchical representation of the unbounded Skew normal distribution facilitates the simulation of this distribution in practice. The parameters of the asymmetric SUN-ARMA process are estimated using the maximum likelihood method with the EM algorithm approach. The performance and accuracy of the maximum likelihood method in estimating the parameters of the SUN-ARMA process is investigated based on the simulated data under different sample sizes. Also, using two real data series, the efficiency of SUN-ARMA process is studied in comparison with the classical autoregressive process of moving average with normal coefficients, and the results confirm the superiority of SUN-ARMA process in fitting asymmetric real data.

The current study aimed to examine the impacts of topical sole and a combination of chitosan gel (Chit) and ethanolic extract (Ext) of Hypericum perforatum on inhibiting oxidative stress chain in burn wounds of Wistar rats. Three circular burn wounds on the back of the rats were induced in this study. The experimental groups included Sham, Chit, Silver Gel, Ext 5%, Ext 10%, Chit/Ext 5%, and Chit/Ext 10%. In addition to the evaluation of the healing process, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydroxyproline levels were assessed. The results of the current study demonstrated that Chit/Ext treatment, especially at the 10% concentration, significantly reduced MDA, and remarkably enhanced TAC and hydroxyproline levels compared to the other groups. Based on the current study findings, it can be concluded that topical use of Chit and Ext can accelerate the healing process of second-degree burn wounds by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation and promoting angiogenesis and collagen production.

Tropical or Mediterranean theileriosis in dairy cattle is widely distributed in many tropical regions of the world. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the proliferation status of mononuclear cells infected with Theileria annulata schizonts in different tissues and its relationship with the pathogenesis of the parasite in cattle by histopathology, immuno-histochemistry and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Blood and tissue samples of eight Holstein cattle that had been lost due to theileriosis and eight healthy slaughtered cattle of the same breed were collected as a control group after necropsy. The piroplasms in the blood smears and the schizonts in the cytoplasm of the lymphocytes and macrophages of the lymph nodes were microscopically detected. Histopathologically, the proliferation of macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells in lymph nodes and the heart, congestion, and bleeding in the red pulp of the spleen, portal tracts of the liver, interstitial tissue of the kidneys, multifocal necrosis and ulceration in the abomasum together with hyperemia and hemorrhages and lymphoblastic infiltration in the submucosa and lamina propria adjacent to these lesions and emphysema with ecchymotic hemorrhage in the lungs were evident. Immunohistochemistry identified the proliferated cells as mostly Cluster of Differentiation 3- Positive T lymphocytes and macrophage marker antibody 387- positive macrophages. Positive results of PCR for the Tams1 30.00 kDa gene were observed in lymph nodes, liver, lung and abomasum. It was concluded that the pathological changes were the result of schizont-infected macrophage proliferation leading to severe uncontrolled proliferation of uninfected T lymphocytes.

Modal and frequency response analysis of the piezoelectric energy harvester utilizing the auxetic booster has been performed in this paper. This harvester has composed of a cantilever, auxetic substrate, and piezoelectric layer. The influence of the piezoelectric’s electrical circuit and the harvester’s geometrical properties on the fundamental natural frequency, output voltage, and harvested power of the energy harvester have been investigated. The electrical circuit of this electromechanical system consists of a resistor that influences the energy harvester's output voltage and harvested power. A comprehensive parametric study has been performed to find the optimum resistor of the energy harvester. All the analysis has been performed using the finite element method. Mesh size sensitivity analysis of the models is presented, and the finite element model is verified by previous experimental studies. Furthermore, the effect of this energy harvester's damping ratio on the system's outputs has been investigated. The results show that the system's output alters considerably in different damping ratios, and it is necessary to determine the system's damping ratio of the system. The damping ratio of the auxetic energy harvester has been measured through the experimental investigation. The present study illustrates that harvested power of a trapezoidal auxetic energy harvester in resonant frequency could improve by 260 percent by utilizing the optimum resistor. Also, increasing the auxetic booster's thickness could improve the output voltage and harvested power by 48 percent and 22 percent.

Resilience and vulnerability of Society plays an important role in facing natural hazards. Due to the dependence of the rural economy on agricultural activities, the impact radius of the drought phenomenon is higher in rural areas. The purpose of this research was to assess the resilience and vulnerability of rural households in Kavar city located in Fars province, against the effects of drought with the capital analysis approach including economic, social, environmental, human, physical and political capital.

In order to conduct this research, samples were collected in 44 villages of Kavar city that were directly affected by drought. The statistical population includes 198 people from the local elite, including villagers, the Islamic Council and local trustees. Using Cochran's method, 131 people were selected as a statistical sample. The tools used were questionnaires and interviews. The variables used in this research included 62 samples which were divided into six groups of social, economic, environmental, physical, human and political capital. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a group of experts in natural resources and sociology. The reliability of the research questions was also obtained using Cronbach's alpha. In order to prioritize capitals in terms of importance in the process of resilience and vulnerability of rural settlements against drought, the data obtained from the questionnaires were weighted and prioritized using the AHP method.

According to the research results in the case study, the highest vulnerability and resilience were related to human capital and environmental capital, respectively. Also, the least vulnerability and resilience are related to economic capital and political capital, respectively. The vulnerability of all investigated funds was more than the statistical median of the sample, which shows that the target society has high vulnerability. The capacity of resilience in economic, physical and political capitals was lower than the statistical median of the sample and for social, environmental and human capitals it was more than the statistical median of the sample. The average of the total funds in the region shows that vulnerability is high and resilience is low in this region.

Conclusion and Suggestions :

The results of capital prioritization in terms of importance in the process of resilience and vulnerability of rural settlements against drought using the AHP method showed that environmental, social, human, physical, economic and political capitals in resilience and human, Political, environmental, physical, social and economic capital’s, have the highest to lowest priority in vulnerability. In addition, the results showed that the level of community preparedness is at a low level when drought occurs. The vulnerability index was 3.74 and the resilience index was 2.81, which show that vulnerability is high and resilience is low in this area. It is suggested that the prevailing approach be changed from a weak focus on reducing vulnerability to drought crisis to increasing resilience against this crisis. In this connection, planning should be done in order to strengthen resilience characteristics in societies exposed to drought crisis.

The widespread effects of drought on the social and economic people life are considered as one of the challenges facing human societies. The present study sought to determine and measure the household resilience in the Kavar city in Fars province by means of a capital approach. In this study, the resilience of society in the face of economic, social, environmental, infrastructure, structural and physical damage were investigated. The required data (52 variables in the desired dimensions) have been collected based on exploratory method and questionnaire. The statistical population includes 198 people from the local elite, including villagers, the Islamic Council and local trustees.The samples are living in Kavar city of Fars province, using Cochran method 131 farmers were selected as a statistical sample. The data were analyzed using one-sample t-test as well as regression and correlation coefficient analytic techniques in SPSS21 software. The results of capital prioritization in terms of average scores showed that physical, social, environmental, economic and infrastructure capitals have the highest to lowest priority in the resilience of the region against drought disasters. The economic factor has a greater impact on drought resilience. The social and structural-physical factors have also, however, had a positive impact on the ability of the community to deal with drought, leading to some improvement in resilience. Therefore, the more sources of income, access to land and water and benefit from credits, then the resilience of households against drought and the capacity to adapt to it will be higher. It is also recommended to improve the resilience of the region against drought through improved education, awareness, proper early warning, stronger social relations and diversification of income sources.

In the present paper, a flexible skew version of the scale mixture of normal family is introduced based on the transmuted record type, called TRT-SMN, which seems suitable for handling any skewness and kurtosis in real data sets. Several properties of the TRT-SMN family are provided, including the moment generating function and r-th moments. The parameters of the new family are estimated through the ECME algorithm. Further to the elegant properties of the proposed family, the paper considers, in the time series context, a first-order autoregressive process with TRT-SMN distributed innovations. Some Monte Carlo simulation experiments are executed to assess the consistency of the ECME estimates. To further motivate its purpose, the proposed process is applied to analyze the series of COVID-19 incidence in Bavaria. The proposed AR(1) with TRT-SMN innovations yields superior fitting criteria compared to AR(1) process with Gaussian innovations.

The current study's goal was to examine how crocin affects organ damage such as damage to the kidney and liver in mice treated by 2100 MHz Electro Magnetic Field. The liver and kidneys of mice exposed to EMFs were used in this study to examine how crocin affected them. 24 male NMARI mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: EMF group (2100 MHZ); Crocin (Cr) group (50 mg/kg); EMF+Crocin group (2100 MHZ+50 mg/kg), and control group. The antioxidant enzymes and some serum biochemical parameters were assessed in blood samples collected after the experiment. After the animals were put to sleep, liver and kidney samples were taken for histopathological and liver samples were taken for ultrastructural analysis. The serum levels of urea and creatinine, and serum activities of alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase were higher in the EMF group than the control group, and this difference was significant. When compared to the control group, the EMF group's antioxidants, (catalase and superoxide dismutase) activity were decreased. These metrics significantly improved in the EMF + Cr group when compared to the EMF group. Different pathological damages were present in the liver and kidney of the EMF group, and the liver's ultrastructure had changed. Crocin administration decrease these changes. Crocin, an antioxidant agent, may provide defense against tissue damage brought on by EMF by reducing oxidative stress.

The aim of this study was to compare levels of IL-4, IL-10 and IFN- γ in lung homogenates with their concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, as well as levels of ovalbumin-specific IgE in lung homogenates with its concentrations in serum following induction of allergic asthma in mice to determine the best specimen in similar studies. In this investigation, 14 six-week female Balb/c mice were sensitized to Ovalbumin+ Aluminum hydroxide (on days 0 and 7) and challenged with Ovalbumin aerosols (on days 14 to 16). Specimens were obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, lung tissue and serum on day 17. Ovalbumin was replaced by phosphate buffer solution in the control group. Infiltration of inflammatory cells especially eosinophils revealed inflammation in lung. ELISA results showed that in the asthma group levels of IL-4 and IL-10 were significantly higher in lung homogenates in comparison to bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (P<0.05). In the asthma group, levels of Ovalbumin-specific IgE in lung homogenates and seum specimens correlated to a high degree (r=0.942, P<0.05). In the control group, Ovalbumin-specific IgE was undetectable in lung homogenate while it was detected in serum. Based on our findings, lung homogenate is a valuable specimen to evaluate levels of IL-4, IL-10 and ovalbumin-specific IgE in similar studies. More investigations are needed to evaluate other cytokines and immune components.

Natural resources are the main sources of income for many villagers of country. The diversity of stakeholders in natural resources field, leads to the conflict. Recognition of the effective factors in the conflict between the stakeholders are very importatnt in natural resource management. This study was done in Rural Regions of Southern Ardebil and legal, managerial, exploitation, and social components were examined from the perspectives of both experts and beneficiaries. To accomplish the research, 240 questionnaires were completed in target population. The validity of the questionnaire was 0.96. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare differences between two groups. The results show that in addition to the natural resources conflict in the whole region, in terms of perspective, there is a significant difference between the factors affecting the conflict between the local community and government experts. The most important components for increasing the conflict in this region from the perspective of stakeholders are lack of government support for the operator, cut down trees, people awareness level, and according to the experts, lack of law, early grazing and level of awareness of stakeholders. Land grabbing, Coaling, wood smuggling, and understory tillage aren’t the most challenging issues. From the managerial point of view, both groups have declared that the most effective way to reduce the conflict is the confinement of forests and pastures, but the participatory management issues was not accepted according to the two groups’ viewpoints. Effective presence of experts in the field, recognizing the livelihood potentials of the region, and encouraging and educating people to know alternative jobs are suitable ways to reduce conflict.

About 60-80% of thyroid cancer (TC) cases are papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Studies have shown that serum adiponectin levels are inversely related to the risk of TC and PTC. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the association between adiponectin rs2241766 and rs266729 polymorphisms and risk of PTC. 122 PTC patients and 128 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. PCR-RFLP and ARMS-PCR methods were used for genotype analysis. The rs266729 polymorphism did not correlate with risk of PTC. As regard rs2241766 polymorphism, the frequency of the GG genotype did not have a significant difference between the two groups, although, PTC cases showed higher frequency of GT genotype compared to controls (OR=2.87, 95% CI=1.56-5.28, P=0.001). We observed a significant association between adiponectin rs2241766 polymorphism and PTC, however, our result showed no significant relationship between adiponectin rs266729 polymorphism and risk of PTC.

Because ofthe conflicts of interest, the interaction of beneficiaries and natural resource experts inIran hasbeen challenged.This area was studied asthetarget, due totheechologic andsocial condition andconsideringthe existing conflicts. In this study, legal, managerial, exploitation, and social components were examined from the perspectives of both experts and beneficiaries. 188 questionnaires were completed with the Snowball Method. The validity of the main variables of questionnaire was greater than 0.7. The Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare differences between two groups. The results show that in addition to the natural resources conflict in the whole region, in terms of perspective, there is a significant difference between the factors affecting the conflict between the local community and government experts. The most important components for increasing the conflict in this region from the perspective ofstakeholders are the lack oflaws, the presence of non-natives inrangelands and forests, the low presence of women in this natural resources field and according to the experts, lack of land-use conversion, and level of awareness of stakeholders. Land grabbing, Coaling and understory tillage are the most challenging issues in the west of Gilan province.From the managerial point of view, both groups have declared that the most effective way to reduce the conflict is the confinement of forests and pastures, but the participatory management issues was not accepted according to the two groups’ viewpoints. Effective presence of experts in the field, recognizing the livelihood potentials of the region, and encouraging and educating people to know alternative jobs are suitable ways to reduce conflict.

In this study, a new composite adsorbent based on dolomite mineral, coated with chitosan and graphene oxide was fabricated and used for removal of methylene blue (MB) from water. The effects of time, initial MB concentration, pH and temperature on the adsorption capacity of the fabricated composite adsorbent in the removal of MB as a cationic dye were investigated. The obtained results were analyzed by Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models as well as pseudo first and second order kinetic models. The results of adsorption experiments showed that the fabricated composite adsorbent for removing MB follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model and the pseudo second order kinetic model. According to the Langmuir isotherm, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of MB on the surface of the composite adsorbent is equal to 3.746 mg/g. This adsorbent has a higher adsorption capacity at high temperatures and alkaline pHs.

Various types of Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses from the Corona-viridae family and part of the Coronavirinae subfamily. This family of viruses affects neurological, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and respiratory systems. Recently, a new memb-er of this family, named Covid-19, is moving around the world. The expansion of Covid-19 carries many risks, and its control requires strict planning and special policies. Iran is one of the countries in the world where the outbreak of the disease has been serious and the daily number of confirmed cases is increasing in some places. Prediction of future confirmed cases of the COVID-19 is planning with a certain policy to provide the clinical and medical supplementary. Time series models based on the statistical methodology are useful to model and forecast time-indexed data. In many situations in the real world, the ordinary classical time series models based on the symmetrical and light-tailed distributions cannot lead to a satisfactory result (or predicion). Thus, in our methodology, we consider the analysis of symmetrical/asymmetrical and light/heavy-tailed time series data based on the two-piece scale mixture of the normal (TP-SMN) distribution. The proposed model is useful for symmetrical and light-tailed time series data, and it can work well relative to the ordinary Gaussian and symmetry models (especially for COVID-19 datasets). In this study, we fit the proposed model to the historical COVID-19 datasets in Iran. We show that the proposed time series model is the best fitted model to each dataset. Finally, we predict the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Iran.

A two-year-old queen was referred to the surgery section of veterinary hospital with lateral recumbency position and the primary diagnosis of dystocia. The queen was highly lethargic and dehydrated, with a pale mucous membrane, a rectal temperature of 37.3 °C, and no vaginal discharge during first inspection. The primary examination revealed a big mass in the abdominal cavity, which was followed by other diagnostic investigations. Due to a huge and encroaching tumor and the patient's owner's refusal to accept any further therapies, the queen was euthanized during an exploratory celiotomy. This report describes a large Hemangiopericytoma (HPCy) in a domestic short-haired queen diagnosed based on physical examination, radiography, ultrasonography, histomorphology, and immunohistochemical reactivity. The results of pathology revealed a whorls around blood vessels and the "fingerprint" pattern of tumor with negative S-100 immunohistochemistry staining.   In dogs, HPCy is a common neoplasm, but it is a seldom finding in cats. There is no previous report of HPCy in the abdominal cavity as observed in the presented case to the authors' knowledge.

What has been identified as the relationship between natural resources and conflict? In what ways are natural resources used to trigger conflict and instability? Who are the main players and actors in resource conflicts? To address these questions, this article critically reviews the main theoretical and empirical works on natural resources conflict. This area was studied as the target population due to the rich forest and rangelands resources and considering the existing conflicts in the Ardabil province. The conflict of interest between exploiters and natural resource experts is one of the problems that may have remained from the period of nationalization of forests and rangeland (1962) and has become more critical gradually. In this regard, the inapplicability of the laws, the numerous transfers that have taken place over the years, and the lack of transparency of the border between national lands and exceptions, have led to many problems. This study seeks to investigate the reasons and causes of the conflict between the key natural resources key stakeholders including beneficiaries people who use the rangelands or forest and the local authority or national actors (government) over natural resources in the study area.

legal, managerial, exploitation, and social components were examined from the perspectives of both experts and stakeholders. A number of 205 questionnaires were completed by the officials of natural resources of Ardabil and Garmi cities and its stakeholders with the Snowball Method. The validity of the main variables was more than 0.7, which is an acceptable number. Divergent validity index, among all features, was less than 0.9, which indicated that there is no dependence between the variables of each feature. Since the scale of measuring the views of experts and stakeholders is the rating, the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test was used to compare the views of two groups on the causes of conflict in natural resources.

The results showed that the natural resources conflict in the whole region, there isn’t a significant difference between the factors affecting the conflict between the local community and government experts in terms of perspective. The most important components for increasing the conflict in this region from the perspective of beneficiaries are lack of expertise of the resolution council, lack of government support for ranches, financial poverty, conflict with rangeland encroachers, low level of awareness of stakeholders, and according to the experts, lack of government support for ranches, lack of law, lack of rangeland cooperative, insufficient water in rangeland, financial poverty, lack of cooperation among the people and migration. Land grabbing, coaling, wood smuggling, and understory tillage aren’t the most challenging issues. From the managerial point of view, both groups have declared that the most effective way to reduce the conflict is the confinement of forests and pastures, but the participatory management issues were not acceptable according to the two groups’ viewpoints. Effective presence of experts in the field, recognizing the livelihood potentials of the region and encouraging and educating people to know alternative jobs are suitable ways to reduce the conflicts.

It seems that the plans of stopping the exploitation of natural resources are more accepted in this region. Participatory management is one of the solutions to reduce the conflict which necessity of its implementation was not acceptable according to the two groups’ viewpoints.

Rangelands are one of the most vulnerable resources in Iran which have been invaded in various ways since the nationalization. Land reform law and its enacting clauses are among the main reasons for condescension of the national lands. The purpose of this study is to investigate the land use changes based on documents available in the records of implementation of natural resource regulations, land affairs, the situation at that time and the current situation. This research is of quantitative and practical type and its statistical population consisted of six registration plaques of Bileh Savar city of Ardabil province. Possibility of access to the registration files of these plaques and their proximity to each other were the reasons for choosing this area. After receiving the information, the maps were investigated in the Arc GIS environment. The overlap extent of all maps was examined using the Kappa coefficient in Idrisi Selva environment. Using aerial photographs of 1962 as well as the current situation using Google Earth satellite images (2015), all areas of national lands and exceptions in different periods were compared. To perform this comparison, a pair T test was applied. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the area of national lands and exceptions at the time of implementing natural resource regulations and aerial photographs of the same period. While the land affairs documents at the same period did not have significant difference from aerial photographs. In addition, the implementation of various land assignment laws until 2015 has led to the assignment of more than 90% of national lands in this region. At the time of the nationalization of the rangelands, by plowing most of the national lands, the beneficiaries were trying to change the national lands to agricultural lands. Recognition of the waste land and formerly-utilized land was another reason for difference in statistics of these two offices. It is proposed to protect the national lands by fully implementing the cadaster system and adopting laws against land grabbers.

The main object of this article is to discuss Bayesian methodology for linear regression model according to the class of two-piece scale mixture of normal distribution. This model is appropriate for capturing departure from the usual normal assumption of error such as heavy tails, asymmetric and types of heteroscedasticity. Linear regression model is used to analyze data based on the normality assumption. The robust inference for normality assumption as a way to replace the Gaussian assumption for the residual errors with two-piece scale mixture of normal distribution is a Bayesian framework. An efficient way for applying Bayesian methodology is introduced using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm as a way to specify the posterior inference which has been used.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of internal control quality in increasing investment efficiency. The statistical population of the study is companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Investment is, in fact, a flow that is determined by all projects that have a positive net present value or an internal rate of return higher than the interest rate. Internal controls have a variety of applications depending on the business unit strategy. As the size of the organization expands, its control processes become more specialized and complex. After removing the restrictions, 77 companies were selected as a sample. The time period of the present study is between 1393 and 1397. To test the hypothesis, panel regression method and EViews software were used. The results show that the quality of internal control has a significant effect on investment efficiency.

Watershed management practices have been implemented to avert land degradation and to enhance people's livelihoods in Iran for several years. The successes of these practices have been quite limited and the rates and intensities of adoption on local people haven’t identified. This study has been introduced an approach to consider some socioeconomic parameters from the stakeholders aspect which are important for watershed management decisions. Hasan abdal basin in Zanjan Province was selected as the case study area. The field data has completed with questionnaire instrument. The statistic population of this research was all 280 heads of families of stakeholders which living in this area. Among them, using Morgan table, 160 people were randomly asked questions directly. In this research, the Likert scale was used to analyze and measure the effects. The method of exploitation factor analysis was used to determine the factors. The validity of the questionnaire was calculated in KMO of 0.7 percent. The results of factor analysis indicated that effective parameters are in fore group's including improvement stakeholder participatory, flood control, reducing the migration and improving livelihoods. These fore factors, in general, had more than 67 percent of the total variance. The results showed that although watershed management projects in the region have been able to affect the four factors mentioned, but its manifestation in other aspects of life, such as improving the health of the village, the desire of villagers to stay in the region, improve income generation, reduce costs irrigation and dry farming crops have improved.

Watershed practices play an important role in managing soil and water resources. On the other hand, the technical complexities and social issues of watershed projects have made it difficult to assess them. Quantitative and qualitative of socioeconomic evaluation methods both have strengths and weaknesses. Their combination can be effective in solving project evaluation problems. This research has been conducted to investigate the social and economic effects of watershed operations and collect the beneficiarieschr('39') viewpoints about these plans in Hasan-abdal basin in Zanjan Province. The method of this research is Descriptive and Analytical. The statistical population of this study consisted of heads of rural households residing in Hassanabdal basin (N=205) and based on the Morgan Table, 162 persons were selected using the cluster random sampling. A questionnaire was used to collect field data. The X2 test in SPSS20 and BCR and NPV economic analysis were used. The most significant impacts of the project are reducing the tendency to migrate, flood control, increasing the volume of groundwater, converting the low-yield drylands to the pasture lands, increasing the agricultural and garden products and reducing the costs. Implementation of watershed management plans in this area has not been effective in improving the social capital of the village, including increasing the participation and trust, raising the level of knowledge and skills of the people, increasing the income, increasing the employment opportunities and increasing the vegetation. The useful life of the research is estimated to be around 25 years, and the discount rate of 16% with the cost-benefit analysis of the data obtained in this period is greater than 1. The net present value of 1.062 indicates the plan is economically justified.

This article investigate the effects of watershed interventions Ghareh-shiran watershed, Ardebil province. In this paper, five socio-human, economic and environmental-physical capital were investigated. Thestatistical population of this research was informed users of six villages covered by the project execution and five villages outside the project execution area in the same watershed. Using the Morgan table, 200 households were surveyed using targeted sampling. The research tool was a questionnaire. Its reliability was estimated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.7 to 0.8). The results showed that between socio-human capital and environmental-physical capital at the place of execution, there was a difference between project and its non-implementation. There is no difference in financial capital at the place of execution and non-execution. There was no significant difference in social capital between the two regions in terms of group membership, tendency to migrate and social trust. In human capital, there was no difference between the two regions in the level of awareness. In natural and physical capital, indices of garden-dry land and irrigated land, flood damage and number of livestock were considered, which were significant at 98% level. In financial capital, the basin income index was considered to be no different between the executed and non-executed areas. The results show that although beneficiaries' livelihood are directly dependent on natural resources, watershed management projects have been effective on natural and physical and to some extent social capital of the area and in particular it has not been able to increase income and job opportunities in the region.

Watershed projects play an increasingly important role in managing soil and water resources throughout the world. In many developing countries, watershed management practices and planning are usually performed which cannot be identified by stakeholders. This study has been introduced an approach to consider some socioeconomic parameters from the stakeholders aspect which are important for watershed management decisions. The method of study was Descriptive and Analytical. Hasan abdal basin in Zanjan Province was selected as the case study area. The field data has completed with questionnaire. The statistic population of this research was all heads of families of stakeholders which living in this area. Among them, using Morgan table, 160 people were randomly asked questions directly. The Kruskal-Wallis test and Average Comparison were used. The main achievements of these projects were the improvement Stakeholder participatory, flood control, reducing the migration, and increase in agricultural and husbandry income of the results of these designs. The implemented projects haven't a positive impact on the area of agricultural land, Gardens, and rangelands.The people's attitude towards the implementation of positive watershed plans has been evaluated. The implementation of the plans has been effective in promoting stakeholder knowledge.

Natural resource projects have several objectives at various levels of technical, social policy which mainly include control and eradication of erosion and waste water, optimizing the use of water and soil resources, increasing production of watersheds, including plant and animal husbandry, increase in income of residents of watersheds and reducing damage caused by soil erosion and floods and other goals. In natural resources and watershed management programs, it is necessary to consider the social, economic and organizational factors affecting both inside and outside the watershed. This research was carried out with the aim of evaluating the actions of natural resources and watershed management on the social and economic situation of beneficiaries that are living in the basin, such as people's satisfaction and attitude, popular participation, and popular acceptance of the projects. Also, the effects of project implementation in terms of stakeholders in Ghareshiran basin where natural resource projects have been implemented has also been studied. This research is a descriptive-correlational research. The statistical population of this research, using the Cochran formula, consisted of 200 family caretakers from the beneficiaries and residents of this area, who were questioned by systematic random sampling. A questionnaire was used to determine the validity of the data. Validity was confirmed by a specialist. SPSS software was used to determine the reliability and Cronbach's alpha was 0.78. Based on the results, the implementation of plans in the region, the income situation of 35%, the yield and the cost of water products increased 26%, the yield and the cost of garden products 10%, and the yield of forage production 12%. Also, the greatest effect of implementation of the implemented projects in the region on the flood disaster problem with an average of 1.01 and improving the economic situation of the operators was 1.70. It had little effect on the reduction of immigration and unemployment.