morteza nazari

In recent years, universities have faced the challenge of increasing costs while increasing demand, which is seen in most countries of the world. Universities are facing problems such as the lack of educational facilities, suitable space for faculty members and staff, and their low salaries. Therefore, the proper management of costs is one of the priorities of managers and policymakers, along with planning current affairs. The aim of this research, Calculating the costs of general dentistry doctorate in Alborz University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2021-2022 based on the activity-based costing model (ABC)

 This research is descriptive and analytical and In terms of time, the work is carried out cross-sectionally-longitudinally. In terms of results, it is applied research. The data were collected using data collection forms and analyzed using EXCEL software and The total price of the general dental doctorate training course was calculated.

In total, 321 general dental doctorate students were studying in Alborz University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2021-2022. The total direct personnel costs were 98,170,300,898 Rials and the total indirect personnel costs were 81,498,947,536 Rials. The total cost of consumables for the students of the 5th semester and later, according to the type of practical unit and the equipment needed for the students, was estimated at 55,111,406,200 rials. In addition, the total support costs, such as transportation of employees and students, student feeding, building and facilities maintenance, etc., were set at 66,162,256,119 and the depreciation cost was calculated at 17,492,431,115. Finally, the total cost of educating one student was calculated as 992,010,408 Rials.

The total cost for training a student in general dental doctorate course at Alborz University of Medical Sciences in the academic year 2021-2022 was calculated to the amount of 992,010,408 Rials. It is necessary for the policy makers and managers of the Ministry of Health and Universities of Medical Sciences to use the activity-based costing model (ABC) to extract and calculate the cost of training in the medical department and include appropriate strategies to reduce costs while maintaining the quality level of education.
Keywords: Activity based costing (ABC), Cost of services

Laboratories, on average, allocated for about 4 percent of Hospital's budget and are often considered the main focus of health care spending. There is a wide range of laboratory automation options available today that Designed to improve the quality and efficiency of laboratory tests. The aim of this study was to investigate The effect of Implementation of Automatic Stop Order  program on the management of the request and the cost of frequent and costly tests in Shahid Rajaei Educational and medical center.

This research is analytical and comparative. In terms of time, the work is cross-sectional-longitudinal. After of data collection of before and after of Implementation of Automatic Stop Order  program,  analysis was carried out with the SPSS 19&Excel softwares.

In order to establish the Auto Stop Order program to control the amount of requests and the cost of frequent tests, first the number of requests and the total cost of tests in Shahid Rajaei Medical Training Center were examined and all the laboratory services requested in the hospital, 27 laboratory services were selected to apply in the Auto Stop Order program. The total number of requests after the implementation of the Auto Stop Order program decreased by 11% and 8100 laboratory services. Also, after the implementation of the Auto Stop Order program on 27 costly tests, the cost of the tests was reduced by 16% and the amount was 445,004,725 Rials.

Using the Auto Stop Order program can lead to rational prescribing of tests according to clinical guidelines, reducing the cost of patients' and resource control, and saving hospital laboratory costs. Therefore, managers and policy makers of the health system should create a suitable platform to use this program as a way to reduce costs in the laboratories of public hospitals in the country.

The COVID-19 pandemic has posed many challenges on the health system and hospitals to provide services. This study investigated the difference between factors affecting hospital management which considered in preparing a disaster management plan for hospital in the face of a pandemic based on the experiences of hospital managers.

This qualitative research was conducted on selected hospitals affiliated in Alborz University of Medical Sciences in 2021. Data were gathered with purposive sampling and semi-structured interviews with 16 hospital managers. MAXQDA 10 and framework analysis were used to analyze the data.

The results were categorized in four categories: 1) Mitigation including staffing, bed capacity, enough space for quarantines, protective equipment, diagnosis and treatment equipment, funding, medicines, patient follow-up, management and leadership; 2) Preparedness such as crisis committee, preparedness and response plan, measures, action plan; 3) Response including motivating health workers, cooperation and coordination; 4) Recovery and lessons learned including providing facilities, expediting patient processes, control, economic conditions, and planning better, passive defense, regular crisis committee meetings, human resources, documentation and use of information systems in planning.

In addition to providing the necessary infrastructure, it is important to plan for fair distribution of resources and effective supply chain management. A mechanism should also be developed at the national level to anticipate future health crises and to prevent and control diseases in the most effective way.

One of the main challenges of human resource management in hospitals is the proper distribution of nurses, which is necessary to improve the efficiency and quality of health services. In this review, this rate is compared in selected countries and Iran in order to provide the necessary evidence for managers and policymakers in human resource management

This study was conducted as a field review in 2019 with the aim of comparing the standards of nurse distribution to beds/wards in selected studies. The search was conducted with related keywords in "Scopus", "Web of Science", "PubMed" databases without a time limit.

The distribution of nursing per bed was reported in Australia, England, Northern Ireland, Wales, Israel, America, California, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. In Iran, the rate of nurses to intensive beds was slightly higher than the average and the ratio of nurses to ordinary and emergency beds was lower than the average of selected countries average.

Nurses' distribution was generally lower than the average of other countries, and this ratio was lower in some sectors and higher than the average in some sectors. Recruitment and redistribution of the appropriate nurse in different sectors by benchmarking successful countries are suggested.

In this paper we consider the inverse and reverse network facility location problems with considering the equity on servers. The inverse facility location with equality measure deals with modifying the weights of vertices with minimum cost, such that the difference between the maximum and minimum weights of clients allocated to the given facilities is minimized. On the other hand, the reverse case of facility location problem with equality measure considers modifying the weights of vertices with a given budget constraint, such that the difference between the maximum and minimum weights of vertices allocated to the given facilities is reduced as much as possible. Two algorithms with time complexity O(nlogn) are presented for the inverse and reverse 2-facility location problems with equality measures. Computational results show their superiority with respect to the linear programming models.

In this paper, an electrokinetic micromixing system with conductive mixing-enclosure is proposed. The simulated micromixer can be fabricated easily and accordingly, it can be used in the microfluidic systems effectively. The mixing process is intensified by controlling the geometry of the mixing-enclosure and electric field strength. The effects of different parameters including existence of mixing-enclosure, horizontal and vertical sizes of mixing-enclosure, orientation angle of mixing-enclosure, and electric field strength on the mixing index are studied. The mixing efficiencies and mixing lengths of current electrokinetic micromixer and those previously proposed by other researchers are compared. The results showed that the mixing efficiency can be enhanced significantly as a micromixer with conductive mixing-enclosure is employed. As an advantage of the proposed micromixer, the maximum mixing efficiency does not change by boosting the electric field strength in the range of 100 V.cm-1 to 200 V.cm-1, while the mixing time diminishes as the electric field strength increases in this range. For the conductive mixing-enclosure with the orientation angle of 45°, maximum mixing efficiency of 96.6% is achieved by exerting electric field with strength of 75 V.cm-1. The current electrokinetic micromixer has superior mixing efficiency and mixing length as compared with other electrokinetic micromixers.

The effects of advertising and promotional media include a special communication task that is realized with a specific target audience, during a certain period of time and when introducing a new series of products, from advertising with informative and informative effect and advertising with persuasive effect, With the intensification of competition between competing companies and advertising with a reminder effect for well-known products are important.The purpose of this study was to rank the effect of advertising media on the Shahr Khodro Football Club's fans. The present research is applied in terms of nature and purpose, and in terms of descriptive method and in terms of the type of data search, it is a little that was done in a field method and the required data were collected through a questionnaire. As an example, 500 fans answered the researcher-made 20-item questionnaire about the effect of advertising media on the fans completely voluntarily and randomly. In order to analyze the data, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics and SPSS software version 21 were used. Findings The study showed that the use of mobile advertising media and social networks has the greatest impact on fans. According to the results of the research, it can be said that Shahr Khodro Football Club can communicate effectively with its fans by using the effectiveness of each of the advertising media.

This research was conducted aimed to identifying the scientific and philosophical foundations of educating gifted students in Finland and Iran and providing a pattern for Iran. Present study in terms of purpose was fundamental and in terms of implementation method was mixed (qualitative and quantitative). The study population in the qualitative section was documents and university experts, which number of 10 people were selected according to the principle of theoretical saturation by purposive sampling method. The study population in the quantitative section was gifted male students of district 5 of Tehran city in 2019-20 academic years, which 160 people were selected according to Krejcie and Morgan table by purposive sampling method. To collect data were used from semi-structured interview and researcher-made questionnaire (57 items). Data were analyzed in the qualitative section by open, axial and selective coding method and in the quantitative section by exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling Amos software. The results showed that the scientific foundations of teaching gifted students Finland have 16 indicators, 4 categories of fixed teachers, need to positive and constructive interactions, importance autonomy and play and complete trust and 2 themes of no segregation and screening of students and trust and its philosophical foundations have 16 indicators, 5 categories of sports and art, emphasis on creativity, interest to learning, According to the model of scientific and philosophical foundations of educating gifted students for Iran, planning is necessary to use it for improve the educational conditions of gifted students.

In this paper, we discuss the obnoxious and semi-obnoxious version of the backup 2-median problem on a tree. In the obnoxious case of the 2-median problem, all vertices have negative weights, whereas in the semi-obnoxious model the vertices may have either positive or negative weights. In these two problems, we should find the location of two facility servers on the tree so that the sum of minimum weighted distances from vertices in the tree to the set of functioning servers is minimized. In the backup model, each facility server may probably fail. If a facility server fails, the remaining server should serve the clients. Vertex optimality is an important property for the 2-median problem. This property indicates that the set of vertices involves an optimal solution of the 2-median problem. We verify that the vertex optimality holds for the semi-obnoxious backup 2-median problem on a tree network. In the obnoxious 2-median problem, the set of leaves contains an optimal solution, we show that this property does not hold for the obnoxious backup 2-median problem.

In this paper, a fuzzy goal single facility location problem under to asymmetric Linex loss function is discussed. The aim of this paper is to determine the location of a facility center in the ideal radius to each of the demand points. In general, such a response is not always available. Therefore, minimizing the error function obtained from the distance of facility center to the ideal point is desirable. As, in many real-life situations, positive error and negative error of the same size often have different economic and material implications, a asymmetric Linex loss function is used for the first time where distinguishes between positive and negative errors with the same distance. In this paper, first, this problem is first investigated in a definite manner and by proving a theorem it is shown that the problem has a feasible solution and the optimal solution of the problem lies in the expanded rectangular shell of the demand points. In the following, To determine the optimal solution of the problem, a gradient quasi-Weisfield algorithm is presented, and by proposing some theorems, it is shown that this algorithm is convergent to the optimal solution of the problem. Also, to confirm the accuracy of the results obtained from this method, the obtained results are compared with the metaheuristic colonial competition algorithm. Finally, for the first time, the problem is modeled in fuzzy mathematical mode, and using a three-objective genetic algorithm its answers are compared and analyzed with a definite model.

Location theory is an interstice field of optimization and operations research‎. ‎In the classic location models‎, ‎the goal is finding the location of one or more facilities such that some criteria such as transportation cost‎, ‎the sum of distances passed by clients‎, ‎total service time, and cost of servicing are minimized‎. ‎The goal Weber location problem is a special case of location models that have been considered recently by some researchers‎. ‎In this problem, the ideal is locating the facility in the distance $r_i$‎, ‎from the $i$-th client‎. ‎However‎, ‎in most instances‎, ‎the solution to this problem doesn't exist‎. ‎Therefore‎, ‎the minimizing sum of errors is considered‎. ‎In the previous versions of the goal location problem, the penalty functions have been considered by some symmetric functions such as square and absolute errors of distances between clients and ideal point‎. ‎In this paper‎, ‎we consider the asymmetric linex function as the error function‎. ‎We consider the case that the distances are measured by $L_p$ norm‎. ‎Some iterative methods are used to solve the problem and the results are compared with some previously examined methods.

The present study was conducted with the aim of examining the philosophical foundations of the model for identifying and educating gifted students in Finland and providing a model for elementary students. The method of the present study was correlational in terms of data collection and descriptive research in terms of method and applied research in terms of purpose. The population and the sample of the present study were Finland, which were selected using purposive sampling. In the construction of the tools, the theoretical content of the pattern of identifying and educating gifted students in Finland was first analyzed using the content analysis method. Then, using the results of a qualitative study based on the data foundation approach (exploratory) and the Delphi method, resulting from interviews with 7 education professionals who had experience in Finland and were familiar with its education system in elementary school. Existing components were developed. The questionnaire consisted of 54 initial questions and 57 final questions on a five-point scale. The reliability of this tool was calculated using Cronbach's alpha of 0.89. The results of factor analysis showed that the pattern of education of gifted students in Finland was obtained with 8 factors, which were the lack of formal exams and training, intelligence, teacher independence and stability, human and positive communication, complete teacher autonomy in choosing curriculum, Up-to-date educational technology, kind and optimistic teachers and students. Since the philosophical basis of Finland is to educate gifted students of existentialism and the school of constructionism. Therefore, it is suggested that a humane approach based on student needs and problem-oriented approach to education and give real value to students and teachers.

Due to the side effects and drug resistance, it is impossible to impose a long term treatment. Therefore, it is desirable to provide a method for the treatment of cancer in a limited time. So, mixed chemo-immunotherapy treatment has been presented, and the mathematical model has been extended based on this new treatment protocol. The immunotherapy modifies the dynamics of the system, and the chemotherapy guides the trajectory of the system toward the preferred equilibrium point. For identifying the effective parameters on the modification of the system dynamics, the stability and the bifurcation of the system have been studied. Since the patient’s age is effective in providing treatment, a fuzzy system, based on physiological considerations, has been used to adjust the maximum dose for a young patient more than a child one and for a child patient more than an old. The simulations on three different age patients, 8, 22, and 60 years old, indicates the necessity of the provided treatment. The treatment duration in the old and child patients is shorter than the young one due to the stronger immune system assumption that shows the importance of the immunotherapy besides the chemotherapy.

In this paper we introduce a new facility location model, called backup multifacility location problem by considering the ideal radius for each customer. In this problem the location of clients are given in the plane. A radius is assigned to each client. We should find the location of new facilities, which some of them may fail with a given probability, such that the sum of weighted distances from new facilities to the radius distance of clients and sum of weighted distances between new facilities is minimized. Since in the most instance there dose not exist the location of a new facility such that its distance to each Customers be exactly equal to given radiuses, so we try to minimize the sum of the weighted square errors. We model the problem and propose an iterative method (weiszfeld like algorithm) for solving the presented problem. Then a discussion about convergence of presented method and some numerical examples are given. We show that the optimal solution lies in an extended rectangular hull of the existing points.

Location theory is an interstice field of optimization and operations research. In the classic location problem, the goal is finding the location of one or more facilities such that some criteria such as transportation cost, the sum of distances passed by clients, total service time and cost of servicing are minimized. In this paper, we consider the goal location problem. In the goal location problem, the ideal is locating the facility in the distances ri, from the i-th client. However, in the most instances, the solution of this problem doesn’t exist. Therefore, we consider the minimizing of distances between clients and ideal point. The minimizing sum of square errors and minimizing absolute errors under Lp norm are considered as the objective function. We use the Weiszfeld like, Gauss-Newton and imperialist competitive algorithms for solving the problem. Then we compare the results which obtained by these methods for some test problems.

In this paper we consider the inverse of backup 2-median problem. In this problem, a set of weighted points are given and we should change some parameters of the problem such as weights of vertices and edges and coordinates of points such that the two given points be the backup 2-median. We present mathematical models for inverse backup 2-median problems on graphs. In the case that the underlying network is a tree, linear models are presented for the problem with variable edges and weight of vertices. We also consider the continuous case of the problem with variable coordinates of vertices on the plane. In this case, we solve the model by PSO and a hybrid improved PSO methods. Computational results are compared for the varying amounts of parameters.   The inverse and backup location facility problems are two important branches of location theory that have been interested by many researchers in the recent decades.   Let n weighted points be given in the plane or on a graph. The inverse median models investigate to change some parameters of problem such as coordinates, edge lengths and vertex weights such that the given facilities be the median points. For more information about inverse location problems see Burkard et al. (2004). On the other hand, in the backup median problems supposed that some facilities may failed. Therefore the other facilities should serve the clients. The backup 2-median problem on trees has been considered by Wang et al. (2009). Fathali (2014) investigated the backup multi-facility location problem on the plane.
In this paper we consider the combination of inverse location and backup facility location problems. We want to change coordinates, weight of vertices or length of edges with minimum cost such that the given facilities be backup median facilities.  2. inverse Backup 2-Median On Trees: Let T= (V, E)  be a tree with n vertices. Each vertex  has a nonnegative weight. Let  be the distance between two points  and,  and  be the two given vertices in T which are assumed the location of facilities.   Each facility may fail with a probability. For any vertex, suppose that the cost of increasing and decreasing per unit of  is  and, respectively. Let  and  be the amounts by which the weight is increased and decreased, respectively. Then, the model of inverse backup 2-median problem can be written as follows. In this paper we investigated the backup 2-median problem with variable edge lengths and vertices weights on trees. The problem with variable coordinates on the plane is also considered. The models of mentioned problems and computational results which obtained by two PSO methods are presented.

Hospitals are considered as the most important consumer units in healthcare and one of the main organizations of health services. Therefore, paying attention to their performance and effectiveness is of special importance. The aim of this study is to design an effective and efficient pattern for determination of effective environmental factors to outsource the services in public hospitals of country to increase the success rate in delivering the health services and improve the performance level and increase productivity by using them. Considering the results, this is an applied study and has an exploratory purpose. A questionnaire with 20 questions has been used for data collection, the variables of which are derived from comparative studies, its validity has been evaluated by the experts and its Cronbach's alpha coefficient was %86 in final measurement. The research community of the study was science committee of the universities, health system policy makers, experts in outsourcing and public hospital managers. Stratified sampling method was used for sampling. Data was analyzed by IBM SPSS statics 23 and LISREL 8.8.
Findings: According to collected information, Important environmental factors on outsourcing were policy factor with the average of 3.67%, risk assessment 3.38, background 3.25 and development 2.83, in order of importance. The average of total score of environmental factor effect was 3.21 and was meaningfully more than the average amount of 3 (p<0.001). It shows that environmental factors are of important factors in outsourcing the hospital services. For achieving the desirable goals in outsourcing the services and avoiding the assignment problems, it is important to evaluate the external environment of hospital carefully based on the extracted components from this study and using an appropriate pattern for decision making in outsourcing the services

Three cases were referred to the Rajaei hospital in Karaj, Iran, and the culture of lung secretions resulted in isolation of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Although antibiotic treatment was started, all the three patients died. This report describes the clinical course of the illness. To the best of the author's knowledge, no cases of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii have been reported previously in the Rajaei hospital, Karaj..

Multidrug resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii is a growing public health concern all over the world. In the current study, the isolation and antimicrobial resistance pattern and detection of blaOXA-51 and lpxC genes by multiplex PCR method was performed.
All the isolates demonstrated high levels of resistance rates to amikacin, ciprofloxacin, meropenem, imipenem, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, and colistin. Screening of two resistance genes by multiplex PCR showed that all the isolates contained blaOXA-51 and lpxC genes. As we previously reported, nosocomial infections caused by A. baumannii isolates are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in our hospital.

Alzheimer's disease is a disease of the nerve cells that is associated with neurodegeneration; including the weakening of nerve cells, as the cells show inflammatory activities. In this research, the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in inflammation in the rat hippocampus, as well as its effect on cell death were studied. The effects of intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide in the development of inflammation in the nerve cells in the hippocampus of Wistar rats with the weight of 230-250 g was assessed via measuring the levels of inflammatory factors [interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)] using Western blot analysis. The study of cell death was done using Hematoxylin and Eosin staining (H&E) in a time-dependent manner at 12, 24, 48, 72 and 120 hours after the injection. The amounts of inflammatory proteins, IL-1β and TNF-α, increased time-dependently as compared to the control group. The stained tissue confirmed the cell death. All the results were significant at the level of P < 0.001. Lipopolysaccharide causes inflammation and neuronal cell death in the hippocampus in the brain of male Wistar rats; which is a time-dependent apoptosis in these cells and induces development of Alzheimer's process, then.

Investigation of the current situation of any organizations in structure, technology, culture and human resource Management (HRM) is the starting point to knowledge-orientation. This study aims to recognize KM implementation obstacles in Imam Ali Military University. In this exploratory mix method research, 10 senior officers as participants were interviewed to recognize KM obstacles. Data gathered through reliable (r=0.95) and valid questionnaire which its main variables were taken from interview via content analyze technique. Based on the result of exploratory factor analysis, ten factors were recognized as KM obstacles: Strategic approach, human resources, information technology, infrastructure for KM, the laws of Technology, knowledge worker, bureaucracy, internet web, organizational culture and formalization. In order to investigate the relationship between defined obstacles with KM cycles, Pearson test was conducted. There is a significant relationship between all elements and KM cycle, except bureaucracy and formalization elements. So, improving the obstacles lead to promoting Km cycle in Imam Ali Military University. Suggestion and implication have been expressed at the end of the articles.

In this study, the effects of intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in causing apoptosis by increasing the amount of protein apoptotic B-cell lymphoma-2- associated X protein (Bax) and Caspase-3 and decreasing protein anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma-2 (bcl-2) in the hippocampus of rats and its effect on memory in a time-dependent manner at 12, 24, 48, 72 and 120 hours after injection were examined. Male Wistar rats of 230 to 250 g for Western blotting, enzymatic test and shuttle box were used. Increase in the protein content of apoptotic Bax and Caspase-3 and decrease in antiapoptotic bcl-2 protein in a time-dependent manner was observed in cases compared to the controls. The results of testing the enzyme Caspase-3 confirmed Western blotting results. Dysfunction caused by LPS in memory determined by shuttle box test. All the results were significant at the level of P 0.001. Results showed that LPS increased the incidence of apoptosis and neuronal cell death in the hippocampus region of the brain of male Wistar rats in a time-dependent manner and decrease animal's memory.

In recent years science management has been attended as a crucial topic. Both of Scientific and economic society bieleve that organizations are able to keep their permanent priority in competitive fields just by new science. In fact, in this area with such a huge evolusion and unstable invironmental condition organizations which came up with novel ideas are successful. They should properly organize the knowledge and extend it in it’s substructure and use it in tecnology, products and services. In this paper, the correlation between extant loops of management cycle in the university of “Elm o sanat” has been investigated. Investigation has been done by 4 loop “jashpara” model as the science cycle management with 3 hypothesis and one question. The result shows that 36 percent of science novelty variation has expressed by scientific organization. Transition knowledge factor effects on science creation. About 41 percent of science creation variation present by Transition knowledge factor. science creation depend on science operation that 56 percent of them relate by science creation that allocate the major part.