فهرست مطالب moslem najafi

The vibration of cylindrical shells with rigid disks attached at the edges is investigated and the results are compared by those obtained under the common simplifying assumption that the edges are clamped at points attached to the rigid disk. The shell is modeled using Sanders-Koiter shell theory, including the transverse shear deformation. The effect of the rigid disk on the edges displacements is also determined in a systematic manner by using the kinematic relations of the disk. To solve the problem, the semi-analytical finite element method is used and the stiffness and mass matrices of the element attached to the disks are completely determined for the first time. The reason that the disk affects the stiffness matrix is that some constraints appear between the displacement components of the shell edges due to the attached rigid disk. Numerous numerical studies are performed to investigate the effect of mass properties of the rigid disks on different shell natural frequencies and mode shapes. Results show that the rigid disk can significantly change the natural frequencies of the modes with zero and one circumferential wave number. It is also shown that by increasing the rigid disk mass, the mode with the smallest frequency would change from a mode with a high circumferential wave-number to a beam-like bending mode.

In this research, a method based on the vacuum infusion process is proposed for making sandwich panels used in the marine industry. The mechanical properties of the product made with this method have been significantly improved compared to the adhesive bonding method, and also from an economic point of view, it’s cost-effective to use this method. In this method, the construction of face-sheets and their adhesion to the core is done in a single step, which results in some benefits such as reducing construction costs, increasing the production speed and improving the quality of the face-sheets adhesion to the core. According to the intended application, i.e. application in the marine industry, the core is made of grooved Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) foam and the face-sheets are made of glass/vinylester, which are well-known materials in the marine industry. The mechanical properties of the sandwich panel made by the proposed method have been investigated in both bending and compression loading. The results indicate that in the product made with the proposed method, the bending strength has increased by 78%, the compressive strength has increased by 92%, and the energy absorption has increased by 101% compared to the sandwich panel made by adhesive bonding method. The main factor in improving the mechanical properties of this product is the creation of a network of resin in the empty space of the grooves, which creates a structure similar to the foam filled honeycomb cores and strengthens the core, especially in the thickness direction.

Background The Patient package inserts are officially published by pharmaceutical companies and authorized by the food and drug administration. The purpose of the package inserts is to provide complete, reliable and safety information about the drug to the consumer. Drug catalogues are another drug information sheet that is made available to physicians due to time constraints and busy schedules to update their knowledge about the existing and novel drugs. Of course, today the digital world has faced tremendous changes in the provision and consumption of pharmaceutical services. Internet of things, artificial intelligence, block chain and cloud computing are new technologies that will revolutionize the future of drug therapy. Digital transformation will lead to accurate drug therapy, cost reduction, saving time and manpower, access to more flexibility and better efficiency in all processes. This review article was about the current situation, challenges and promotion of information provided in the patient package inserts, also the importance of new technologies in the field of medication information.

Despite the unique superior properties of balsa such as reasonable price and excellent mechanical properties, the hydrophilicity and high sensitivity of this material to moisture absorption have posed a serious challenge to its increasing use in the construction of advanced marine structures. If moisture can penetrate into the composite skins, the balsa core sandwich structures will absorb a lot of water and compromise its structural integrity. In this study, to improve the mechanical properties and the environmental resistance of sandwich structures with balsa core against the moist environmental conditions, the idea of using fiber metal laminates instead of polymer composite skins has been proposed. For this purpose, sandwich structures with balsa core and two types of composite skins made of glass fiber/epoxy and fiber metal laminate were subjected to environmental and mechanical tests. The most important results obtained from the 100-day aging test in water show that the maximum water absorption in sandwich specimens with glass fiber/epoxy composite and fiber metal laminate skins having sealed edges and artificial damage is 106.71% and 83.32%, respectively. In addition, by evaluating the flexural and buckling behavior of two types of sandwich structures, before and after the moisture aging process, it was found that the reduction of flexural load, flexural stiffness and maximum buckling load due to moisture aging in sandwich specimens with glass fiber/epoxy composite skin with sealed edges were 23.43%, 23.15% and 36.14%, respectively, and for specimens with fiber metal laminate skin were much less, and 13.57%, 11.06% and 16.14%, respectively.

Cancer was predicted as the leading cause of death and the most important obstacle to the increased life expectancy in the 21st century worldwide. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated number of new cases of cancers in 2020 about 19 million, and this number is estimated to be more than 295 300 000 people up to 2040 (more than 55% increase during next 20 years). Standard treatments for cancer include surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. However, all of these methods have dangerous side effects, so researchers are more interested in finding novel and less risky therapies. In recent years, there has been a great deal of interest in the development of anticancer agents obtained from foods or natural products. The relative safety of natural and food-derived compounds makes them attractive alternatives to conventional cancer treatment drugs. As a result, the majority of people are advised to use complementary and alternative medicine to treat and prevent cancer. In recent years, honey, as a natural product, has attracted many researchers’ attention as an alternative to conventional anticancer drugs. Natural honey has long been used as a medicine and nutrient and its beneficial effects on various diseases in animal and human models have been studied. It was found that it has a wide range of therapeutic properties, including antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-fungal, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertensive, antiarrhythmic, wound healing, and liver protection benefits. This article aimed to review the role of natural honey in the prevention and treatment of a number of important cancers and their subsequent complications

Prescribing medication for the elderly is an important health issue. In this study, the status of prescribing inappropriate drugs for the elderly in general practitioners prescriptions was investigated.

Methods & Materials: 

The sample size consisted of 16842 prescriptions of general practitioners belongs to two insurance systems (Social Insurance and Health Insurance Organizations) in Tabriz city during 2019. Among the sample, 1500 prescriptions were evaluated for adults 65 years and older. The Beers criterion (version 2019) was used to assess inappropriate medications and suggestion of their alternatives if needed.

The mean number of drugs in each prescription was 3.93±1.5 and the average of inappropriate drugs in each prescription was 0.74±0.8. Polypharmacy was 32.6%, and 53.9% of the prescriptions had at least one inappropriate medication. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, analgesics and antihistamines were the most inappropriate prescribed drug groups for the elderly (24.2, 21.4 and 10.9%, respectively). The most common inappropriate prescription medications were Adult cold, Diclofenac, Glibenclamide, Ketorolac and Diphenhydramine, respectively.

The results showed that about 54% of the prescriptions by general practitioners for elderly people contained inappropriate medications and polypharmacy was present in about one third of the prescriptions. In order to improve this condition, it is necessary to modify the educational methods of medical students and appropriate training and continuous retraining courses in the elderly medicine field will be provided for the students and general practitioners. Moreover, supervisions by Ministry of Health and Medical Council of Iran can play an important role in improving the current situation.

A drug brochure or Patient Package Insert (PPI) is a folded sheet of paper in drug package that provides necessary information for effective and safe use of the drug. PPIs are one of the main sources of drug information, so, they should be clear and easily comprehensible to the general public. The purpose of this study was to determine the awareness and satisfaction of patients with Iranian PPIs.

In this cross-sectional study, 200 patients attending pharmacies of the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences were selected using simple random sampling in 2018-2019. A questionnaire was designed as a five-point Likert scale to determine the patients’ awareness and satisfaction with the Iranian PPIs. Content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed and internal consistency was confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient in SPSS (V. 17). The Cronbach’s alpha
was 0.81.

According to findings, the average awareness of patients about Iranian PPIs was 50%. The highest satisfaction with PPIs was for “pregnancy and lactation warnings” and “warnings for children”. The overall satisfaction of patients with PPIs was found to be moderate (57%).

The current study reported a moderate level of patients’ satisfaction with the Iranian PPIs in Tabriz, Iran. Therefore, appropriate mechanisms should be adopted in the regulations relating to preparation of PPIs and more supervision on pharmaceutical companies by Iran Food and Drug Administration.

Low-density polyurethane foams as the low-cost and lightweight materials are used to produce some structural parts of marine vessels. However, these foams have low mechanical properties and they are susceptible to water and moisture penetration. The presence of initial defects or impact-induced damages on the external surface of the marine vessels can lead to the water penetration into the foam core, which generally results in core decay and, subsequently, delamination in core/skin interfacial bonding. Thus, the main objective of this research is to reduce the weaknesses of low-density polyurethane foam-based structures by introducing a novel material in this field. For this purpose, a sandwich panel with a hybrid core consisting of agglomerated cork and low-density polyurethane foam reinforced by a composite grid from epoxy/glass fibers structure is successfully designed, fabricated, and tested. Results of 100-days aging indicated that the water absorption of novel specimens was less than half of the conventional polyurethane-based specimens. In addition, replacing the stiffened cork/polyurethane hybrid core instead of the polyurethane core resulted in 506, 814 and 144.94 % increase in maximum flexural load, initial flexural stiffness and flexural toughness, respectively. In the following, the structural behavior of both the novel and conventional structures was investigated by numerical simulation of bending test. The results of numerical analysis showed that the flexural stiffness of novel panel was enhanced about 884%, comparing to the conventional structure.

According to the previous studies, the exact mechanism of dependence on opioids and withdrawal syndrome has not been fully understood but one of the most important mechanisms is the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines in CNS. On the other way, previous studies showed that natural honey (NHO) has anti-inflammatory properties. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of chronic administration of natural honey on the development of morphine dependence in male rats.

Honey was prepared from Tarom Oliya region in Zanjan province. Experiments were performed on male Wistar rats weighing 225-275 g, randomly divided into 6 groups (n=8). The study groups included morphine group, the three doses of morphine plus honey group (at doses of 200,400 and 800 mg/kg, i.p.), the morphine plus vehicle group, and the saline group. The subcutaneous injections of additive doses of morphine were used for 9 days to create morphine dependency. On the 9th day, one hour after the morning dose of morphine, naloxone (4 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected, and symptoms of withdrawal syndrome were assessed for 60 minutes. Then, blood samples were taken to measure TNF-α. Oneway ANOVA and Tukey tests were used to compare the results. P- Value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

The results of this study showed that intraperitoneal injection of honey at 3 doses (200, 400 and 800 mg/kg with p <0.001) could significantly decrease the total score of the symptoms compared to the morphine-vehicle control group. Natural honey (NHO) could significantly decrease TNF-α at dose of 400 mg/kg.

The results indicated that chronic administration of NHO had beneficial effects in reducing symptoms of morphine withdrawal syndrome, and this effect is probably due to the anti-inflammatory effect caused by the polyphenolic compounds in honey.

Patient package inserts (PPIs) are the most important and accessible source of information for patients which is expected to contribute with the safe and efficient use of medicines. However, the information in the PPIs is not always appropriate and complete, and may lead to medication errors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the conformity of pediatric antibiotics’ PPIs with the standards of Iran’s Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

This descriptive cross-sectional study evaluated 51 PPIs related to 13 best-selling pediatric antibiotics in Iran based on the criteria approved by Iran’s FDA. Six categories of criteria as writing and formatting, drug description, warnings and precautions, side effects, interactions, and references were considered in evaluating the extent of conformity.

 In total, 2652 items from 51 PPIs were evaluated. The PPIs content was insufficient in various aspects of conformity with standards in each category (54.8%). Among the six categories, the best match was found in warnings and precautions with 359 items (70.3%). The lowest conformity was found in the reference category with 76 items (18.6%).

 The PPIs of Iranian pediatric antibiotics do not fully meet Iran’s FDA standards. It is strongly recommended that the drug leaflets must be updated based on the standards of Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education to overcome this problem.

Irrational drug prescription and consumption lead to numerous undesirable consequences. Physicians and pharmacists have critical roles in directing the drug therapy culture to proper way and destination. In this study, causes of non-standard prescription and drug use in Iran and its improvement strategies from the viewpoint of Tabriz pharmacy students were evaluated in 2015-2016.

To perform this cross-sectional quantitative-qualitative study, a questionnaire was designed in six domains (role of pharmacists, physicians, patients, economy, management and supervision, pharmaceutical industry) and completed by the students. Validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by experts and its reliability was determined by Cronbach’s Alpha method (Alpha=0.832).

The students declared that the most important causes of irrational drug prescription and consumption were patients’ tendency to self-medication (3.49±0.63), physician based health system and inadequate collaboration between physicians with pharmacists and other medical team members (3.41±0.71) and low level of knowledge of patients about the risks of drug misuse (3.39±0.62). Also, among the all domains, the importance of appropriate management and supervision was greater than other items.

Inadequate knowledge of the society about proper use of medications, tendency to self-medication, inadequate collaboration between physicians with other health system members, low supervision of related management and supervisory organizations are the main causes of irrational drug prescription and consumption in the country. Therefore, increasing public awareness level, improving educational programs and collaboration between the treatment team members, reducing the economic problems of pharmacies and improving the supervision of relevant organizations on medical group is absolutely necessary.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of neostigmine on inflammatory parameters and histopathological changes of granulation tissue.

The Air Pouch model was developed in six groups of male Wistar rats. Briefly, the rats were anesthetized, and then 20 ml and 10 ml of sterile air were injected subcutaneously (SC) on the back of the animals on days 0 and 3, respectively. On day 6, inflammation was induced by injection of 2 ml of carrageenan 1% into pouches. Normal saline as control and neostigmine (35, 70, 140, 200, and 310 µg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally (IP) concurrently with carrageenan. After 6 hours, the rats were sacrificed; pouch fluid was collected to determine exudate volume and the number of accumulated cells. The pouches were dissected out and weighed, and histopathological characteristics were evaluated.

Neostigmine (70 µg/kg) reduced leukocyte accumulation (P < 0.050), exudate volume (P < 0.001), and granulation tissue weight (P < 0.001) compared to the carrageenan control group. Inflammatory parameters were increased by neostigmine 200 μg/kg (P < 0.050). The results of histopathological studies of granulation tissue showed that higher doses of neostigmine provided more anti-inflammatory effects.

From this study, it may be concluded that in the air pouch inflammatory model, neostigmine at different doses has different effects on peripheral inflammation. These effects are likely mediated by regulatory effects of the agent on the immune system.

Nowadays, sandwich structures based on balsa core and composite skins are widely used in the production of lightweight and high-strength marine structures. However, Balsa, as a hydrophilic material, is sensitive to moisture, and penetration of moisture through damaged composite skins into the sandwich structures will result in severe water uptake, balsa core decay, and delamination in skin/core interface. In order to improve the damage tolerance of sandwich structures with balsa core, the idea of using fiber metal laminates (FMLs) instead of composite skins has been proposed in this research. In this way, following the evaluation of the water absorption behavior of these types of sandwich structures, the specimens made of balsa core and FMLs skins were subjected to compressive loading and critical buckling values were determined. In order to investigate the effect of the skin on the mechanical properties of these structures, the specimens with similar core and composite skins made of glass/epoxy were also prepared and subjected to similar experiments. Experimental results show that sandwich structures with balsa core and FMLs skins exhibit less water absorption and much better mechanical behavior than conventional sandwich structures with composite skins.

Drug package inserts (PIs) are the most accessible source of information for users and are designed to aid the safe use of medicines and avert adverse events. This study measured the conformity of PIs with the health communications standards of Iran’s Food and drug Administration (FDA). This descriptive cross-sectional study evaluated 92 PIs related to 22 best-selling neurological and psychiatric drugs in Iran based on criteria approved by Iran’s FDA. Six categories of criteria were considered in evaluating the extent of conformity: I) writing and formatting, II) references, III) drug description, IV) warnings and precautions, V) interactions, and VI) side effects. Each PI was scored based on observation of standards; data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel pivot tables. In total, 2929 items from 92 PIs were evaluated, of which 37 (40.2%) were related to antidepressants, 31 (33.7%) to sedatives and hypnotics, and 24 (26%) to anticonvulsant drugs. The PI content was insufficient in various aspects of conformity with standards in each category. Among the six categories, the best match was found in warnings and precautions with 667items (72.5%), followed by writing and formatting with 663 (69.1%). The lowest conformity was found in the reference category with 194 (26.4%) items. The PIs of Iranian neurological drugs do not fully meet Iran’s FDA standards. It is strongly recommended that smart PIs be developed using mobile apps to overcome this problem.

Honey as a natural product exhibits a variety of biological and pharmacological activities. Its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antihypertensive effects have already been proven.
In this study, the inhibitory effects of honey on the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-initiated and croton oil-promoted mice skin carcinogenesis were studied.
Albino Swiss mice were pretreated with multiple topical applications of honey. After nine hours, the carcinogenesis was initiated by a single dose of DMBA. Topical croton oil, as for a promoting agent, was applied biweekly for a period of 30 weeks.
The tumor incidences were observed. Compared to the control group, the honey pre-treated mice showed a significant inhibition in tumor incidences. In addition, the enhanced uptake of [3H]-thymidine in mice skin DNA was inhibited in honey-pretreated animals as compared to the control group. Furthermore, honey significantly decreased croton oil-mediated lipid peroxidation (LPO).
Taken together, the results suggest that the antioxidants existed in honey have diminishing effects on croton oil-mediated murine skin tumor promotion. In conclusion, we suggest that honey as an effective natural preventive agent may provide protection against skin cancer.

In the present study, postconditioning effect of fructose against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced arrhythmias and infarct size were investigated in isolated rat heart.
The isolated hearts were divided into 7 groups, mounted on a Langendorff apparatus at constant pressure then subjected to 30 min zero flow global ischemia followed by 120 min reperfusion. In the control group, normal Krebs–Henseleit (K/H) solution was perfused into the hearts throughout the experiment. In two separate sets of experiments, the treatment groups received 12, 24 and 48 mM of fructose with/without normal glucose in K/H solution for 20 min at the beginning of reperfusion. Cardiac arrhythmias including number of ventricular tachycardia (VT), total ventricular ectopic beats, incidence and duration of VT, reversible and irreversible ventricular fibrillation were recorded and analyzed during the first 30 min of reperfusion. Computerized planimetry method was used to determine volume and percentage of infarct size.
Administration of fructose as a postconditioning agent clearly reduced volume and percentage of infarct size in the all treatment groups. The effect was statistically significant especially in the hearts that treated by fructose plus glucose (P The results showed that perfusion of high concentration of fructose alone or coincident with glucose in globally ischemic-reperfused isolated rat hearts can reduce infarct size without inhibitory effect against reperfusion arrhythmias. Probably, fructose by providing adequate ATP for cardiac functions may inhibit necrosis and death of cardiomyocytes during I/R.

Pharmacists, as a member of the health team face a lot of ethical challenges in performing their professional duties. This study was aimed to evaluate status, challenges and improvement strategies of pharmacy professional ethics in drugstores. It was a descriptive-analytic study carried out in 2015-2016. Data was collected using a standardized questionnaire related to principles of pharmacy professional ethics’ code from the viewpoint of qualified faculty members and students of Tabriz faculty of pharmacy. The overall score obtained for each principles of professional ethics code indicated moderate and high level status for each of the principles. However, there are some shortcomings in counseling to patients, consulting and interacting with physician, delivery of non-OTC drugs without any prescription, and accepting professional responsibility among the pharmacists. In addition, 71.5% of the professors and 75.5% of the students believed that inadequate income of pharmacists, the economic problems of drugstores, defects in the insurance systems, lack of proper culture for pharmacist's position, insufficient training of professional ethics at universities, priority of physician in Iran health system and giving gifts by some pharmaceutical companies are the main factors influencing professional ethics in pharmacies. Thus, comprehensive management is essential for improving professional ethics in pharmacies. In this regard, promoting professional ethics education, paying attention to economic problems of pharmacists and pharmacies, improving the performance of insurance organizations, developing culture to promote the position of pharmacists and serious supervision of health system officials on drugstores and pharmaceutical companies are necessary.

In the present work, a fuzzy logic approach was used in order to determine the effect of thermal aging on the surface hardness of phenolic resin reinforced by woven carbon fibers (CFP). For this purpose, the specimens made from CFP composites with different fiber volume fraction (20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%) were exposed to different thermal aging fashions (refrigerated at -30 ºC, room temperature at 25 ºC, and thermally aged at 50 ºC).The surface hardness values of both the pristine and aged specimens were then experimentally determined using Barcol hardness testing machine. The hardness values for CFP composites were also predicted by two types of fuzzy inference systems (FIS), i.e. Mamdani and Sugeno methods. Results of the developed fuzzy logic models were compared with the experimental results and it was found that the Sugeno method performed better than Mamdani method.

In this paper, the effect of different environmental conditions on the impact properties of fiber metal laminates hybridized with nanoclay is studied. For this purpose, the fiber metal laminates were first laminated by aluminum alloy sheets, glass fiber, pure epoxy resin and modified resin with nanoclay using hand lay-up process. The influence of different types of environmental conditions including cryogenic aging (at temperature of –196 °C in LN2), high-temperature aging (at temperature of 130 °C in dry air), and hygrothermal aging (at temperature of 90 °C in distilled water) on the impact properties of the specimens made with pure epoxy resin and modified resin was investigated using response surface method in various levels. A suitable model was developed to predict the effect of aging type and nanoparticle content on the impact strength of specimens. The results obtained suggest that the cryogenic aging has a most effective role reduction of the impact properties of the specimens. While htgrothermal aging has a less effective role in decreasing the impact properties of fiber metal laminates. Additionally, the result of main effects analysis showed that the detrimental role of different types of aging in reducing the impact properties is more effective than the positive role of nanoparticles in improving the impact properties of fiber metal laminates.

In the present study, the effects of verapamil on inflammation and angiogenesis in air pouch model were studied. To create a model of inflammation in the rats, on days 1 and 3 sterile air, and on the sixth day, carrageenan was injected into the pouch subcutaneously. Normal saline as control, diclofenac sodium and dexamethasone as standards and verapamil (0.05, 0.1 and 0.2mg/rat) was injected into the pouch simultaneously with carrageenan and as well as 24 and 48 hours later. After 72 hours, volume of exudate, the leukocytes count, concentration of VEGF and IL-1ß, granulomatous tissue weight, histopathological changes and angiogenesis were considered. Verapamil significantly reduced leukocyte accumulation in all doses, but effect of 0.1mg/rat was more significant (P Verapamil has significant anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenesis effects in the air pouch model probably due to attenuation effects of verapamil on IL-1β and VEGF.

The aim of this study is to investigate effects of isothermal aging on mechanical properties of fiber metal laminates (FMLs) and glass/epoxy composites. For this purpose, both materials were fabricated using the wet lay-up manufacturing technique under vacuum pressure. Both the glass/epoxy composites and the FML specimens were then subjected to isothermal aging (130°C, dried air) for up to 5 weeks. After the isothermal aging, the specimens’ weight loss, caused by thermo-oxidative conditioning, was evaluated. Bending and Charpy impact tests were conducted on both the unaged and aged specimens to examine the isothermal conditioning’s effect on the mechanical properties of studied materials. Experimental results revealed that isothermal aging severely affected impact strength in the form of embrittlement and reduced ductility. However, no significant reduction was found in the flexural stiffness of isothermally aged FML and glass/epoxy specimens.

In this article, the effect of hygrothermal aging on mechanical properties of fiber metal laminates (FMLs) and E-glass/epoxy (GE) composites is investigated. First, FML and GE specimens were built using wet lay-up technique under vacuum pressure. Hygrothermal aging simulation was then carried out on both specimen types in distilled water at a constant temperature of 90 °C for 5 weeks. The resulting behavior of degradation for both types of specimens caused by hygrothermal aging was evaluated by bending and Charpy impact testing. As expected, because of the protective role of aluminum layers, FML specimens showed remarkably lower water absorption after hygrothermal aging compared to the glass/epoxy composites. Experimental results also revealed that the flexural properties of both the FML and GE laminates were affected by the hygrothermal aging, whereas a lower level of deterioration in impact strength was found.

Composite materials such as fiber reinforced polymeric laminates are used extensively in various engineering applications. Of the greatest impediments to the use of these materials in advanced applications is the reduction of their mechanical properties and structural integrity when they are exposed to high temperatures. In this paper, the effect of nanoclay addition on impact properties of composite and fiber metal laminates before and after exposure to high temperature shock have been investigated. For this purpose, the nanoclay particles were added to pure epoxy resin using mechanical mixer, high-speed mechanical homogenizer, and ultrasonic homogenizer. Then, both the composite laminates and fiber metal laminates 2/1 were laminated by aluminum sheets, pure epoxy resin and modified resin with nanoclay and glass fiber using hand lay-up process. The effects of using nanoclay on the impact strength of composite laminates and fiber metal laminates before and after exposure to temperature of 230 ° C were studied. According to the results obtained, it was found that nanoclay has effective role in maintaining impact properties of the specimens. Additionally, as a result of protective role of metallic layers, the thermal shock induced degradation in impact properties of fiber metal laminates was decreased.

In the present study, effects of salbutamol on the inflammatory parameters, angiogenesis, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were investigated in an air pouch model of inflammation. Inflammation was induced by intrapouch administration of 1% solution of sterile carrageenan in male Wistar rats. Salbutamol (125, 250 and 500 µg/rat) and salbutamol (500 µg/rat) plus propranolol (100 µg/rat) were injected intrapouch. After 6 and 72 h, fluid inside the pouches was collected to measure volume of exudates, leukocytes number and IL-1β levels. To determine angiogenesis, the granulation tissues were dissected out and weighed 3 days after carrageenan injection, then hemoglobin concentration was assessed using a hemoglobin assay kit. In addition, amount of VEGF in the exudates was measured 72 h after induction of inflammation. Leukocyte accumulation and the volume of exudates were significantly inhibited by salbutamol administration. In addition, salbutamol decreased the production of VEGF and IL-1β. Moreover, all used doses of salbutamol significantly inhibited angiogenesis. Interestingly, effects of salbutamol on the attenuation of angiogenesis and inflammatory parameters was similar to diclofenac sodium. Co-administration of propranolol with salbutamol clearly reversed anti-inflammatory effects of salbutamol. Salbutamol can decrease acute and chronic inflammation by β2-adrenergic receptors activation. The observed IL-1β and VEGF inhibitory properties of salbutamol may be responsible for anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic effect of the agent.