parviz mohammadzadeh

This study aims to design a conceptual model for the internationalization of the country’s automobile industry. Hence, a mixed approach is used in the present study. We collected the required data and information for the qualitative part of the research, through semi-structured interviews with 15 export department managers of Iran Khodro and Saipa, experts, and pundits of the country’s automobile industry that were selected in a targeted snowball method. Then, we used the thematic analysis method to analyze the interviews. Finally, 15 main topics include the Automobile industry, exports, domestic economy status, economic situation of the target country, human capital, supply chain, interaction with global automakers, having a competitive advantage, research and development, government, foreign investment, financing, concluding suitable commercial contracts, Production in the target country, and global standard were identified as determinant factors in the internationalization of the country’s automobile industry. Then, interpretive structural modeling was used to determine the relationship between 15 variables and the internationalization of the country’s automobile industry. Subsequently, an interpretive structural modeling approach was employed to elucidate the interrelationships among the 15 variables and their association with the internationalization of the country’s automobile industry. In the following, in the quantitative phase of the research, to measure their impact, the approach of structural equations was used. To this end, we obtained the required information by distributing 200 questionnaires among the sample members. Then the analysis of structural equations showed that all the factors had appropriate significance. Finally, we introduced the conceptual model of the internationalization of the automobile industry as the main result of this research. According to the mentioned model, for the internationalization of the automobile industry, it is recommended to pay attention to all the 15 identified factors and plan carefully for each of them.

This study examines the implementation of Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA) in a chlor-alkali complex, focusing on the electrolyzer section in chlorine production. By use of the MFCA method, the research aims to reduce waste and improve productivity. Analyzing material flows and associated costs reveals hidden inefficiencies related to negative products or waste and their costs, creating opportunities for optimization. Calculations indicate that 72% of the product's weight is negative, corresponding to a 71% financial loss. It is predicted that implementing MFCA-based improvements will result in a 4% reduction in waste and a significant increase in product output. These findings not only highlight the effectiveness of MFCA in waste reduction but also emphasize its positive economic impact, enhancing resource efficiency and overall profitability in the electrolyzer sector. The results of this study have the potential to be applied to other enterprises and contribute to the development of sustainable industrial practices.

Entrepreneurship is interpreted as one of the axes of endogenous development, creating sustainable employment and strengthening economic foundations. Many institutional and economic factors influence the level and quality of entrepreneurship, the most important of which are the duties of the government and its support policies. Considering the importance of the subject and the investigation of the effectiveness of entrepreneurship from environmental variables, the current research is focused on investigating the effect of government performance and especially the effect of tax policies, government size and corruption on types of entrepreneurship (opportunity-oriented and necessity-oriented). In this research, using panel data estimation method with incomplete data, the effect of variables such as tax rate, corruption index and a wide range of government expenses on the development of entrepreneurship at two levels of necessity and opportunity-based has been tested. In this regard, the information of 33 countries was used between 2010 and 2018. The results show that increasing taxes in selected countries limits opportunity-oriented and necessity-oriented entrepreneurship. Government spending in the public sector has a positive effect on the growth of opportunity-based entrepreneurship. Public corruption has an adverse effect on opportunity-oriented entrepreneurship, while positive and significant effects on necessity-oriented entrepreneurship have been calculated. Also, indicators of the national per capita income level, human capital, credit amount to the private sector, business density, unemployment rate and labor force participation rate are other factors affecting the level and quality of entrepreneurship.

In 2004, the UNESCO Creative Cities Network was introduced to help restore the economic, social and creative potential of the cultural industries. Currently, 246 cities from around the world are members of the network in one of seven fields: music, literature, cinema, handicrafts and folk arts, design, media arts and gastronomy. In the present study, using the UNESCO creative city indexes and the summary of a report provided by UNESCO for each of the creative cities, nine indexes of creative city were identified. Then, in order to study the potential of Tabriz to be introduced as a creative city and to identify its creative context, the data on the indexes were collected for Tabriz using a review of the documents. The results of the study of indexes and the calculation of TOPSIS indicate that the field of handicrafts and folk arts in terms of indexes of cultural resources, financial support, exports, artistic infrastructure and education infrastructure is in a better position than other fields. According to the results of this study, the field of handicrafts and folk arts has the greatest potential to be introduced as a creative city. Therefore, in order to achieve the creative city of Tabriz in this field, most strategies and programs should focus on strengthening cultural events and graduates.  For example, by increasing the holding of temporary exhibitions and bazaars and completing the projects of the Carpet Museum and the City of Handicrafts, it is possible not only to introduce handicrafts but also to encourage people to educate and attract students and apprentices.

the period 1375-1396, the Bayesian vector auto regressive  (BVAR) was used to evaluate the effect of government effectiveness indicators and financial systems indicators. In this research, financial and Banking based indicators were used. Findings indicate that in the period under review, the shocks on stock market-based financial indicators and government effectiveness index had the greatest impact on the growth of Iran's industrial sector.  The shocks on Stock market-based financial indicators; government efficiency shock; industry-based labor force; and bank-based financial system accounted  for 26.75%, 3.88%, 1.97%, and 1.33% of industry sector growth changes in the long run, respectively. Explain the term.

Knowledge-based activities carry a high risk. Moreover, financing the companies which do the likewise activities for supporting and encouraging innovative plans and advanced technology is of high importance. Therefore, nowadays, financing methods by risk taking funds is considered the most prominent and effective financing method in knowledge-based companies all over the world. The purpose behind doing this research is to investigate the influence of venture capital funding on profits of knowledge-based companies located in the Science and Technology (Elm-o-fannavari) park in East Azerbaijan province of Iran. The data for this research has been collected with the help of questionnaires from knowledge-based companies and the data analyses have been done with the panel data method and STATA software. Based on the final results, the two variables of venture capital fund facility and the size of the company have a meaningful and positive effect on profit of company. While influence of loans from business banks, company's age (company's life’s year) and human asset, on the company profitability is not meaningful. R&D costs have a negative effect on profitability, but given that this variable is not immediately effective and its effect appears with time lags, also given the short period of this study, this result is not far from waiting.

Due to the limitation of fossil energy resources and problems caused by greenhouse gas emissions, it is essential to focus on renewable energy resources, because it can be used to achieve sustainable development goals. Thus, the purpose of this research is to investigate relations among renewable energy, CO2 emissions and sustainable development and compared to non-renewable energy in Iran. 

In this study, dynamic interrelationships in the sustainable development-energy- CO2 emissions nexus is examined by applying bayesian vector autoregression (BVAR) in Iran over the period 1980-2013. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the indicator commonly used to measure economic growth and sustainable development, but this indicator is inefficient for evaluating development. One of the most prominent alternative indicators for sustainable development is the Index of Genuine Savings (GS). For this purpose, in this study GS is used as an indicator of sustainable development.

Results reveal that the impact of creating positive shock on renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on sustainable development in Iran is positive. Also, positive shock on renewable and non-renewable energy consumption causes an increase in CO2 emission. Moreover, the impact of an increase in sustainable development is positive on renewable energy consumption and is negative on non-renewable energy consumption.

 Discussion and Conclusion

It is suggested that policy makers prioritize the promotion of energy supply diversification policies, especially renewable energy.

Production and marketing of handicrafts can be considered as an effective factor in the development of a country's economy because of the increasing tendency of countries to use clean industries and avoid single product economy such as oil. Introduce and advertising handicrafts for marketing inside and outside the country is one of the main ways to develop handicrafts. Joining the UNESCO Creative Cities Network, as the best branding tool and the desire to work effectively with network member cities, is due to create a stronger identity. Tabriz city is one of the main centers of handicrafts in Iran. In this study, its potential as a Creative City of Crafts and Folk Art was investigated and evaluated based on the benchmarking model. In this regard, 10 indicators of Creative City of Crafts and Folk Art were identified based on the UNESCO and by studying the 41 Creative City of Crafts and Folk Art. Then, Tabriz city was compared with the creative cities of Isfahan and Bandar Abbas. The results indicated that compared to Isfahan and Bandar Abbas cities, Tabriz city has been in good condition based on the indicators of exhibitions, job creation, education, production licenses, exports, and handicraft infrastructures. However, it has had poor performance based on some indicators including financial support, registered works, and temporary markets. Therefore, it is recommended that by expanding the number of temporary markets and providing financial support, the city can be introduced as a Creative City of Crafts and Folk Art.

Considering the role of creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship in economic growth and development, addressing these issues can be of particular importance. Particularly, the effect of these variables on economic growth is ambiguous and the need for empirical examination of this relationship seems to be necessary. Some studies, including Schumpeter (1947) and Roemer (1986), have highlighted the prominent role of entrepreneurship and innovation in the process of economic growth. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of innovation (patent index) and entrepreneurship on the economic growth of selected countries, using GLS estimation method. For this purpose, data from 20 selected countries during the period 2001-2015 and the panel data approach have been used. The results of the model indicate that these two variables have a positive and significant effect on economic growth in the above countries ؛So that 1 percent increase in the rate of entrepreneurship and innovation (the number of patents registered) resulted in an increase of 13 and 4 percent, in the growth rate of these countries, respectively. Therefore, in the present study, creating an efficient innovation and entrepreneurship system is considered necessary to achieve appropriate economic growth.

According to modern development theories, creativity plays an important role in economic growth through shifting human capabilities to human feasibilities. In fact, the milestone of development is when human, human mind, its infinite power, and human capabilities came in to consideration. So, the objective of this research is to study the effect of global indicators of creativity on economic growth in two set of countries (developed and developing countries) during 1990-2016, by using factor analysis and spatial methods.The results of factor analysis indicate that there are three factors for creativity indicators in developing countries and two factors in developed countries. According to the results of spatial econometric method, both of the factors, the first (R&D expenditure, patent, high-technology exports and number of researchers in R&D) and the second factors (creative export and human capital) in developed countries have a positive effect on economic growth; also the results for developing countries show that all three of the first (R&D expenditure, patent and number of researchers in R&D) , the second (high-technology exports and creative export) and the third factors (human capital) , have a positive effect on economic growth

Choosing optimal housing is one of the most important challenges people face in demand for housing. Despite the general agreement on the importance of the budget constraint’ role on housing choice, no comprehensive model for evaluating all demand determining factors has been introduced and no clear theoretical explanation has been made. Considering the central role of budget constraint, behavioral and control factors in determining housing demand, this research seeks to explain the mental pattern of rental and consumer demand for housing in Tabriz using the approach of cognitive and behavioral sciences. Regarding this, the study was carried out within the framework of qualitative approach, using grounded theory. A multi-nominal Logit regression was used in order to analyze the impacts of identified factors. Data gathering tools were semi-structured interviews with 12 experts in housing discussions, using a purposive sampling methodology. Data analysis was performed in three steps: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding upon which our qualitative model was designed. Our study resulted in extraction of more than 250 codes, along with an inventory of more than 20 concepts and 4 categories,which are presented in the form of a paradigmatic model including budget constraints as the axial category and causal conditions (as underlying reasons for choices), underlying factors (Physical factors), and intervening conditions (behavioral and control factors). The results of estimating the Logit model indicate that individuals consider not only the budget but also all aspects of decision making to choose a residential location, but the importance of each factor is different.

Paying attention to economic development has always been one of the main concerns of science and politics, and in order to put economic development in a suitable path, its continuous recognition is essential. The recent findings and experiences of countries Show that creativity is the most important and basic factor for the growth and development of the economy. This study aims to scrutinize the effect of creativity index on the economic development of Iran for the 1990-2016 period by using generalized method of moments (GMM). The findings support the idea that economic growth and development is more dependent on creativity and innovation than on formal education. In other words, education can affect economic growth and development, only  if it results in creativity and innovation. Also the findings clarify that high-technology exports have the most effect on economic growth and patenting inventions has a positive effect on economic growth. Thus, it is suggested that by providing a creative ecosystem and supporting the rights of patenting, we will have creative and innovative system in the society so that through diversified economy which relies on knowledge, higher human resources, and modern technology will promote sustainable growth and development.

Women's employment is one of the major economic issues that is of interest to economic, social and political thinkers. In the opinion of the experts, the employment of women with fixed and long work hours causes physical and mental harms, and affects the welfare of the family. This research seeks to answer the question of the impact of flexible work hours for women on the welfare of the family in the Islamic sense. For data collection, a questionnaire was used in the winter 1396 and spring 1397. The analysis of results was performed using Pearson correlation coefficient and simple and multiple linear regression. The statistical population of this study included all the married female employees of higher education institutions located in Tabriz city, 260 of whom were selected using stratified random sampling by separate universities. The results indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between the flexibility of women's work hours and family well-being.

The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal size of the metropolises of Iran during the years 2006-2015, by using the surplus function, based on the presence of the government as a provider of public goods and services. To do so, using the total surplus function approach which is defined by the difference between the total income and the total expenditure of the households working and living in the large cities, the optimal size of the metropolises of Iran is estimated. Findings of research show that the total benefits and total costs increase as population of cites increases. The coefficient of population in the household expenditure function is very close to the coefficient of population in total cost function, this means that the expenditure of household in the metropolises of Iran is increasing. The greater the coefficient of population in benefit cost function Than the coefficient of population in total cost function indicates that people living in cities benefit from urban interests, which is the same increase in income and do not participate in paying social costs and this has caused that the size of the metropolises of Iran exceed its optimum level.

This paper uses dynamic spatial shift-share analysis to examine Production changes in Iran's provinces for the period of 2000 to 2014. This paper differs from the standard shift-share analysis by combining the dynamic shift-share with the spatial shift-share and decomposing the Production changes of selected sectors into four effects: national growth effect, structural effect, neighborhood competitive effect, and national competitive effect. The distances among the main cities of Iran’s provinces are considered in developing the distance based weight matrix for measuring neighborhood competitive effects. The research found that the effect of the structural change in the water, electricity and natural gas, construction communications, other mines, transportation, industry, and agriculture sectors are positive, therefore the share of the above sectors in the country is increasing and in the oil and other services sectors are negative. The highest neighborhood competitive effect among the provinces occurred in provinces of Bushehr, Tehran, Khuzestan, Kerman, Khorasan, and Isfahan while the least competitive advantage belonged to the province of Kohgilouyeh and Boyerahmad neighborhood competitive effect determine the leading sectors of each province. The national competitive effect is negative for all the provinces of the country, so most economic sectors of the country's provinces will have difficulty in attracting capital and production. Furthermore, it is estimated that the value-added growth rate of the provinces during 2014-2021 will be about 5.67 percent.

he purpose of this paper is the evaluation of suitability ofspatial error STAR model for modeling convergence of social welfare of Iran's provinces between 2000 and 2013. In this paper the LM tests show that the non-linear method is appropriate for convergence evaluation. In addition, the results indicate that 2 groups of provinces are separable: group 1 in which the social welfare growth is affected by the welfare of the regions themselves and group 2 in which it is not merely the effect of social welfare of the regions themselves, and spatial effects are observed among the provinces of this group. Moreover, based on our results, there is convergence among the regions of the first group while there is no convergence among the provinces of the second group.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of physical capital, human capital and social capital on the entrepreneurship level of individuals, using structural equations model and order logit model in Shahid Salimi industrial town of Tabriz in 2016. The data were collected form 121 economic activist who were randomly selected form the population. The empirical results show that human capital (level of education) and physical capital have negative and significant impact on the entrepreneurship level of individuals. But, human capital (level of experience) and social capital have positive and significant impact on the entrepreneurship level of individuals. In addition, attitudes, self-efficacy and expected entrepreneurial benefit have positive and significant effects on the entrepreneurship level of individuals.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate social welfare and the convergence of social welfare of Iran,s provinces. For the purpose we use Nahar and Inder convergence during 2000-2013. The results indicate that Kermanshah, Kohkiloyeh and Boyerahmad and Mazandaran areconvergence towards the average of welfare of the provinces and Also, West Azarbaijan, East Azarbaijan, Ardabil, Bushehr, Razavi Khorasan, North Khorasan, Semnan, Sistan and Baluchestan, Qom, Golestan, Lorestan and Hormozgan diverge from the average of welfare. Also, most of the Iran,s provinces have a lower welfare than the community average. Therefore, policymakers performance in this field are not suitable for balanced development of regions welfare.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the dynamics of income distribution and to find evidence of convergence or divergence in per capita income in Iranian provinces by using newly developed methods for Exploratory Space–Time Data Analysis (ESTDA). In order to achieve this goal, per capita income data were collected for the period from 1997 to 2014. Then, using the markov chain and the spatial markov chain, the transition probability matrix is estimated at different time periods. The results show that in an 18-year period in Iranian economy, there was a very small possibility that poor provinces (in terms of per capita income) could increase their per capita income. Also, the values of asymptotic distribution show very weak tendency to divergence in per capita income of Iranian provinces during period 1997 to 2000. According to the high probability of 77% for staying at each level of per capita income, one can claim that there is no strong evidence of convergence or divergence in the distribution of per capita income between provinces of Iran. Also, the estimation results of the spatial transition probability matrix show that the moves between income classes for each province depends on the performance and status of neighboring provinces.

The relationship between economy and democracy has always been one of the most controversial issues in humanities studies. In most studies, democracy has been considered as a factor affecting economic variables, but the influence of economic variables on democracy has been investigated much less. Based on the literature, the most important and effective economic factors of democracy are trade and economic growth. Therefore, in this paper, the impacts of trade on democracy have been investigated based on spatial econometric and geographical proximity in 2014. The results show that foreign trade has a significant and positive effect on democracy, but economic growth has no significant effect on it. Also, the effect of spatial proximity on improving the level of democracy in developing countries is approved. In general, the results confirm the spatial effects of geographical proximity and trade on improving democracy.

The purpose of this paper is to determine the most significant leading indicators of the currency crisis in two groups of countries, countries with the floating exchange rate regimes and countries with the non-floating ones. A unique set data that covers 43 countries and their currency crises during 1999-2014 and 64 indicators are used. Moreover, estimation technique that is robust to model uncertainty, i.e. Bayesian Model Averaging is applied. Two types of the warning systems are used. Therefore, in the first system, warning variables of currency crisis are investigated while in the second ones, determinants of the exchange market pressure volatility are examined. Morever, these systems involve monitoring the evaluation of several leading indicators from the financial, political, structural, trade and other sectors. Overall, the results indicate that Oil price plays a pivotal role as a warning variable in countries with floating exchange rate regimes in both systems. Just the same, for the countries that experienced non-floating exchange rate regime prior to the crisis and during of it, changes in exchange market pressure index is a significant leading indicator of currency crises.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of determinant factors on entrepreneurship level using logit and probit models in Shahid Salimi industrial town in Tabriz in 2016. The data were collected form 121 economic activist who were randomly selected from the population. The data were then analyzed using probit and logit models. The empirical results indicated that the level human capital has a negative and significant impact on entrepreneurship level. In addition, physical capital, social capital, expected benefit, financial and non-financial support of the government, attitudes, self-efficacy and subjective value have positive and significant effects on entrepreneurship level. Therefore, considering the importance of entrepreneurship in the country, promotion of variables increasing the entrepreneurship level as well as a fundamental reconsideration of the quality of education in Iran has been recommended.

Today is based on science and knowledge, as humanity has entered the age of information and communication after leaving the agrarian and industrial societies; it witnessed three: digital, internet and entrepreneurship revolutions. Today is the era of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs are leading the revolutionary that are based on knowledge, information and awareness. Evidence from developed countries suggests that the entrepreneurship has been causes of economic growth and development, and the only economic solution to treat stagnancy and inflation in Iran is to increase the supply and production which, in turn, depend on knowledge, creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship, investment in which is essential to achieve sustained development. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of demographic and environmental factors on the success of entrepreneurs using logit and probit models in Shahid Salimi industrial town in Tabriz in 2016. The data were collected form 121 economic activist who were randomly selected form the population. We use the Cochran formula to estimate the sample size and use the panel of experts to determine the validity of the questionnaire and use Cronbach's alpha coefficient to estimate reliability. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the main variables of the research are between 0.61 and 0.86. That it indicates the appropriate reliability of the research tool. The data were then analyzed using probit and logit models. The empirical results indicated that the level of education has a negative and significant impact on the success of entrepreneurs. In addition, years of experience, physical capital, financial and non-financial support of the government, attitudes, self-efficacy and social value have positive and significant effects on the success of entrepreneurs. According to the obtained results, the LR statistic in both models (logit and probit method) indicates the significance of the whole regression at 1% level. the calculations by the logit method show that by increasing one unit of years of experience, physical capital, financial and non-financial support of the government, attitudes, self-efficacy and social value, assuming the stability of other conditions, The probability of entrepreneurship in the mean increases respectively, 0.12, 0.35, 0.21, 5.77, 1.40 and 0.63 unit. Also, by increasing one unit of education level, assuming the stability of other conditions, the probability of entrepreneurship in the mean decreases, 0.27 unit. So that the calculations by the probit method show that by increasing one unit of years of experience, physical capital, financial and non-financial support of the government, attitudes, self-efficacy and social value, assuming the stability of other conditions, The probability of entrepreneurship in the mean increases respectively, 0.11, 0.33, 0.21, 5.24, 1.31 and 0.56 unit. Also, by increasing one unit of education level, assuming the stability of other conditions, the probability of entrepreneurship in the mean decreases, 0.25 unit. Therefore, considering the importance of entrepreneurship in the country, the researcher recommends the promotion of variables increasing the success of entrepreneurs as well as a fundamental reconsideration of the quality of education in Iran. In other words, the empirical findings of the research indicate that to succeed the entrepreneurs and through which more economic growth and development, attention to invest and the transformation of national assets and wealth into physical capital and non-financial support of the government that create entrepreneurial businesses and access to the banking facility are essential. Due to the fluctuations in the price of oil and the ending of these resources, it is recommended, that reduces dependence on oil and gas revenues and move towards the growth of export of innovative products. Thus, it will be obtained through the attention and support of investment in human beings and the creation of efficient human capital through education and accumulation of experience. Also, by educating and translating the culture of belief and self-efficacy, and providing an environment in which social values and attitudes toward entrepreneurship good achievements can be achieved.

Many development planners believe that development of tourism industry is the key factor for sustainable development. This industry can play an effective role in national, regional development as well as diversifying the national and regional economies. One of the consequences of tourism industry is its impact on regional income change and income distribution together with its economic and social effects.
This paper investigates the relationship between tourism industry development and income inequality among the provinces. For estimating the research model a panel data regression method with cross-section/ period Fixed Effects Testing model for the period of 2000- 2014 was utilized.
The paper found that there is a negative and significant between tourism industry development and income inequality among the Iran's provinces such that by developing of tourism industry, as it is, the inequality of income among the provinces will be decreased. Moreover, the increase of agricultural activities and increase of per capita public expenditures will decrease of income inequality among the provinces while the increase of production and export of industrial goods will increase of income inequality among the provinces.
Introduction In recent decades, the tourism industry has been increasing in both developed and developing countries. This industry has had a positive impact on economic growth through gaining foreign exchange and investment, increase of tax revenues and create job opportunities. Therefore in case of developing tourism industry in provinces the income equality would be declined.
The income inequality among the Iran's provinces is increasing such that during 2000-2014 years the per capita income of the top province to the last one increased from 3/78 to 6/2 As a result of the increase of income inequality, people of border- situated provinces migrating to center-situated provinces that led to worsening the income distribution against more underdeveloped provinces. Since in the five-year development plans instead of whole economy, economic sectors were highly considered therefore as a result of ignorance of balanced growth of the sectors the income inequality of the provinces was devastated. Accordingly, this paper is searching to find a response to decrease the income inequality among Iran's provinces through developing the tourism industry.
Materials and Methods In this study, for analyzing data a panel econometric model has been used, because this model constitutes both time series and cross section data such that estimation problems like autocorrelation and co-linearity will not occur. Therefore, these estimates are valid and more reliable. Meanwhile, in this research variables of agricultural activities, industrial exports and per capita public expenditure were utilized as independent variables.
The empirical findings confirm a long-run equilibrium relationship between the tourism industry, at its current position, decrease income inequality significantly.
Discussion and Conclusion In order to attain sustainable development, by considering the negative relationship between the tourism industry and income inequality in all provinces of the country, the research recommends to the government improving infrastructure for develop tourism industry in all provinces specially in provinces with high natural capabilities and low per capita income. Moreover, the government can facilitate tourism industry through some financial policies like tax and insurance reduction incentives and technical and credit subsidies. .
Conclusions The estimated regression model showed that the development of tourism industry improves income distribution significantly. Meanwhile, increase of agricultural production, industrial exports and the per capita public expenditure caused to a reduction in income inequality.

Social welfare is one of the suitable criteria for macroeconomic situation reviewing and policymakers performance evaluating in society. Therefore, social welfare convergence of regions is an important issue. Owing to the increment of social classes’ gap and inequality in society, politicians consider the social welfare convergence of regions to tackle the mentioned problem. To this end, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the convergence of social welfare of Iranian provinces with using spatial STAR nonlinear techniques during 2000-2013. The results indicate that there is a convergence between provinces that they have not spatial effects. In addition, the convergence speed in this group of provinces is equal to 3.1289. Also, the results indicate that there is not a convergence between the provinces that they have the spatial effects.