sayed mohammad marandi

Angiogenesis is crucial in the recovery and maintenance of heart function. Irisin may mediate the cardiac health‑promoting impact of exercise training. The aim of this study was to comparatively assess VEGF gene/protein expression in the heart tissue and correlations with serum irisin levels following resistance training, in comparison to exogenous irisin injection.

Twenty‑one NMRI mice were randomly assigned to the three group (n = 7 for each group): control, resistance exercise, and irisin. Exercised mice, for 8 weeks, three sessions per week and four sets of five repeats for each session were considered and mice climbed up a 1‑m‑height ladder with a slope of 80 degrees with a weight equal to 30% of mouse’s body weight fastened to their tails and gradually increased up twofold of body weight. The Irisin group received 100 µg/kg/week irisin for 8 weeks, intraperitoneally. The cardiac expression of the VEGF gene, by real‑time PCR, the level of VEGF protein, by IHC (immunohistochemistry) and western blot analysis, and serum irisin concentration, by ELISA, were evaluated.

The expression of the VEGF gene and protein, as well as serum Irisin levels, increased in all experimental mice compared to the control group (P < 0.05). Pearson’s correlation coefficient data indicated a positive correlation between the analyzed parameters in each group (P < 0.05 and r > 0).

There appears to be an interaction between resistance exercise and cardiac angiogenesis factors, mediated by irisin. So, irisin could be considered in cardiovascular health interventions, aiming to target specific molecules or pathways.

Angiogenesis plays a vital role in heart function. Irisin is a possible mediator of exercise effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the serum irisin level and the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor gene and protein in the heart tissue of NMRI mice after resistance training and irisin injection.

21 mice (NMRI, 5 weeks old, 18±2 grams) were randomly divided into three groups: control, exercise (resistance training) and irisin. The exercise protocol was implemented for eight weeks. A weight equal to 30% of the mice's weight was attached to their tails, and they climbed a ladder with a height of one meter. The weight gradually increased to twice the weight of the mouse. The irisin group received irisin at a dose of 100 μg/kg/week intraperitoneally for eight weeks. VEGF gene expression in the heart was evaluated using the real-time PCR method, VEGF protein was assessed by immunohistochemistry and western blot, and irisin serum concentration was measured by ELISA.

In comparison to the control group, the other study groups showed increased expression of VEGF gene and protein, as well as increased serum levels of irisin (P < 0.05). Pearson correlation coefficient demonstrated a significant positive relationship between these parameters within each group (P < 0.05, r > 0).

Irisin probably mediates the relationship between resistance training and angiogenesis in heart tissue.

Both aging and diabetes are two well‑established risk factors related to type 3 diabetes and memory deficits. Accordingly, diabetes multiplies the effects of aging on cognition impairments once these conditions occur simultaneously.

In this present experimental study, 56 male Wistar rats with HFD/STZ‑induced T2D were randomized into seven groups (n = eight animals per group): (1) sedentary old non‑diabetic (C); (2) sedentary HFD/STZ‑induced T2D (D); (3) sedentary HFD/STZ‑induced T2D plus UA (UA) (DU); (4) endurance‑trained HFD/STZ‑induced T2D (DE); (5) resistance‑trained HFD/STZ‑induced T2D (DR); (6) endurance‑trained HFD/STZ‑induced T2D plus UA (DEU); and (7) resistance‑trained STZ‑diabetic plus UA (DRU) rats. Two‑way ANOVA was applied to measure the training, supplementation, and interaction effect on serum and gene expression outcomes.

The study results established no significant interaction effect between the UA supplementation and the resistance/endurance training with regard to the levels of glucose (P = 0.534), insulin (P = 0.327), brain‑derived neurotrophic factor (P = 0.191), and insulin‑like growth factor‑1 (P = 0.448).

To develop novel practical nutritional strategies involving UA intake, further studies are thus needed to clarify how chronic consumption of UA with/without resistance/endurance training reverses cognition disorder process in old male Wistar rats with HFD/STZ‑induced T2D.

Since many cellular and molecular pathways involve in diabetes are unknown, the aim of the present study was to study the effects of aerobic exercise on glycogen stores in pre-diabetic rats.

Twenty-one homogenous male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into two groups including Mice fed standard diet (n=7) and Mice fed high fat diet (n=14). The mice were fed for 12 weeks and then the pre-diabetic conditions of the mice were assessed by fasting glucose and glucose tolerance tests. After confirmation of pre-diabetic conditions, mice fed a high-fat diet were divided into two groups as high-fat-sedentary diet, and high-fat diet-aerobic exercise. Mice in the training group were trained on a treadmill for 10 weeks, five days a week for 45 minutes in every session. Twenty-four hours after the last training session, the rats were killed and blood was drawn from the rats’ hearts. Liver tissue was isolated and frozen to measure glycogen synthase gene expression (RT-Real time PCR) in liquid nitrogen.  The independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis at the p<0.05 level.

The glycogen synthase levels in the aerobic exercise group were higher than the prediabetes group and had a significant effect on glycogen synthase expression (p=0.001). Also, liver glycogen showed significantly increase (p=0.001) in the amount of hepatic glycogen stores in the exercise group compared to the prediabetes group.

Aerobic exercise can lead to the improvement of the condition from pre-diabetic to healthy condition.

Obesity leads to metabolic diseases, and adipose tissue considered as one of the regulator of metabolism. Recent researches has demonstrated that some stimulants cause beiging of subcutaneous adipose tissue, resulting in thermogenesis and some other features of brown adipose tissue. The activation of β3-adrenergic receptors in the adipose tissue that occurs as a result of exercise also leads to the activation of UCP1 and is one of the most effective methods to combat obesity. Becacuse exercise is known as a cheap lifestyle intervention and the benefits of using it as a non-pharmocological treaetment in improvement of metabolic diseases, including obesity, have been well illustrated, Examining the molecular mechanisms of exercise is essential. One of these molecular mechanisms is the increase in thermogenesis due to exercise, which can be caused by the release of various types of cytokines. Due to the physical activity of the UCP1, it increases as the beige process occurs in the subcutaneus white adipose tissues. Increase in various cytokines and important genes involved in this process, which occur with different types of exercises at various levels, is a promise that exercises could be considered as one of the possible treatments for obesity and metabolic syndrome.

Research evidence shows that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely related to inflammation.

This study aimed to evaluate the response of inflammatory biomarkers to 10 weeks of aerobic resistance exercise in inactive postmenopausal women with NAFLD.

In this purposeful quasi-experimental study, conducted in Mahshahr, Iran, in 2019, 24 inactive women aged 50 - 68 years who were diagnosed with fatty liver disease by ultrasound were randomly divided into training or control groups. The training group performed aerobic resistance training for 10 weeks using treadmills and bodybuilding machines. At the beginning and end of the study, serum interleukin 18 (IL18), interleukin 10 (IL10), and other blood parameters were measured, and the subjects underwent liver ultrasound and anthropometric evaluations.

The results of intergroup ANCOVA, intragroup paired t-test, and Wilcoxon showed that in response to 10 weeks of training, IL18 levels, anthropometric parameters, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), liver enzymes, fasting glucose, triglyceride (TG), and liver fat were significantly decreased and plasma IL10 was significantly increased when compared to baseline results (P < 0.05). Also, the results of the Spearman correlation test showed a significant positive relationship between IL18 and waist circumference (WC), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and HOMA-IR and a significant negative relationship between IL10 and weight, WC, TG, HOMA-IR, and liver fat (P < 0.05).

Ten weeks of aerobic resistance training has a significant effect on reducing serum IL18 and increasing IL10 levels in postmenopausal women with fatty liver and can be effective in improving NAFLD by losing weight, improving body composition, and reducing insulin resistance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks aerobic exercise on the expression of LXRa, PEPCK and G6PC2 mRNA in the liver tissue of obese prediabetic mice. 18 male C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: 1. Mice fed a high-fat diet (prediabetic obese mice) (n=12), 2. Mice fed a standard diet (non-obese mice) (n= 6). Prediabetic conditions were confirmed by glucose tolerance test (GTT). Then, prediabetic mice were randomly divided into two groups: the high-fat diet-Exercised (HFD-Exe) and the high-fat diet-Sedentary (HFD-Sed). Exercise group were trained on a motor-driven treadmill at 21 m/min, 45 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. Mice were sacrificed 24 hours after last exercise session and blood was taken from the heart. The liver tissue was isolated and frozen to measure of LXRa and ABCA1 expression levels and was kept at -70 ̊C.Data indicated that the levels of liver LXRa and ABCA1 in trained mice were significantly higher than in untrained mice.The relative expression of key genes in gluconeogenesis, including G6PC2 and PEPCK in the liver of trained mice, was significantly reduced compared to untrained group. Also, aerobic exercise reduced steatosis and the liver enzymes in prediabetic mice.Following physical exercise, the expression of LXRa and ABCA1 mRNA expression in the liver of mice increases and protects mice from high-fat diet induced obesity and reduces the risk of NAFLD.

Multiple Sclerosis is a myelin destroyer disease, which physical activity can be effective in improving it. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of swimming on oligodendrocytic cells and myelin tissue in rat brain of the Cuprizone model of MS disease is investigated.

In this study, 21 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into Control groups, Cuprizone and Swim + Cuprizone. For the induction of MS, Cuprizone 0.6% were gavaged for one month. The group of Swim + Cuprizone swam at the same time with gavage. The training program included 4 weeks of swimming for 5 sessions per week and 30 minutes. Immunohistochemistry technique was used to determine the percentage of immature and mature oligodendrocytes and Luxol fast blue solution for evaluation of myelin density. Image j software and One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the findings.

The mean percentage of immature and mature oligodendrocytes and myelin density in the Swim+Cuprizone group was significantly higher than that of the Cuprizone group (p≤0.05).

Swimming decreases destruction of the oligodendrocytes and myelin cells due to Cuprizone.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by progressive dopamine depletion in the striatum, and leads to mitochondrial and motor disorders. The present study investigated the effect of moderate endurance training on motor disorder and mRNA expression of PPAR-γ, PGC-1α and BDNF in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of PD

Thirty two male Wistar rats were divided into 4 eqaul groups: 1. Vehicle (Sham), 2. Vehicle + endurance training, 3. 6-OHDA and 4. 6-OHDA + endurance training. The PD model obtained by unilateral injection of 6-OHDA (8µg/2µl) into the medial forebrain bundle, and the sham group recevied vehicle alone. Two weeks after the surgery, endurance training groups ran on a treadmill 30 min per day for 30 days. Six weeks after the surgery, the rat’s rotations due to apomorphine injection and hippocampal mRNA expression of PPAR-γ, PGC-1α and BDNF were analyzed using Real Time-PCR.

6-OHDA lesioned rats showed increased rotations (P≤0.001), decreased expression of PPAR-γ and BDNF mRNA and compensatory increased in PGC-1α mRNA. Edurance training improved both behavioural and molecular changes.

It seems that endurance training can reduce motor disorder and defects in expression of the mitochondrial factors in Parkinson’s disease.

Cardiovascular disease, including atherosclerosis, has an inflammatory background on a molecular scale. In the immune system, various factors activate macrophages, which ultimately lead to various macrophage activities in inflammatory and non-inflammatory conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of combined training on serum macrophage phenotype after cardiac arrhythmias and coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

The present study was a quasi-experimentalstudy performed in the Heart Rehabilitation Center of Afshar Hospital in Yazd. 20 male patients after coronary artery bypass graft surgery were divided into the control and combined exercise groups. Functional capacity, body mass index, muscle strength, and waist-to-hip ratio were estimated before training.The combined program was included aerobic and resistance training for eight weeks, three sessions per week. Aerobic training was performed for 15-20 minutes with maximum intensity of 50-80% of maximum heart rate and resistance training program included three upper limb and two lower limb movements with three sets and 10 repetitions. Blood samples were taken before and after eight weeks and macrophage phenotypes were measured by the ELISA method. Data were analyzed through independent t-test and paired t-test using SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL; version 16 software.

The combined exercise resulted in a significant decrease in the M1 macrophage (P<0.05) and a significant increase in the M2 macrophage (P<0.05).

The results of this study emphasize the usefulness of this training protocol as a means to reduce inflammation and decreasing the mortality and morbidity rates.

The results of this study emphasize the usefulness of this training protocol as a means to reduce inflammation and decreasing the mortality and morbidity rates.

The purpose of this study was to compare metabolic hormone responses to resistance exercise with alternative levels and with and without blood flow restriction in active girls. The research methodology was semi-experimental with cross design, 11student from the university of Esfahan (19 years old) were chosen and were posited in 3 different exercise conditions: low intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction, the same condition without blood flow restriction and high intensity resistance training without blood flow restriction, all of the training was conducted within a week interval. Practice sessions include flexion and extension for arm and knee in 3 periods with 15 repetitions. In blood flow restriction group, while training, the proximal of the intended organ with tourniquet (100-120 mmhg) was closing. The blood sample, before and immediately after extreme training was collected in order to determining the growth hormone density, Insulin-like growth factor, Testosterone, Cortisol and lactate. The repeated measure analyze of variance was used to analyze data. According to results the growth hormone and lactate in all three training conditions had a significant increase in comparison to pre-test (P

Acute phase exercises can cause severe morphological damages to skeletal muscles involved in those activities. According to the growing importance of sports supplements, the aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the effect of L- Arginine supplements on the oxidative and nitrosative stress induced in gastrocnemius muscle acute exercises in rats.

Thirty two male Vistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: sedentary control (SC); sedentary control with L-Arg treatment (SC Arg); exhaustive exercise (E); and exhaustive exercise with L-Arg treatment (E Arg). E and Eʸ groups performed a 1 hour acute running test, or until exhaustion on a treadmill (16-26 m/min) and Arg and Eʸ groups treated orally with the L-Arg (2% diet, for 30 days). Sampling was performed 1 hour after exercise. Nitric oxide production was evaluated by measuring nitrite formation, using Griess reagent. oxidant-Antioxidant’s ratio was measured as TOS / TAC levels.

Acute exercise decreased NO in (SC Arg), (E) and (E Arg) groups compared to the control group but it was significant change just in (E Arg) group. The antioxidant-oxidant’s balance of TOS / TAC decreased in (E) group compared to the control group. CPK increased in (E), (SC Arg) and (Eʸ) groups compared to the control group (SC). (p≤0.05).

The results of the present study didn’t show existence of oxidative-nitrosative stress and supplementation effect in gastrocnemius muscle 1 h after the acute phase exercise.

Dehydration due to exercise and heat is a regular issue among athletes that can affect an athlete's performance and even health. This study aimed to identify the effects of different hydration intensity on some of physiological and physical functions in active women.
Ten healthy active women with an average age: 26.6±6.24 years, Height: 163.5 ± 20. 20cm, weight 54.6 ± 89. 59kg and BMI 20. 59 ± 2. 45kg/m2 voluntarily participated in three separate days at different intensity euhydration , mild and moderate dehydration. Dehydration situation provided by exercise, heat stress and water consumption. Anaerobic power, upper and lower body muscular strength and endurance were measured in three conditions. To analyse the data the repeated measure variance were used and the significance level was considered at p At mild and moderate dehydration situations significant reduction were observed as compare to euhydration situation including; in anaerobic power 7.37 per cent and 11.94 per cent, upper body muscular Endurance 3.4 per cent and 17.44 per cent, lower body muscular endurance 2.66 per cent and 5.75 per cent, lower body muscular strength 4 per cent and 11 per cent respectively. Upper body muscular strength in moderate dehydration as compared to euhydration situation also 8.62 per cent decreased.
It seems that some physical factors such as anaerobic power, muscular strength and endurance, also in mild intensities may be significantly reduced by dehydration.

Gait impairment is common in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite many available studies on improvement of gait pattern in patients with multiple sclerosis, rehabilitation treatment protocols are still controversial in the literature.The aim of this study was to evaluate gait pattern characteristics in MS patients with specific clinical symptoms and offer suitable treatment protocols considering previous studies. An electronic search was performed in PubMed, Embase, Google scholar and ISI Web of Sciences from 1990 to 2014 using some keywords include physical therapy, multiple sclerosis, walking pattern, gait and rehabilitation. Selected articles were divided into two categories namely, gait characteristics and patterns (n=27) and affective treatment protocols on gait (n=33). Then, modified downs and black tool was used for quality assessment.Among 27 papers in the first category, the score of 25 papers were lower than 19 and the score of 2 papers were equal to 19. From 33 papers in second category, the score of 21 papers were lower than 19 and the score of 12 papers were equal and higher than 19. Articles with the score of equal and higher than 19 have high methodological quality. Spastic and cerebellar ataxia gait pattern have been seen in patients with multiple sclerosis. Considering the clinical symptoms and the gait patterns in a properly designed rehabilitation program is needed. The reported results of this studysuggest the application ofStretch-based relaxationtrainingin rehabilitation program of spastic gait pattern among MS patients. Moreover, balance and strength training may necessary in training program of MS people with cerebellar ataxia gait pattern.

Since correlations have been found between body composition and physical activity in different parts of the world, inactivity and poor physical condition likely contributes main factors in childhood obesity. This study was implemented to determine the relationship between cardiovascular fitness and body‑composition in a group of Iranian middle school students. In this descriptive study, subjects comprised of 12,946 students (10,531 girls and 2,415 boys aged 11–13 years) in the city of Isfahan. Height, weight, body‑fat percent, body mass index, and cardiovascular fitness of the aforesaid students were measured by valid tests. This study showed that fat percentage and aerobic fitness (VO2 max) of girls were 24.73%, and 29.5 (ml/kg/min) and boys19.32% and 36.4 (ml/kg/min) respectively. Results also revealed that there was a negative significant correlation between fat percent and aerobic fitness of boys (r = −0.81), and girls (r = −0.77) respectively. To conclude, this study signifies that fat percentage augmentation leads to a decrease in aerobic fitness of children. Thus, fat percentage can be associated with different chronic diseases such as cardiovascular ones.

Some local governments have implemented strategies to increase physical activity as a way to control obesity in children, but in Iranian students few studies have evaluated the effects of such interventions on overweight and obese children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a short‑term school‑based physical activity on obesity and cardiovascular fitness in 12-‑14-‑year-‑old boy students. This study showed an intervention effect on some health‑related fitness factors in students. A number of 127 boy students aged 12–14 years, in the city of Isfahan, based on preventive plan of inactivity in children at the provincial Health office selected randomly as subjects. Measurement variables include; weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist‑hip ratio (WHR), body‑fat percent and aerobic power of subjects measured by valid tests. This study revealed that body‑fat percentage of this students changed near to 17.84% (42.25% pretest vs. 34.71% posttest), WHR 0.44%, (0.915 pretest vs. 0.911 posttest), VO2 max changed 8.54% (27.84 pretest vs. 30.22 posttest) whereas BMI was changed 2.61% (26.81 pretest vs. 26.03 posttest). Results also revealed that there were significant differences between fat percent, (P = 0.001) and VO2 max (P = 0.001), but there was no difference between BMI of subjects in pre and posttests (P = 0.452). Findings of this study signify that an implementation of short‑term intervention components in the school system may have a beneficial effect on body‑fat percentage and cardiovascular fitness of overweight/obese children.

In the past two decades, physical activity has decreased during both childhood and adolescence, and particularly adolescence. It seems that schools are attractive settings in which to implement interventions designed in order to promote physical activity in children; but in Iranian students, few studies have evaluated the effects of such interventions on overweight and obese children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a short‑term school‑based physical activity on obesity and aerobic fitness in 12–14 years aged girls. This is a study with single group pretest and posttest design, in which 129 middle school girls in city of Isfahan were assessed based on preventive plan of inactivity in children at the Provincial Health Office. Variables, including weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist‑hip ratio (WHR), body fat percentage and aerobic power of subjects were measured using valid tests. This study showed that subjects’ body fat percentage changed about 3.6% (37.74% pretest vs. 36.39% posttest), VO2 max changed 7.43% (29.72 pretest vs. 31.93 posttest), WHR changed 1.12% (0.89 pretest vs. 0.88 posttest), whereas BMI was changed 1.65% (27.80 pretest vs. 27.34 posttest). Findings also revealed that there were significant differences between fat percent, (P = 0.001) and VO2 max (P = 0.001) of subjects, but there was no difference between BMI of them in pre‑ and post‑tests (P = 0.361). These results suggest that even a short‑term exercise intervention may lead to positive changes in body fat percentage, WHR and aerobic fitness of overweight children. Therefore, school‑based physical activity interventions can be an effective preventive strategy to control obesity and overweight in students.

Neurotrophies، are the major growth factors in the nervous system، although the exact mechanisms underlying these effects have been remained obscure. Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a critical neurotrophine for learning، memory، and neuronal plasticity. Moreover، it exerts an important role in controlling neuronal disorders and genetic diseases such as Alzheimer، Parkinson، depression، epilepsy etc. Although there are several conflicting data in this respect، it has been reported that brain considerably responds to exercise and results in significant changes in the anatomical، molecular and cellular level of body. The findings suggest that exercise and activity helps to maintain cognitive function and brain structure، especially due to aging. Brain plasticity that is controlled by BDNF can be the basis of the beneficial effects of exercise on brain health. The present study discusses different molecular effects of BDNF and the effect of exercise on the expression of this factor and controlling related diseases.

Neurotrophins have been recognized as the main trophic factors in the nervous system. They are a broad family of polypeptide growth factors and the main factors responsible for modulating of synaptic development. They share a common basic structure but in certain areas which connect to their specific receptors. Thus، they exert different performances triggering survival or apoptosis pathway. One way to increase the activity of neurotrophins in different synapses and neurons is increasing the number of respective receptors on the cell surface. The main member of this family is Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor which is constructed by neurons especially those located in hippocampus and cortex which are involved in learning and memory. Thereby، its expression is regulated by central neurotransmitter and peripheral hormones. Many of the brain''s abilities to adapt or change in response to experience or environment depended on the synaptic neuronal plasticity and connections. However، the molecular mechanisms that translate neuronal activity patterns for specific changes in synapses are not clearly understood.

The aim of this study was to determine the amount of total antioxidant capacity and hydrogen peroxide changes after an acute exercise in Wistar rats. 14 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups as control and acute exercise groups. Acute exercise intensity was set to 16 to 26 m/min for one hour، or until exhaustion on a treadmill running. Blood samples were collected 1 hour after exercise. Total antioxidant capacity and hydrogen peroxide were detected by FRAP and FOX-1 methods respectively. When the normal distribution of the data was revealed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test، it is applied independent t-test at significance level of p<0. 05. Results showed that TAC (p= 0. 002) and H2O2 (p= 0. 003) significantly increased in the acute exercise group as compared with control group. Although the level of hydrogen peroxide increased in response to the acute exercise، improved antioxidant capacity may be indicator of response of rats antioxidant system to the performed acute exercise.

Physical activity without appropriate recovery causes structural damage to the muscles. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cold water immersion and passive recovery after anaerobic performance on muscle damage indices and blood cell count.

The participants were ten trained female swimmers from Isfahan University of Technology with the mean age of 17.8 ± 2.2 years. First, they did the 100 meters front crawl in two separate days with 1-week distance. Then, they participated in one of the two methods of recovery intervention including 15 minute sitting beside the pool (passive or PAS) or cold water immersion (CWI) in 23ᵒC. Afterwards, both methods were followed by 45 minutes sitting beside the pool. Leukocyte profile and venous blood markers of muscle damage including creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were also measured pre-exercise and 1 and 24 hours post-exercise. Repeated measure and LSD were used for data analysis.

One hour after CWI, the mean level of CK significantly decreased and it was not any change in leukocytes, neutrophils and monocytes compared to PAS. One hour after CWI, LDH significantly increased comparing pre-exercise. All of these factors except CK, recovered to base measures after 24 hours.

It seems that after anaerobic performance, CWI can reduce damage and leukocytes count and improve recovery conditions.

The purpose of the present study was to determine whether kata training leads to reductions of stereotypic behaviors in Asperger syndrome. In this single-subject study، three boys with Asperger syndrome were required to exercise Heian Shodan kata for 12 weeks. Changes in the severity of stereotypy was assessed at one-week intervals during the experimental phase and one month after termination of the intervention using multiple baseline method. The Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-Second Edition (GARE-SE) was used to measure stereotypic behaviors. Analysis of within and between subject effects was done using diagrams for stability envelope and data trending. Training in Heian Shodan Karate decreased stereotypy in all three participants [Percentage of Non-overlapping Data (PND) =83. 33% for first and second participants، PND=91. 67% for the third participant] and this reduction was maintained one month after termination of the intervention. Long-term kata training resulted in reductions of stereotypic behaviors in three boys with Asperger Syndrome. However، research with larger sample sizes is required to examine the effectiveness of this intervention and improve confidence in the current findings.

People are forced to exercise in areas with inappropriate conditions such as polluted air. Harmful effects of air pollution are intensified during physical activity and training due to increased metabolic needs. This study compared the effects of intermittent exercise in polluted and clean air on hemolysis of red blood cells in endurance runners. Using purposive convenience sampling، 10 female endurance runners with at least three years of experience of regular exercise were selected. Their mean age، height، weight، and body mass index were 18. 80 ± 2. 74 years، 164 ± 2. 84 cm، 51. 58 ± 3. 37 kg، and 19. 67 ± 1. 28، respectively. Immediately after an interval training protocol with 85% of maximum heart rate، blood samples from left brachial vein were collected in a sitting position. The first samples were obtained on a polluted day (air quality index: 118). Second sampling was conducted 18 days later، after a rainy night (air quality index: 77). Both procedures were performed at a particular time of day. Hemolysis of red blood cells was determined by measuring bilirubin and serum haptoglobin levels through spectrophotometry and immunoturbidometric tests، respectively. Paired t-tests were used to compare the two measurements. Bilirubin levels increased significantly (22%) after exercise in polluted air compared to clean air (P = 0. 001). Although haptoglobin levels decreased (23. 86%) after exercise in high concentrations of pollutants، this reduction was not statistically significant compared to the levels obtained in clean air (P = 0. 09). It seems that an interval training session in high concentrations of air pollutants will be associated with more hemolysis of red blood cells.

The Pilates is one of the new training methods that seem to be effective in reducing weight, risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of Pilates training on selective physiological and physical fitness in untrained overweight females. 30 female non - athlete overweight students with body mean mass index of 26/25 ± 1/84Kg/m2, volunteered in this study and were randomly assigned to either experimental or control groups. The experimental group performed Pilates training 3 sessions a week for 8 weeks, each session lasting one hour. Control group did not do any special exercise. body weight, body mass index, fat percent (sum–of-four-skin folds: triceps, supriliac, abdominal, thigh), fat body mass, lean body mass, waist circumference, aerobic power, systolic and diastolic blood pressure in resting time, excellent hand power, abdominal muscular endurance, and flexibility (sit-and-reach and shoulder-reach) were assessed before initiation and after termination of the intervention program. To measure differences between experimental and control groups regarding these variables, one-way analysis of covariance and dependent t-test were conducted at the P level of 0.05. Study Results showed that, fat percent, fat body mass and waist circumference significantly decreased in the experimental group at the end of exercising period (P < 0/05). Moreover, aerobic power, abdominal muscular endurance, flexibility (sit-and-reach and shoulder-reach) and excellent hand power significantly increased in the experimental group as compared to the control group (P < 0/05). There is no significant difference between experimental and control groups in total body weight, body mass index, lean body mass and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P > 0/05). The result of present study proved that Pilates exercise over an 8-week period with 3 one-hour sessions per week can decrease fat percent, fat body mass and waist circumference and improve such variables as flexibility, hand power, abdominal muscular endurance and aerobic power.

Sleep disturbances are common among older adults. Recently there is much interest in complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) from the population in general, and the elderly are no exception. Tai Chi exercise as a CAM can be performed by older adults. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Tai Chi Exercise on sleep quality of elderly residents in Sadeghiyeh elderly care home. In this Clinical Trial, 62 older subjects aged older than 65 years residents of elderly home in Isfahan were studied. They randomized in two experimental and control groups. The intervention was the Tai Chi Exercise sessions wereheld three times per week for 12 weeks. Duration of exercise was 5 minutes at first session which gradually increased to 20 to 25 minutes by the midpoint of intervention. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) was used for pre and post evaluation of older adult sleep quality. Data analyzed using the SPSS14 software. There were no differences in demographic characteristics or psychological variables between two groups. Mean age of studied subjects in experimental and control groups was 68.74(5.48) and 69.42(5.34), respectively. In the Tai Chi group sleep quality was improved significantly with decrease in PSQI global score. In control group sleep quality was not changed significantly. At the end of study, mean differences of PSQI global score between two groups different significantly. Our finding is coherent with other studies in this field indicated that the Tai Chi Exercise can have a significant effect on sleep quality in older adults.