جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « هژمونی » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

One of the common social and intellectual approaches in history is mysticism and Sufism,which has been accompanied by changes since its formation until its peak and perfection.approach, despite the effect on components, has also been affected by various factors.Despite the impact on other components, approach has also been influenced by various factors, and at the same time,these interactions have created platform that caused the spread or stagnation of the school of Sufism.This article has analyzed the reasons for the emergence of Sufism and Sufism based on Gramsci's theory hegemony with the analytical-descriptive method and the use of reliable library sources.Hegemony means power and dominance.Gramsci's belief, hegemony takes place without coercion by relying on persuasion and public consent.result of the research shows in the early centuries,which considered as the foundation and budding period of Sufism,cultural,political and religious issues and especially social and ideological issues played a role in gaining the strength of Sufism.which include:the importance of religion and the nature of God-knowing of man, the emergence of the Islamic religion,attention to the interior of the Sharia, the social situation of the society,the emergence of some personalities,the presentation of the true issues of Sufism, the emergence of some sects,the lifestyle of the Prophet Helping Sufis to oppressed people, writing books, introspection of ascetics, tendency to asceticism, belief in the mortality of the world, belief in avoiding self-worship,belief in reward and punishment,belief in taking care of deeds,approach of kings to Sufism and Sufis which has caused Sufism and Sufism to be among the hegemon group and guide the public mind towards persuasion and satisfaction not by force but by consent and political leadership

Literary discourse analysis refers to the analysis of linguistic and meta-linguistic data of a literary text to reach different concepts and interpretations. This research, in a descriptive-analytical way, has investigated and analyzed the novel The Marde gereftar from the perspective of analyzing its ruling discourse. The necessity of conducting this research is that it shows that the literary text is not only linguistic and aesthetic data, and it is possible to obtain different interpretations and perceptions of it through linguistic and meta-linguistic data. This research was done in a descriptive and analytical way and based on library sources. In terms of discourse, this story can be classified into three parts: dominant discourse, new discourse and failure of new discourse. The discourse of power, by monotonizing language and society and suppressing dialogue and other communication, takes a step towards expanding power and consolidating it as much as possible, which itself has a great impact on the construction of society and homogenous subjects. Finally, since no discourse can fully establish itself, a new discourse emerges in opposition to the prevailing discourse, which is represented by the first character of the story. By producing a new discourse, one of the essentials of which is a new identity, the subject finds a new identity and gradually the previous discourse is marginalized.

IntroductionThe key terms “hegemony” and “counter-hegemony” were first suggested by Antonio Gramsci to describe the soft power in the hands of the ruling system. In Gramsci’s definition, hegemony is related to those discourses in which the ruling system’s values are included and attempted to gain the consent of people in a soft way. In contrast, counter-hegemony means those opposing discourses that stand against the hegemonic discourses and expresses the ideals of the people outside power. While Naipaul’s A Bend in the River reflects the dominant hegemony in colonial and postcolonial era, it is at the same time concerned with exposing the ruling values and producing counter-hegemony. Background of the StudyAlthusser was in search of the ideologies that help Capitalism live through human souls, and be dominant and omniscient in the citizens of his hometown. With the benefit of the constructive system of thought of Claude Lévi-Strauss and Jacques Lacan psychoanalysis and their combination with the traditional Marxism, Althusser was demanding an analysis of different ideologies that elegantly has framed the thoughts and ideologies of a society has satisfied them, and at the same time they are reproducing themselves in the same system. Althusser always had two main questions in his mind, which has framed his Marxist thoughts: first, how a society with reproducing its connections and relationships reproduces itself, and becomes stable through the passing of time; second, what makes the society ready for a social revolution.Methodology Althusser mentions two major mechanisms for insuring that people within a state behave according to the rules of that state: Ideological State Apparatuses (ISA) and Repressive State Apparatuses (RSA). ISAs are institutions which generate ideologies that individuals (and groups) then internalize, and act in accordance with. These ISAs include schools, religions, the family, legal systems, politics, arts, sports – organizations that generate systems of ideas and values, which we as individuals believe. Another is what Althusser calls the RSAs that can enforce behavior directly, such as the police and the criminal justice system. Although the ISAs appear to be quite disparate, they are unified by subscribing to a common ideology in the service of the ruling class; indeed, the ruling class must maintain a degree of control over the ISAs in order to ensure the stability of the RSAs.ConclusionThe main focus of the selected novel is confined to the reign of the "Big Man" and most of his methods for institutionalizing his ideological system by the help of ISAs. He is well aware that using force and violence alone cannot be done, so he resorted to indirect ideological methods to gain legitimacy and gain public satisfaction. These include projects such as "nationalism" and "extremism" whereby the property of citizens of the descendants of the Congo is confiscated. The government also launches a special kind of school and university, a quasi-modern educational system based on all-European models to train obedient and westernized young intellectuals who lack the creativity and power of analysis. In all of this, the President does not resort to force and RSA feeds such as prisons, police, army and European mercenary troops, wherever necessary, but secretly uses them as far as necessary. So as not to tarnish his image in the minds of his people. But the mistake that this coup dictator is making is that he cannot reproduce his ideology and address its weaknesses according to the needs of society, a principle which Althusser emphasizes. As a result, this method loses its effectiveness over time, and the revolutionary forces of the Liberation Army with their anti-modern ideology destroy all the gains of the former regime.

In this article, the topic of ideology has been explained, then the necessity of examining the effects of child and adolescent stability from the perspective of ideology and the examination of overt and hidden ideology, as well as theorists' opinions about ideology, have been given. Ideology is the creator of our experimental world, the creator of our world itself. Ideology helps people to recognize themselves in the world and gives them a special kind of knowledge. It can be said that man cannot escape from ideology; Because ideology is present in man's unconscious and plays an important role in his representation of events and incidents in an imperceptible way. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the audience of the texts, because they can grow up under the influence of ideology, and since the audience of children and teenagers is not aware of the ideology in the texts, therefore the authors of these texts should Pay attention to this point and pay more attention in creating works related to this group of audience Children's literature is seriously ideological and the contents of books have the ability to be examined from the point of view of attitudes, values ​​and opinions. These ideologies are found in these books in an open and hidden form. Explicit ideology may show itself in an internal form. But the hidden ideology is displayed in the form of social structures, intellectual or hypothetical expressions. In fact, ideology can be examined as an aspect of the content and subject matter, and since this content and subject matter is very important in children's literature, The current research aims to investigate this aspect of meaning by looking at two novels of adolescent persistence published by the Children and Adolescent Intellectual Development Center. In this research, the following questions have been answered that the dominant ideologies of teenage novels published by the center of intellectual education are overt or hidden, and whether dealing with social values ​​in these works is one of the concerns of the authors of teenage novels or the concerns of the audience? 2-MethodologyThis kind of research has already happened in the form of content analysis of printed books. However, directly dealing with the hegemonic aspect of the overt and hidden ideology of adolescent stability novels is a new work, and it is hoped that by doing it, a solution will be provided to the authors to provide new content and meanings needed by children and adolescents. Therefore, the present research has analyzed two sustainable novels from the publications of the Children and Adolescent Intellectual Development Center from the perspective of overt and hidden ideologies based on Althusser and Gramsci with descriptive-analytical method. In this research, it was found that most of the values ​​discussed in these works are honesty, sacrifice, defense of the homeland, etc., which have occurred in these novels in the form of obvious ideology, which is a concern of the authors and the structure. Dominant education returns to the society. Among the hidden ideologies of these books, we can mention the attempt of the dominant or superior forces to maintain their rule over the subordinate society through educational and coercive structures. 3-Discussion Sociology of literature defined the science of studying and knowing the content of literary works and the psychological and social origin of their creators as well as the lasting impact these works have on the society. In fact, the sociology of literature is the scientific study of the content of the literary work and its nature in connection with other aspects of life. The authors intend to reflect the ideology in the novel according to the opinions of these two theorists, although these two theorists are representatives of materialistic thoughts and the authors of the mentioned works, due to the connection of these works with the values ​​of sacred defense, do not only reflect materialistic thoughts, but also a common feature. It is the defense of human rights based on justice. In the general classification, it can be said that although Gramsci divides hegemony into political and civil parts, in these two works, the manifestations of civil hegemony show more than political hegemony; It seems that writers tend to be hegemonic representatives of cultural institutions and have an informative and positive function rather than a repressive and negative function, which, of course, has an influencing role in children's literature; Therefore, the hegemony of the ideological apparatus of the state through institutions prepares the society to accept the ideology and flaunts its power through educational systems. It seems that in this era, the hegemony of religious and moral institutions has the first place, and after that, the hegemony of educational institutions is manifested in two novels. There is only one case of political hegemony in our era, and that is in the novel Ladder to the Sky, where the repressive apparatus of the government is used to pay taxes. Therefore, political hegemony targets individuals. Of course, due to the religious identity of the Islamic Republic of Iran, sometimes we witness the merging of these two religious and educational institutions, and sometimes it may seem that educational institutions are also representatives of religious institutions. It seems that the increase of religious hegemony in this era is compatible with the themes of stability and holy defense, because holy defense represents religious and religious values.  4- The result As it was mentioned, ideology is a collection of ideas and thoughts that is associated with a general plan. This program can guide individuals and groups on a smaller level and governments and political powers on a larger level towards what they call the ultimate goal. In fact, ideology is, in a way, knowledge of ideas. Thoughts applied by groups that dominate society and individuals and seek to prove the legitimacy of the group that benefits from the desired ideology.Literary texts and works, as one of the tools that can promote and spread ideas and thoughts, have always been of interest to groups and governments and have been used in the educational structure of governments. In this article, which was written with the aim of examining the hegemony of ideology in selected texts, after examining two novels of adolescent persistence, published by the Center for Intellectual Development of Children and Adolescents, it was found that in all these novels, ideology is evident. The hidden ideology has prevailed and maybe the authors have preferred to use the overt ideology because of the age of their audience.In fact, what has been considered by the writers the most is the promotion of moral and religious values ​​such as sacrifice, patriotism, respect for parents, persistence in the face of oppression, etc., and this shows that the writers are less Addressing the real concerns of teenagers, they wrote the mentioned works based on the ideological needs of the society.

Reading the written poems of Shamlou and Jacque Prévert, referring to the published press and the period of creation of these poets' works before the Islamic Revolution of Iran and after the Second World War, shows the importance of some recurring concepts often used beyond their beliefs and emotions. In other words, in each era, there is a dominant discourse that all the written texts are under its influence; In fact, hegemony or superiority in each society decides and defines, what can be written or said. By relying on this fact, a work could be accepted or ignored. Moreover, according to Aristotle’s logic in hegemony concentrating on the sentiments, the majority of the society show sentimental reactions, called pathos. Both of these concepts are not only seen in conversations but also in the published books. So one work will be understandable if it is compared with the other published works, in this research, we are only dedicated to study newspapers and published advertisements reflecting anxieties, concerns, social and political thoughts of the society, which can give us considerable information about hegemony in the society of each era. Knowing this fact Marc Angenot has worked on social discourses and comparative study his works, revels the basic, common and dominant concepts of war, progress and freedom.

Proverbs are a part of concise and selective prose in Persian literature, which, in addition to reflecting customs, habits, beliefs and dominant ideologies and society's culture as a whole, are very common and influential due to their narrative structure and form. This research has been done with a focus on, and critical reading of the collection of proverbs of Bahmanyari's proverbs and The Great dictionary of Persian Proverbs, and the analytical approach of the research is based on cognitive linguistics and discourse analysis. In this review, we tried to show how false beliefs about the position of women in the family and society have been formed and naturalized. This attitude aggravates the male/female binaries in patriarchal society and, in addition, it gives value to this opposition and binary. The value that provokes the superior/inferior binary. The damage of such a valuative view becomes apparent when it appears axiomatic and natural and its acceptance becomes not only axiomatic but also a standard for measuring behavior according to the norm and common sense and no one should have doubts about its incorrectness, unnaturalness and unnecessariness. Among the types of speech acts and rhetorical forms, proverbs as accepted speech acts make the naturalization process of this transcendental attitude more obvious. Beliefs such as women's unfaithfulness and lack of secrecy, their inferiority and lack of intellect, being watchful for opportunities to show off, being made only to serve in the kitchen, having children and being responsible for raising them, the need for external beauty as an obligatory thing for them and the need early marriage for girls and many other cases that the process of their reproduction and naturalization are studied and revised in this subject.

The study of hegemonic semantics shows how the signs take their transcendental path and serve the hegemonic meanings. The purpose of this study is to investigate the formation, production, and reception of meaning in the field of sustainability literature. In this regard, the hegemony in the two resistance-oriented poems by Mehdi Hamidi Shirazi entitled "In the waves of the sand" and the poem "Abd al-Sabar" composed by Mahmoud Darvish was examined. Sign-semantic study of these two discourses shows how two poets, using cultural, national, and local backgrounds and archives, produce resistance-oriented meanings, distancing themselves from existing and known contexts and confronting the narrator with unexpected elements. Other findings of the study include the existence of two identical value systems, which is the praise of freedom and liberty. This value system is in the mechanisms of production in the scheme of emotional discourse in order to establish the prevailing hegemony, that is, to praise stability and freedom in society, and to marginalize other concepts.

Hegemony is generally defined as a kind of intellectual-cultural leadership that is applied to the majority of people by a dominant group. In the meantime, the anti-hegemonic groups have a kind of discourse that it conflicts with the accepted values of the government. In order to advance goals, the dominant discourse tries to gain hegemony; and the marginal anti-hegemony groups also design some strategies to hegemonized their discourse. This study uses the content analysis method based on Antonio Gramsci's theory of hegemony in order to analyze the discourse of Malekalshara's Republic poem in which he produces both hegemony and anti-hegemony. In this poem which has two different meaning, Malekalshara apparently agrees with Reza Khan's Republican discourse, but in fact he challenges Reza Khan new political order through language strategies implicitly. The two different semantic faces of a text structure, leads to textual contradiction which is taken into the consideration in this poem. This article studies the hegemonic process of the republican system by approaching the bahar discourse and also examines Reza Khan's behaviors in cultural hegemonic processes in order to create a new political order. Our theoretical foundation for entering the channel of discussion, as stated earlier, is Antonio Gramsci's hegemony theory.

In this study, based on Saadi’s Bustan, we have raised the question of how the peasantry gained power in the social structure. According to the hegemony and power approach, whose experts are Antonio Gramsci and Michel Foucault, and using the methods of critical discourse analysis and intertextuality, we examined power and resistance, which are the circles of interaction between community participants.Considering the multifaceted function of discourse in the seventh century texts, the research findings showed that along with Sufis and Zaheds and various social groups that used their own mechanisms to gain power, the subordinate class and the peasants also gained new power.By combining the ideas with the religious, mystical and customary beliefs in the society, which at the same time caused their own obedience and subjugation, they developed a mechanism that by reproducing and applying it,forced the most powerful individuals to surrender.Thus, with a deconstructive reading of texts, complex action and interaction between actors replaces the diminishing notion of one-sided interaction between socially active groups.

In order to prevent the extinction of languages, it seems necessary to pay attention to the interactions of languages and to recognize linguistic changes according to the existing conditions along with other factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of morpho-syntactic hegemony of Farsi language on the Mazandarani language. The hypothesis of the research is that Farsi has hegemonic power on local languages, and this research seeks to answer the question whether Farsi language is morpho-syntactically superior on Saravi variety of the Mazandarani language? This research is a descriptive and analytical field study in addition to analyzing the data, examines the effect of social factors such as age and geographical location as independent variables on morphology and syntax of Mazandarani; as a dependent variable. In the present study, the questionnaire,interview and observation toolshave been used, and a classical sampling of 53 people, were randomly selected from urban and rural areas of Sari. The results show that the Mazandarani language is about to become Persianized by interfering with processes such as analogy and over generalization in different generations. Identification of Factors can be used by language sociologists and language planners.

Traditional societies had a patriarchal structure at the beginning of the modern era. The extent of patriarchal norms and the domination of what Michel Foucault called the "regime of truth" in the traditional epoch tried to consider women as an object and in this way to keep women under men's control. Women's resistance to patriarchal hegemony and the fate of women's resistance to the domination of this ideology in literary works has become a point of confrontation between the New Historicist Stephen Greenblatt, and Cultural Materialist Alan Sinfield. The former believes that women's opposition to the dominant discourse and patriarchal ideology is ultimately digested by the dominant ideology. On the other hand, Sinfield and other cultural materialists are optimistic about the outcome of this confrontation. According to them, women's resistance to patriarchal ideology demonstrate dissidence being incorporated, necessarily, with reference to dominant structures and it can ultimately lead to the discontinuity of patriarchal hegemony. This study aims to explore the consequence of women's resistance in the folklore tale of "Khaj and Siamand" based on the New historicism and Cultural Materlism readings. The former considers that women's resistance is suppressed by the ruling hegemony while the cultural materialists assert that challenging the patriarchal hegemony yields questioning the patriarchy. Thus, woman is no longer a passive object in the hands of male-dominated ideology, but she becomes an active subject. Women can make their own identity and rule their own destiny.

This Article deals with political, social, economical, cultural and literal movements as well asrevolutions of nineteen and twenty centuries. Racial and ethnical discrimination are of the most important elements. The Blacks were one of the main victims of these ethnical and racial discrimination. They were marginalized and due to the discrimination policies. This gradually led to the formation of destructionalism and post colonialism thoughts which can be used under poscriticism. Theories and thoughts that severly fight against discrimination and marginalization of the Black society. The colony power interpreted the colonialized land on the basis of its thoughts. Literature as effective means played its important part. In this article I have dealt with the life and thoughts of two black poets: Langston Hughes and Mohammad Faitoury. The two mentioned poets not only criticized the colonialism thoughts but also they have combated against colonialism to get rid of identity crisis all over the world. This Article is going to explain these two poet's colonialism thought against Hejemony of colonialism phenomena.

Marxism is the school based on Karl Marx’s idea on the political and economic conditions governing the world. Marx considers the economic motivations present behind all decisions in the capitalist society. The aim of this article is to analyze Marxist ideas present in Albee’s The Zoo Story, and to consider the effects of the Capitalist society on the life of the citizens that the two characters of the play represent. In The Zoo Story, Peter could be considered as the representative of the petty bourgeoisie or the middle class and Jerry as the one representing the proletariat. Marx believed that in the capitalist society the two classes are the victims of the bourgeoisie, as the latter one uses them for its goals. Peter and Jerry are the victims in the society, one through his poverty and being alienated, and the other by being interpellated and brainwashed. Althusser defines interpellation as the way that the hegemony makes the subjects believe in its ideology and consider it as their own. Althusser also introduces the sources of interpellation as the education and religion system and the media. Therefore, Peter as the one who works for the publishing company and reads books and watches the TV is at the center on interpellation. The findings of the article show that the characters are both alienated from each other and from themselves. Jerry is alienated from other people and lives in a place that resembles the zoo, and Peter is alienated from himself as he is not aware of his situation as the victim of the interpellation of the capitalist ideology.

India and China, as two great Asian powers, are going to gain dominance over their surrounding regions to secure their hegemony throughout all Asia. It has led the two states towards a fundamental competition in Asia, and has led to the formation of a series of economic and military tensions between them and in Asia. However, in their hegemonic approaches, the two countries have selected the south and southeast of Asia as their main priorities and are trying to gain control over them, as their surrounding regions. The strategic view of the two states to these regions has resulted in their severe competitions mainly in economic and political terms. The present study is going to show that India and China, as two great powers, are struggling to gain dominance over the south and southeast of Asia as a prelude to their further hegemony and dominance over the whole Asia; therefore, it is imperative for the statesmen and decision-makers of Islamic Republic of Iran to be well aware of these international realities and be able to develop an appropriate political orientation towards China and India, as two states contending for gaining hegemony over Asia. The question of this study is “how have the economic and military components affected competitions between India and China in the south and southeast of Asia?”
Research This study has used an analytic method. Accordingly, the authors compare and analyze the relations between the economic and military components and the hegemonic component to show what relationship exists between these components and the hegemonic competition of China and India in the south and southeast of Asia. Data analysis is also qualitative and the research hypothesis is analyzed according to empirical indicators and logical reasoning.
During recent decades, an interminable cycle of economic and military competitions has occurred between China and India in their regions. The Indians are, first of all, trying to gain control over the South Asian region, and continue to extend the scope of their dominance to China’s backyard – the southeast of Asia and China’s South Sea. The Chinese are also trying to both preserve their status in the South Sea and the southeast of Asia and develop their sea communications with South Asian states; in this way, they are going to challenge the presence of the Chinese in this geographical area.
Before the 1990s, India had overlooked the importance of communicating with the southeast of Asia, and the free-trade and market-economy-based communications had no place in the foreign-policy priorities of this state. Compared to India, Southeast Asian states were much less economically developed in the 1960s and were regarded as an unattractive area for economic planning and cooperation. The economic priorities of India’s foreign policy in those days were also supporting its own industries. As for Indians, the Chinese are focusing their attention towards the south and southeast of Asia and are looking at this geographical location as a strategic and specific economic zone. In fact, China’s extraordinary progress in the southeast of Asia are a result of its economic developments. In 2000, Philippines’ former President had expressly maintained that he thinks “China is going to overcome Asia.” (Kang and Cha, 2010: 88-89)
China and India’s efforts in developing their Asian hegemonies have instigated military competitions between them in the south and southeast of Asia. Both states are going to have military dominance over the region and, through this means, attain some of their hegemonic goals. China’s dominance over the south and southeast of Asia is a major cause of India’s concerns in the region. In China’s approach also, its military dominance over the south and southeast of Asia – especially its dominance over its own backyard, i.e. the Southeastern Asia and China’s South Sea – has a special place. After its successful economic reforms and turning into a great economic power, China has prioritized its military power and dominance over its neighbors.
India and China were under the spell of the socialist ideology during the Cold War, and thus they were engaged in the games of the two powers: the US and the USSR. End of the Cold War let the Chinese and Indian politicians to freely choose their development strategy and try to increase their power and influence in Asia. In 1979, China initiated its economic reforms and India started it one decade later. These reforms empowered the two states so much so that in the beginning of the twentieth century, both countries reached a considerable degree of economic growth and development. Increase in their economic power called for similar developments in the two countries’ military capacities; therefore, the two states tried to mobilize their military resources according to their economic capacities, so that by 2012 they came to become two large military powers of the world. In fact, developments in their internal capacities have inclined the two states towards trying to gain hegemony in Asia and have brought about a wave of competitions in various geographical zones in Asia. Not only are the competitions in economic and military fields between India and China increasing within their national borders, the hegemonic competition between them has also gone beyond the two countries to include the whole Asia. South Asia and Southeast Asia are backyards for India and China respectively which should be far from the influence of their competitors and remain safe from their ambitious goals. Both countries are trying to enter these areas into a free-trade zone as well as preserving their military superiority. Accordingly, India and China have been signing economic and defence treaties with the countries of the region. In this situation, with the continuation of current trends, one can expect to see a surge in competitions over economic resources and markets, as well as an increase in military competitions between the two continental powers of Asia. This will not only influence the political and diplomatic relations of the two states, but will considerably affect their relations with the countries in the south and southeast of Asia. Therefore, increased competitions in political, economic and military terms between India and China, both on the borders and in their surrounding regions, can instigate future insecurities in Asia.

Literature as a medium possesses an indirect hegemonic power whose effect might be different from one genre to another. Theological debates in their anti-philosophical forms of Persian poetry have been among the influential areas، both on the readers of the texts and the intellectual processes of all Iranians. One of Khāqāni’s odes with this opening line چشم بر پرده امل منهيد/ جرم بر كرده ازل منهيد has an outstanding place in this regards. This article، after introducing the discursive order of this ode، will study its hegemony at two levels of “semantic signification” and “artistic effect” in order to reveal the poem’s ways of applying the hegemonic power. The determination of discursive order and its hegemony is based on the critical discourse analysis of Laclau and mouffe، while the base for studying the hegemonic character of the poem is related to the ideas of J. B. Thompson

Based on the theory of Laclau and Mouffe، the present paper attemps to investigate the status of women in two distinctive political discourses of the 1380s. To this end، the first step is to distinguish the two political discourses of the aforementioned period by means of discourse theory. In this period، two political discourses، namely reformist discourse with nodal points of reform، political development، freedom، law، and civil society as well as conservative discourse with nodal points of justice، kindness، progress، mental and physical elevation، and service providing were identified. Examining the signifiers shows that these two discourses are each other’s discursive others and as a result the discrepancies between the two should be seen in other fields as well. Investigating the texts indicated that with a modernist tendency، reformist discourse has women participation as the core of its articulation while the conservative one with its conventional tendency، considers the family orientation as its articulation point. Although both discourses find family orientation as one main signifier، the former views women in light of strengthening their skills، education and awareness، while the latter identifies women with religious beliefs deepening، Hijab and chastity.

In this article، the story of Khosrow and Shirin is evaluated using assumptions of postcolonial studies and cultural semiotics. Shirin''s presence in place of a female immigrant in Ctesiphon with its dual demand for allegiance with the host country''s culture on the one hand and Shirin''s emphasis on maintaining and codifying her home-country''s culture on the other hand، stucks her in a challenging situation. In this paper، the mechanisms of center culture in the host country، for marginalizing Shirin، and the process of “othering” as her resistance strategy to maintain the cultural identity of “herself” in the host country is analyzed and the role of gender in the success of this process is shown. The results show that the host country''s culture tries to marginalize Shirin as a dangerous «other» who seeks out to disrupt the established dominant culture order. Therefore her situation in the host country، sets the stage for the process of othering by her، as an act of resistance، considered as an anti-hegemonic act in order to stabilize her own cultural identity. Shirin''s “othering” are divided in to two categories of “distanct others: and close others”. Interestingly Shirin''s “gender others” or “men” in the host country''s land، are under the category of “close others” and “gender in-groups” or women are under the category of “distant others”. Thus she takes two different approaches towards each. By such reading Khosrow and Shirin can be a reflection of the marginalized voices which manage to survive in the dominant center culture.

One of the most important playwrights who had a great influence and control on post-war American drama was Arthur Miller. In his plays، Miller shows the contrasting values in American capitalistic society. In All My Sons، he shows that how materialistic values become much more important in a society where people are alienated from each other and are fragmented. He also portrays a society which is empty of moral values and its people are thinking of money and wealth. This article uses the Althusserian ideas to show how people are alienated from each other and are always thinking of their own benefit and that how they are addressed as Ideological State Apparatus. It is also shown that how capitalism alienates people from each other and how Miller has been successful in showing the problem.

In this article the similar themese of three fictional texts: Faithful Ruslan, (by Georgii Nikolaevich Volosevich), Timbuktu (by Paul Auster) and Vagabond Dog (bySadegh Hedayat) are surveyed. The methodology of this research is the study of the mentioned three texts based on Comparative Literature Theory. Firstly, the present research shows that in the social background of the chosen texts there is a hegemonic authority power at work that affects the lives of the characters similarly in a way that the Vagabond Dog deals with the same themes that are dealt in Faithful Ruslan and Timbuktu. Then, the following similar themes of the mentioned works are discussed respectively: the Confrontation of Dog and Society, Loyalty and Responsibility, Lonliness and Incarnation of Human Soul.