جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Social Structure » در نشریات گروه « علوم اجتماعی »

The duality of agency-structure regarding collective hypocritical behavior among Iranians has long been the subject of debate and controversy. In the meantime, some agency and others have considered the existing structure in the society as the main cause of this misbehavior. The current research aims to deeply investigate the causes of hypocritical behavior and provide a model to rectify it by focusing on the institution of education. The approach of qualitative and interdisciplinary research has been using data from sociology, psychology, law, literature, political science, international relations, etc. Data coding continued until theoretical saturation using the theme analysis method. The main categories are identified in the section on the cause of hypocritical behavior under the domination of the Giddens structure-action meta-theory. This theory considers the social norm as the result of agency-structure action. Doing so, oversimplification of hypocritical behavior, the negation of individuality, and historical determinism for the category of agency and state (organizational) monopoly, authoritarianism, the use of religion as a tool, and the autocracy of some managers, placing tradition against modernity and a sense of social despair against existing injustices emerged for the category of structure. Based on the requirements and limitations of the education proposal, meanwhile observing the theory of boundary actors, the categories of implementing the principle of meritocracy, and allocating competent resources, inserting the courses of moral philosophy and human rights in the curriculum, creating space for expert psychologists, trying to restore social capital, using every opportunity to create the context of modernity, implementing knowledge management, and consensus building in carrying out efficient civil action was also emerged as alternatives.

Home-based businesses in urban areas are important for the development of social indicators. The purpose of this article is the effect of home-based jobs on the social structure from the perspective of men and women in urban areas of Isfahan province. The present research is applied research in terms of purpose and descriptive-causal research in nature. The statistical population of the study includes all employees in home-based businesses in Isfahan province, which according to the Statistics Center of Iran in November 2016 was 543073 people. Cochran's formula was used to calculate the statistical sample size, based on which the sample size is 384 Household was estimated. Then, using probabilistic sampling method, the questionnaires were distributed among 87 urban points of Isfahan province, which were randomly selected in 1400, so that half were distributed among women and the other half among men. The results showed that according to the variance explained from the perspective of women, the first to fourth factors are social harms, health system, participation and social relations and population structure, respectively. Also, from the perspective of men, the first to fourth factors are the health system, participation and social relations, social harms, and population structure.

From the perspective of political anthropology and the descriptive-analytical method, this research seeks to answer the principal question: what is the process of change in the socio-political structure of the Qashqai tribe in the first and second Pahlavi era? For answering, a hypothesis is made: two main factors, namely the policies implemented towards the tribes and nomads by the central governments (forced settlement, disarmament, removal of local powers, deculturization and detribalization in the first Pahlavi period and the continuation of these policies, along with land reform and lifestyle changes in the second Pahlavi period) and political developments (World War II, the overthrow of Reza Shah and the coup d'état of 28 August) played essential roles in the change process. The analysis showed that in each historical period and according to the country's conditions, the government used different policies to destroy the structure of the Qashqai tribe. Although the first Pahlavi could not destroy the structure of tribe but the second Pahlavi with the help of British and American policies after the coup d'état of 28 August and the fall of Mossadegh's national government, was able to dismantle the tribal chieftaincy in the Qashqai and destroy the tribe structure.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of Mohaghegh Sabzevari's thought on the social behavior of the Safavid sultans, which was done by studying the available sources. The research method of this topic is descriptive, which is a documentary method by studying books, articles, and examining the theoretical foundations of the thinkers of the Safavid period. The findings show that with the emergence of the Safavid dynasty, a new page was turned in the way of governance and communication with the people to stabilize and develop the society in that period. With regard to the officialization of the Shia religion and its acceptance by the people, the Safavid sultans turned to the thinkers of the Shia scientific fields in order to legitimize themselves and adhere to the rational and rooted rules connected to the revelation and religious texts for the administration of the country. Scholars also seized this opportunity to promote Shiism to the level of political and social administration of the newly independent country of Iran, and began to theorize about the type of guardianship and jurist supervision over the monarchy. The importance of this issue comes from the fact that the rise and fall of any civilization is the result of accumulation, reproduction and degeneration, which is the social and political system of societies. In this situation, Mohaghegh Sabzevari strengthened the social behavior of the Safavid sultans and stabilized their government by presenting reformist ideas.

The Change in the Social and Political Structure of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad tribes during Pahlavi dynasty are affected by social and political changes of country, while these changes have mutually affected social and political development in Iran. In this article, the main purpose is to study the socio-political structure of the Lor tribes of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province in the era of the Pahlavi dynasty. In the study both historical and sociological methods have been used simultaneously. The policy of tribes’ settlement (Takht-e Qapoo), the enactment of the military service law, the disarmament of the tribes, and the implementation of the uniform cover policy, as well as land reform, are the four main pillars of the tribal policy of the Pahlavi dynasty, which led to fundamental political, social and structural changes of the power pyramid of the tribes. Prior to these changes, the Kadkhodas were completely subordinate to Khans, while government programs led to weakening of Khans power. This disrupted the traditional tribal structure and power pyramid of tribes. The changes in structure of the tribal system, led to increase of government’s monitoring and control. The political and social structure of the tribes of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad enabled them to withstand the pressure of the central government until the end of the third decade of the 20th century.

Each socio-political structure has its own hierarchy of power. The tribal structure as one of the most important traditional structures of Iran has also had its own hierarchy of power. The Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad tribes, as one of the most important and oldest tribes in the south of Iran, have yet been less studied and historically analyzed. The purpose of this article is to analyze the structure of political power in the traditional context of Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad tribes from the perspective of historical sociology. Kohgiluyeh tribes include six tribes of Boyer-Ahmad, Basht and Bavi, Bahmaei, Charam, Taybi and Deshman-e-Ziari. The method of this article was a combination of documentary methods based on library resources and field research and the researchers' life experience. Based on the research findings, it can be said that social organization and stratification in this tribe is based on kinship nervousness, severe gender inequality and attributional characteristics and a kind of relatively static social mobility. The structure of power is based on a kind of hierarchical organizational pyramid, which respectively, from the base to the top of the pyramid includes: tribal people, elders, kadkhodians, khans. The nature of hierarchical command-obedience based on the influence of superiors and respect to them along with tribute to the lower classes.

With the implementation of the "Mehr Housing" policy, in order to provide housing for the low-income groups, structural-physical and socio-economic problems emerged; Feelings of social inequality and spatial segregation (due to dependence on the neighboring metropolis) of residents are among the issues that have been less researched despite their importance. This study aims to identify the relationship between the physical structure of Mehr housing complex and its socio-economic structure, and explores the relevant responses of residents.

The research was performed by comparative method in two independent samples with a volume of 50 (Mehr housing in the new city of Sahand Tabriz and Golbahar city of Mashhad) by cluster method in different phases of the project. The data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially using SPSS.20 software. First, to test the normality of the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used and the test results confirmed that the data were normal. Therefore, the main hypothesis of the research was tested by t-test.

According to the findings, there is a direct and significant relationship between spatial structure of Mehr housing development (25 main items) and its social structure (14 main items) (Pearson coefficient 0.68). The study of the samples with t-test shows that despite the significant difference in data in social and environmental dimensions (with more mean in Golbahar-sample) and service and economic dimensions (with higher mean in Sahand sample), but physical dimensions has a relatively similar condition in the samples. Also, in general, according to the computational averages of t-test, there was no significant difference between the components of "physical-spatial " and "socio-economic" structures, and despite the average to low computational score in both groups, in the Golbahar sample with a small difference, a higher score was estimated.

Based on the results, significant discrimination in providing services and access to urban facilities, along with spatial remoteness, has played an important role in the formation and intensification of feelings of social inequality and spatial separation of these complexes. Thus, by modifying the identified differences between the two samples studied and trying to obtain the satisfaction of residents in providing the services they need, we can take a step forward in the development of this type of housing pattern. Undoubtedly, since this housing model is commensurate with the income level of the households living in it, by providing ancillary services and especially meeting the easier transportation context, it is possible to provide the satisfaction of the residents of the complexes. Also, accuracy in terms of local requirements of each city and attention to the design of appropriate housing can be very important because as mentioned, it is not possible to implement a fixed pattern in different urban areas of the country and the need to localize the model always will be raised.

Social, economic and political development in the modern era is not possible without the emphasis of policies and planning on knowledge and awareness, and modern and efficient social sciences have a special place in this. Social science will also be efficient and useful when it has the ability to understand problems and provide effective solutions for the target society. Due to the relativity of social sciences and their dependence on the contexts, cultures, and social contexts of the target society, this will not be achieved without indigenization of social sciences. Despite five decades of efforts and propaganda to localize social sciences in Iran, unfortunately, we do not see the formation or institutionalization of the process of local science production, and this shows the lack of understanding and recognition of the roots of the problem of non-production of science in the country. . Therefore, it is necessary first of all to try to understand these obstacles and then solve them. In this research, an attempt has been made to design a theory with related and coherent elements based on causal explanation, which, if successful, can turn part of the unknowns into information. In this research, the role of variables such as talent and psychology, education and learning system, work and employment system and finally politics and political system are examined and evaluated. In response to the failure to produce indigenous science, various theories and arguments have been proposed; Some consider the causes subjective and believe that the problem is caused by the mental elites or the mentalities of the scientific community; But some others look for the roots in the characteristics of the scientific community or the entire environment of the scientific community. Others refer to one of the elements and sub-systems of the whole system (economy, politics, society, or sociability) based on the Parsonsian model. Apparently, none of the mentioned approaches regarding Iran can be considered convincing; Therefore, the problem of this research is that; What model can be used to analyze the effective factors in the lack of indigenous science production in Iran? Is it not possible to reach a meaningful integrated model with individual and social elements as well as mental and structural elements?

The main objective of the study was to investigate the simultaneous effects of social structures and learning processes on the attitude towards honor killings. This study is cross-sectional and conducted using survey method. The population of the study consists of all men and women over 18 years of Marivan in Kurdistan province that 384 of them have been selected by applying Cochran's sampling formula as the final sample. Using cluster sampling method, researcher made questionnaire, distributed among the respondents and required data were collected. The theoretical framework of the study is the Social Structure - Social Learning (SS-SL) of Ronald Akers. The results of the study indicated that 19.4 percent of respondents have a positive attitude towards honor killings (27.6 percent of men and 5.3 percent of women), while the attitude of 38.2 percent (28.1 percent of men versus 55.6 percent of women) were negative. In addition, the analytical results showed that the social learning variables are the most powerful and important predictors of attitude toward honor killings. Among the structural factors, variables such as feeling of gender inequality, the acceptance of patriarchal beliefs, and religiosity, are the most important predictor variables of attitude toward honor killings. The findings support the theory of Social Structure- Social Learning (SS-SL), indicating that the impact of structural variables on attitude toward honor killings, are mediated by social learning variables.

Ibn Khaldun's attitude as a philosopher toward history is not limited to theoretical philosophy of history and includes critical philosophy or philosophy of history science. According to Ibn-Khaldun, the historical method is based on two principles of critique and explanation. No history can really be called science unless it is critical and Ali's. In this regard, in this paper, Ibn Khaldun, in consideration of the two principles in question, redefined Ibn Khaldun's view of the limits and directions of degeneracy. From the point of view of the contradiction between social structures and cultural structures, using the theoretical framework of Robert Merton, and drawing on the historical method, in the context of the theory of these two, the social and cultural structure of the Bedouin from the moment of entering the urban life as As the day goes by, the contradiction between their structures increases, and this goes so far. The river which ultimately does not result in the decline of the state.

The purpose of this article is to examine the prevalence and different types of domestic violence and its related factors among married young women in the city of Tehran. The data was gathered using a survey with a sample size of 405 married women under the age of 30 in Tehran. Combined theories that emphasize the multidimensionality of violence and its determinants based on the interaction of individuals, the family and social forces were used. The results indicated that women have experienced five types of domestic violence, including physical, psychological, verbal, sexual, and economic violence. Verbal violence was the most prevalent and sexual violence was the least prevalent among the different types of domestic violence. A multivariate analysis revealed that prevalence of violence was significantly higher among couples with inappropriate (early or arranged) marriages, families with a non-cooperative power structure, low social class groups, and unemployed women. These factors have accounted about 40 percent of domestic violence prevalence. Marriage education for young people, communication skills training, women's access to resources and opportunities, and social support are recommended.

Social changes are generally one of the principle characteristics of contemporary world. Tehran bazaar as an economic entity has witnessed social changes through the recent years especially changes in social structure and simultaneously in its own function. There have been dealt with changes in institutional structure (normative structure) that organizes the relations among actors and also relational structure (the relationships among economic actors) in social structure study. The principle argument of this study is relational structure changes; relational structure is that kind of social structure which includes the mere social relations in bazaar that are considered as reciprocity relations pattern among market people. The relations structure have been divided into two groups in this study, first, internal relations: at the micro level, interpersonal relations; middle level, community relations; second, external relations: distribution network relations at the micro level, domestic trade, domestic trade in the middle level, and foreign trade at the macro level. The intention of social relations network is a regular collection of similar social ties or contacts among people or groups. The viewpoint of "carved networks in social relations" shows that behavioral norms, social customs, and economic policies are the results of current relations, the relations that are regularly created and repaired in interaction with society, (Relational structure). Tehran bazaar strategic position in Iran economy has owed foreign relations network in connection with distribution function of bazaar which includes 1.Local business (within Tehran city), 2.Domestic trade (economic relations network of Tehran bazaar with other Iran bazaars), and 3.Foreign trade (export and import). Moreover, unique ability of historical organizing of Tehran bazaar has owed bazaar internal relations network that it means Tehran bazaar organizing ability has been caused by 1.Individual relations and 2.Community relations, in fact. Accordingly, network relations structure out of Tehran bazaar and also its internal relations network enhances the impressive level of Tehran bazaar on others and provides Tehran bazaar with social organizing and powerful economic abilities. The important point is that such a relational structure in Tehran grand bazaar has changed nowadays (Husseiniqomi, 2014). Accordingly, changes in relational structure (the relations are among economic actors) are considered in this study and there have been used of social networks theories for relational structure discussion. The social networks theory is one of the contemporary theories in economic sociology that it has been used for studying bazaar network links and for considering created changes in relational structure and economic function of Tehran bazaar.
Material and This study methodology is quantitative (mensuration) and there has been used of standardized questionnaire as data collection in the present study. "Questionnaire is a set of questions that involves all important indicators of desired concepts in assumptions; each question is corresponding with one of the indicators, thus the response that it receives will provide the required information for measuring hypothesis" (Rafipour, 1997; Kiwi, 1998 158). The measuring method has been done in a way that social structure changes include both relational and institutional structures and also Tehran bazaar economic function in the form of open-ended and closed questions_ that were mostly designed as items_ were designed and improvised after several preliminary tests in the questionnaire.
It was determined through the research that there could not use of possible-quota sampling with the same ease which accomplish in the common evaluating research. Therefore, it was used of relative-quota sampling and because this stage of research does not diminish at this time, it was decided to be briefly explained the discussion of possible sampling for some market people who were supposed to introduce the researcher to the others and aware the market people of the importance of introducing. In fact, it was told them those people whom they introduce must be of all classes until the questionnaires are completed, statistical work is done, the researcher is not achieved statistical problems, and he/she can say this sample can be generalized to the entire bazaar of Tehran. And in fact, if this sample is not a handful of thousands, the obtained information is not suitable for scientific work at the end.
Discussion of results and Tehran bazaar consists of an area about of 15% of Tehran city area and considering its current position in Tehran indicates that bazaar economic organization has been basically organized in distribution section and macro and micro trading, and still has relatively effective functions in Tehran economy. Continuation of economic and social effective functions of Tehran bazaar have caused to be largely kept bazaar position in economy and civil society that in the meantime, a part of Tehran grand bazaar abilities in keeping its position in Tehran returns to economic organization and human resources network which are reinforced by some of active economic-social institutions and elites efforts in bazaar. Tehran grand bazaar economic organization due to its features including independence in the influence area like monetary and financial areas has had active institutions in this area from the ancient time, but new institutions in the cotemporary era have challenged this important feature of bazaar and limited a part of its authorities and abilities. This research findings show that generally there have emerged some changes in economic functions and social structure of Tehran bazaar and faced with changes the relations between actors and dominant rules on it in internal level (include community, middle, and interpersonal relations); in this regard, some of the assumptions were confirmed and some rejected. Also, descriptive findings indicated that relations structure within Tehran bazaar is high (69/3) based on the average of respondent's ideas in terms of cooperative relations. Ideas average in relation with relations intensity (it means the amount of time that co-workers spend through the occupational activity together) is more than average (30/3) and the competition among them is more than average, too (30/3). Consultation to solve problems and financial cooperation are (94/2) and (40/3), respectively; besides, community relations in Tehran bazaar is less than average (55/2).
The main issue discussed in this article is the investigation of relational structure as one of the components of the social structure of a large market in Tehran. Relational structure Includes social relations in the market and is considered as the pattern of relationships between merchants.
For a discussion of relational structure is used of the theories of social networking - contemporary theories of economic sociology - to study of the links to the network is the market. Mixed method (qualitative and quantitative) has been used a qualitative method for early recognition and reaches the subject (62 interviews), and quantitative (200 questionnaires) to assess changes in the construction and functioning of market economic and relational structure has been applied.
The findings show in general, changes in the social structure and functioning economic of the market and the relationships between actors and the rules governing Tehran emerged in the inner surface (including the relationships interpersonal, Intermediate, and community) and external (trade local, domestic trade and foreign trade) has been changed.

This paper focuses on the comparative method to study social features, meaningful action that collective subject, Social themes repetitive, identifying class status and its reflection on the plot and characters in the novel author, relationship and dialogue between the structure of the novel by literary scholar and social structure .Has experienced a scholar of life from two different class, but always with educated, intellectuals and scholars of science and literature have been settled, those experiences have affected class in the works and characters of his stories. Daneshvar 's novels characters, are both social class, "the nobility and the poor". The findings show that most of the people he has chosen characters in his stories their environment In his later novels, female characters chosen from among the students and the academics. Sowva-Shoon's novel the rise of the author to run for the realism circuit. Danshvr the starting point of Ali's idea of individualism to community-oriented, From submission to revolt against his life, the woman emotional and rational, and active and passive woman to the point of thinking to the realm of popular social viewpoint. As a result of has a significant influence social change and revolution to factors such as internal and external communication and correspondence literary structure and social structure in the creation and evolution of the characters in the story.

Cultural ecology is a knowledge that investigates and analyzes the cultural aspects of human relevancy with their surrounding nature. History indicates that humans continually use their surrounding environment and resources in order to survive, developing and forming his culture and civilization and, through this means, he was able to achieve knowledge and experience that can say courageously that these achievements are a part of the national capital of any tribe. Therefore, Indigenous Ecological knowledge (IEK) in rangeland management and pastoralism is one of the dimensions that is discussed in cultural ecology. Thereby, this research investigated the cultural ecology analysis and indigenous knowledge role in different dimensions of rangeland management and pastoralism in Ghasr-E-Yaghoub region in the north of Fars Province. This research conducted as survey method that used direct observation for producing data, cooperative observation and organized interview methods. This research investigated the different aspects of stakeholders’ culture and indigenous knowledge in rangeland management mechanism among them and states that stakeholders for confronting to hardships of social and economic, continental and also occasionally available resources deficiency, are forced to create a social structure for rangeland utilizing. In this structure the members have different or similar roles that based on partnership and cooperation with each other, manage the livestock for a specified time in rangeland. The total sum of these relations and interactions lead to forming a rich and traditional culture from pastoralism indigenous knowledge that in addition to facilitating of routine activities and correlated to pastoralism is also underlying of village social structures maintain.

In recent decades, the world witnessed immense developments and progresses in electronic technologies. Computers and the internet have become necessary tools which are affecting all individual and social dimensions of people's lives. With the increased influence of the internet in people's lives and in societies across the world, internet and computer crimes have also risen. The peculiar nature and characteristics of cybercrimes as including trans-national and global dimensions, an absence of global agreement around a unified legal definition of cybercrimes, rapid pace of such crimes being committed, lack of certain procedures on mutual cooperation and high prices incurred by the discovery of such crimes have caused judicial and police authorities to face serious challenges. Hence, determination of the nature and the growth rate of such crimes as well as its outcomes seem necessary. The studies done in various human science areas could be promising in this field. The current article, using gathered documents methods, is an introduction to cybercrimes and aims to explore this issue as well as related statistics. It will also review sociological theories provided in this regard and explain these crimes as well. The theories examined will be discussed in form of three general categories of social structure, social process and social reaction.

Probably, emotion is one of the most frequent terms which have been gotten attention for explaining the human modes so far. Changes of human mood are often linked to emotions and human beings are considered as emotional creatures. Emotion as a biological phenomenon was addressed by psychologists in the past decades. However, with advances in sociological studies and attention to language and its structural rules, there has been created more opportunities to study the sociological feelings. Were emotions considered as a physical phenomenon and biological changes once, they are considered as a linguistic phenomenon being resulted of cultural changes now. But like other sociological domains, this new one has also being influenced by theoretical discussions. The differentiation of opinion between positivists and social constructionists and role of social structure in the formation of feelings are involved among the discussions in this area. The article is due to by offering positivist and social constructionist perspectives and studying the role of power and statue in the social structure, contributes a little to the differentiation of these views in the area of the sociology of emotions.

Social capital is a contextual concept and religion is one of the most important factors in its investigation. This research tries to provide a picture of social capital in the Islamic society of Iran. The first step towards shaping a framework for the concept is finding an answer to these questions: What is the core of social capital? What is the motivation of the actor to do activities in networks? What are the components (sources) of social capital? In adapting the above framework in the context of Iran, two historical and contemporary aspects are considered. Investigating the social structure of Iran showed that the structural social capital is very weak due to the limited and trivial presence and impact of formal group and networks. The teachings of Islam on the one hand promote and strengthen the sources of social capital and on the other hand approve and recommend its cognitive elements. Contrary to the west, social capital in Iran had been rich and powerful in cognitive terms, and provides the incentives for growth and prosperity. This conclusion also makes it possible to determine the components and techniques of emergence of social capital in the context of Iran.

Most studies conducted on drug are sporadic and isolated without having any practical implications. Therefore, there is little room, if any, for the compilation of knowledge-based preventive plans and strategies. As such, the present study aims to provide a systematic understanding of the knowledge and research on factors affecting disposition to addiction and drug abuse and preventive measures taken over 1991-2013 in Kurdistan Province with a focus on behavioral and social factors. To this end, a meta-analysis method was employed. The review of the literature shows that concerning the sociological aspect of the problem, functionalism-structuralism theories such as Durkheim’s theory of labor division and Parsons’ theory of family structure have often been used along with psychological, psychoanalytical, behavioristic, and learning paradigms. This study is an applied research in terms of the goals it follows and a meta-analytic-descriptive research in terms of the method it employs. Besides, it is a cross-sectional research that was conducted in 2013. The research population includes all 8 studies conducted on the research problem. Results show that studies reviewed suffer from the lack of pathology of the problem, clear definitions, disregard for the status quo, and the lack of documentation with regard to the statement of the problem. These studies have made no use of theories or they have employed irrelevant ones. Besides, there is no trace left from the variables manipulated in empirical studies. That’s why there is need for revisiting the research requirements concerning addiction in Kurdistan Province.

Children’s understanding of their surrounding environment is demonstrated in the form of their games. The games help the children to adapt themselves to the social systems and the cultural norms. Thus, the games reflect the mental, cultural, and social features of their time and are one of the ways of culture transmission. These features are even more highlighted in children’s traditional games because of their transcendental quality and simple structure. Therefore, this research studies the children’s games of the sixth century AH as a means of understanding the social, intellectual, and cultural structures of that time. For this matter, the poems of Khāqaāni Shirvāni, the sixth-century detailed poet, are used as a reference. The results of the study indicate clichéd, imitative, and non-creative structures of children’s games, and individualism and selfhood in their group games. The closed and tyrannical structure of the sixth century AH and intellectual and cultural stagnation of the people of that time is also recognized through games’ analysis according to poetical text.