factor structure

Sports intelligence refers to the capacity for effectively processing and responding to environmental stimuli, a crucial ability, especially in high-performance sports. It encompasses components such as reaction time, attention, accuracy, multitasking skills, and mental flexibility. Numerous studies have highlighted the importance of these components in athletic success; however, existing assessment tools only evaluate limited aspects of sports intelligence and do not comprehensively measure the multifaceted abilities of athletes in dynamic conditions. This research gap underscores the need to develop a comprehensive, psychometrically sound tool that can provide a nuanced understanding of athletes' cognitive and functional abilities through multidimensional assessment. Thus, the design and psychometric evaluation of such a tool could lead to valid criteria for assessing sports intelligence and improving athletic performance.

This study aimed to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of a sports intelligence assessment tool among athletes and non-athletes.

This descriptive-analytical study employed a tool-development approach. The study population comprised all athletes and non-athletes aged 16 to 55 in Alborz Province in 2022. Using convenience sampling, 624 participants were selected. In addition to the sports intelligence tool, the Cattell Intelligence Test (1961) was also administered. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 27 and R version 4.0.2, employing exploratory factor analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient, Cronbach’s alpha, McDonald’s omega, and intraclass correlation coefficients.

Exploratory factor analysis indicated that the sports intelligence tool consists of five factors. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation was observed between the dimensions of sports intelligence and the Cattell Intelligence Test (p< 0.05), suggesting suitable criterion validity for the tool. The instrument’s reliability was demonstrated through Cronbach’s alpha values above 0.7 for each of the five factors, indicating high internal consistency.

The findings of this study suggest that the sports intelligence tool has satisfactory validity and reliability, making it suitable for assessing sports intelligence in individuals aged 16 to 55.

 The current research aimed to explore the psychometric properties of the Treatment Self-Regulation Questionnaire (TSRQ) in patients with type II diabetes.

Methods and Materials:

 The research adopted a developmental approach and fell within the scope of descriptive and test validation studies. The participants were type 2 diabetes patients from Mashhad, collected during the autumn of 2012. Two separate groups, one with 201 and another with 283 subjects, were assembled through convenience sampling. They were asked to fill out several instruments, including the TSRQ, Perceived Competence Scale (PCS), Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), and Kessler's Psychological Distress Scale (K6). Data analysis was performed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, as well as multiple regression and multivariate analysis of variance, with the aid of SPSS 27 and Amos 24.

 Analysis revealed that the TSRQ is bifactorial, comprising autonomous and controlled regulation factors. The variance was 81.58% in medication adherence and glycemic control and 85.40% in dietary adherence and physical activity. Confirmatory factor analysis provided further validation of this structure. Reliability was confirmed through Cronbach's alpha and split-half reliability tests. Predictive validity was established for perceived competence, subjective vitality, life satisfaction, and psychological distress. No significant correlation was found between fasting blood sugar levels and the self-regulation dimensions of diabetes treatment (P<0.05). Additionally, significant variances in self-regulation were observed across variables such as duration of diabetes, gender, age, marital status, educational background, and employment status (P<0.01).

 The TSRQ appears to possess robust psychometric qualities for patients with type 2 diabetes, making it a valuable tool for assessing and enhancing their self-management and regulatory capabilities.

This study aimed to develop a Persian version of the Perception of Educational and Career-Related Barriers Scale and examine its psychometric properties, including factor structure, validity, and reliability among students.
 
A sample of 453 undergraduate students from the University of Isfahan (287 females, 166 males) was randomly divided into two groups (n1 = 227, n2 = 226). The factor structure was examined through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). To assess divergent validity, the Career Path Competencies Questionnaire was utilized. Reliability was evaluated based on internal consistency and stability.
 
EFA identified three factors—career barriers, academic barriers, and environmental barriers. CFA indicated that a single second-order factor structure provided a better fit compared to the three first-order factors in the Iranian student sample. Invariance analysis showed no significant differences between male and female students concerning factor loadings, covariances, and residuals, supporting the model's measurement invariance across gender. The correlation with the Career Path Competencies Questionnaire supported divergent validity. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.93 for the entire scale and 0.90, 0.90, and 0.88 for the subscales of career barriers, academic barriers, and environmental barriers, respectively.
 
The Persian version of the Perception of Educational and Career-Related Barriers Scale is a valid and reliable tool for research in career guidance and counseling, demonstrating acceptable psychometric properties.

The purpose of this research was to investigate the psychometric properties of the attributed traits scale specific to the situation in the conflicts of Iranian couples. The statistical population was married students of Tehran universities in 2023, of which 249 married students were selected based on available sampling.  The research tools were the situation-specific attribute scale in couple conflicts (CSCS; Backer-Fulghum et al., 2016), the marital happiness scale (MHS; Arzin et al., 1973), and the marital conflict questionnaire (MCQ; Sanai, 2000). To check the validity and reliability of the scale, convergent and divergent validity were used by calculating Pearson's correlation, Cronbach's alpha test, and binomial coefficient. The results showed that the scale has good reliability according to the calculated Cronbach's alpha (0.94) and dichotomization coefficient (0.93). Based on the high correlation between CSCS and marital happiness scale (r=-0.491) and marital conflicts questionnaire (r=0.532), it can be said that this scale has favorable convergent and divergent validity. To check the construct validity, confirmatory factor analysis was performed and the validity of the scale was confirmed. The correlation coefficient of the retest CSCS was calculated to be significant and equal to 0.994. These results show that the Persian version of CSCS has adequate validity and reliability, and as a result, couple therapists and psychotherapists can use it as a valid tool in working with Iranian couples.

The present study aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of the Work Hope scale. The research method was descriptive and correlational. The research sample comprised the enrolled students of Isfahan University in the year 2021. Composed of 292 pupils (188 female and 104 male), the sample was compiled using a proportional stratified sampling method. For data collection, the Work Hope Scale and the General Self-Efficacy Questionnaire were used. AMOS-25 software was utilized to assess convergent validity and one-group and multi-group confirmatory factor analyses in order to ascertain the validity. The estimation of internal consistency was performed using SPSS-19 as a reliability indicator. The results of a one-group confirmatory factor analysis validated the measurement model in which objectives, agency, and pathway were considered as first-order factors and work optimism as a second-order factor. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis examining the relationship between gender and measurement weights, structural covariance, and measurement residuals revealed no statistically significant differences between the two groups. A statistically significant correlation (r = 0.47, p < 0.01) was observed between overall self-efficacy and work aspiration. Furthermore, the estimated Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the objectives, agency, and pathway subscales were 0.90, 0.71, and 0.74, respectively, for the entire scale. The results of the measurement invariance tests indicated that the conceptual paradigm for comprehending the work hope constructs is identical among males and females, suggesting that this scale may be suitable for use with both genders.

Various attempts have been made to classify dysfunctional personality traits. Among these, the classification of dark three traits has attracted much attention over the past decade in the areas of social psychology and personality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reliability of comparing the Dark Tetrad Personality in a group of students aged 13 to 18 years. The research was conducted in the form of a correlational research project. The statistical population consists of all students aged 13 to 18 years in Khorramabad city in the academic year of 2019-2020. The research sample was 300 students (150 girls and 150 boys) of Khorramabad city who were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the data using SPSS-26 and AMOS-21 software. The results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between the components of the Dark Tetrad Personality and the Dark Tetrad of Jones and Webster (P≥0.001). The results of the exploratory factor analysis identified three factors that together explain 40.72% of the dark triple variance of personality. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis confirmed 24 items in three factors. Cronbach's alpha was 0.79 for the whole Dark Tetrad Personality questionnaire and 0.803 for the Machiavellian subscales, 0.78 for narcissism, and 0.68 for psychopathy. The Dark Tetrad Personality scale of personality has desirable psychometric properties in the Iranian student community.

This study aimed to investigate the factor structure and gender invariance of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ-15) in university students. The research design was descriptive-correlational and, more specifically, validating the test. The statistical population of the research was formed by the students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in the fall semester of 2022-2023. Regarding the number of variables, for the first phase of the study, 236 students and in the second phase 292 students were selected using the multistage random sampling method. Data were collected using the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ-15; Van Orden et al. 2012), Need to Belong scale (NTBS; Kelly, 1999), Young schema questionnaire (YSQ-SF; Waller et al., 2001), Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21; Lovibond, & Lovibond, 1995), Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K6; Kessler et al, 2000) and Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSSI; Beck et al., 1979). The results of the exploratory factor analysis showed that the scale has a two-factor structure with an explained variance of 72.41% and demonstrated good confirmatory validity. The factor structure of the scale was invariant by gender. The Cronbach’s alpha and split-half coefficients were between 0.81 and 0.96. The positive correlation with Need to Belong, Isolation Schema, Depression, and Psychological Distress (P<0.01) implied the convergent validity of the questionnaire. Interpersonal needs could predict suicidal ideation (P<0.01). Overall, the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ-15) demonstrated acceptable validity and reliability and can thus be dependably used in studies of interpersonal relationships among students.

This study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Family Attachment and Changeability Index (FACI8).

The sample group included 313 male and female participants (age range 12 to 71), who were selected using the available sampling method. The Persian version of the Scale was applied with Connor- Davidson Resilience Scale and Cohen et al.'s Perceived Tension Questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis and convergent and divergent validity were applied to evaluate the validity of the scale and Cronbach's alpha was used to evaluate its Internal Consistency Reliability. For examining the Test-Retest Reliability, the scale was performed on 35 subjects and Pearson correlation was used to measure it.

The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated the fit and desirability of the two-factor model. Significant correlations between the factors of the Scale with of Resilience Scale and Perceived Tension also confirmed the divergent and convergent validity of this scale. The reliability of the scale using Cronbach's alpha coefficient calculation for the whole scale is 0.87 and the test-retest correlation coefficient of 0.9 Obtained.

In general, it can be said that the Persian version of the Family Attachment and Changeability Index, which has two factors (attachment, changeability), has a factor structure similar to the original version of the scale and has the necessary validity and reliability to use in psychological research in the Iranian sample.

The purpose of this study was to validate and evaluate the factor structure of the scale of The Basic Need Satisfaction in Relationships with Friends Scale in students. In a descriptive and validation study, 172 and 228 students from Birjand University were selected through multi-stage random sampling method and completed the Basic Need Satisfaction in Relationships Scale (La Guardia et al. 2000), Life Satisfaction Test (Diener et al. 1985), The Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (Ditommaso et al. 2004), and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (Lovibond, & Lovibond, 1995). Internal consistency, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, convergent and constructive validity was evaluated using SPSS.16 and AMOS.24 software. The results showed that the scale had three-factor structure with the variance explained 70.92%. The second-order confirmatory factor analysis confirmed. The scale had good construction reliability. The convergent validity confirmed in relation to life satisfaction and its divergent validity in relation to the social loneliness and depression (P≤0.01). There was no significant difference based on age, gender and marital status (P>0.05). It seems that the basic need satisfaction in relationships with friends scale has a good reliability and validity in students.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the factorial structure, reliability, and validity of the forgiveness scale. The method of this research was descriptive and factor analysis type. For this purpose, 404 male students of the first secondary level of Tehran city were selected through multi-stage cluster sampling in the academic year of 2018-2019 and responded to the Trait Scale of Forgiveness (TFC) by Barry et al. (2005). The factorial structure of the scale was analyzed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, the internal consistency of the instrument by Cronbach’s alpha, and its validity by a convergent method using the Bar-An (1997) empathy scale tool (EQ_EM). Each of the confirmatory factor analysis indicators of the mentioned scale, including GFI, AGFI, NFI, and CFI, had a suitable value. The alpha coefficient of the entire questionnaire was also 0.79 and the Guttman coefficient for the whole scale was 0.85. The factor loadings of all items were higher than 0.55 and statistically significant at the p<0.001 level. Convergent validity with the empathy scale was also reported to be significant at the level of 0.54 at p<0.001. Therefore, due to the good fit of the model, appropriate validity, and high reliability of the forgiveness attribute scale, it can be used to investigate and measure interpersonal forgiveness in Iranian adolescent students.

The Revised Adult Attachment Scale (RAAS) is a well-established self-report measure for research purposes. Its three-factor structure has been employed in Iranian populations for years, despite the lack of evidence to support its psychometric properties. The current study aimed to assess the factor structure, convergent validity, and reliability of RAAS in Iranian community adults.

A sample of 605 participants (354 females, 251 males) was randomly divided into two samples (n1 = 303, n2 = 302) for factor analytic purposes. Along with RAAS, measures of mentalizing capacity, emotion dysregulation and borderline personality disorder were administered. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were applied to evaluate the factor structures proposed for its original version.

Overall, factor analyses suggested the two-factor structure (i.e., anxiety and avoidance) to be the better fit for the data. Due to weak factor loading, six items were removed, resulting in a 12-item scale. Furthermore, Anxiety and avoidance demonstrated significant correlations with attachment-related instruments (p<.001) and their internal consistencies were also acceptable (α = .83 and .76, respectively).

Our findings were congruent with previous theoretical underpinnings and provided support for the Iranian adaptation of RAAS in the general population.

The present study aims to examine the factor structure, validity, and reliability of the scale of Psychological Abuse in Intimate Partner Violence (EAPA-P) among Iranian women. The research method was descriptive correlation and the participants consisted of 342 injured women who were selected by available sampling. Participants completed Psychological Abuse in Intimate Partner Violence (EAPA-P) and Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS-2). The results of reliability by Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the subscale of direct strategies of EAPA-P were reported and indirect strategies were 0.91 and 0.90 respectively. According to the validity index, the correlation of spousal abuse factors (EAPA-P) with the psychological and physical violence sub-category of (CTS-2) was positive and significant (P<0.01).  Also, the correlation of factors of (EAPA-P) with negative negotiation subscale has been obtained (P<0.05). Results of Goodness-0f-fit index 0/90, Comparative Fit Index 0/95 and Root Mean Squara Error of Approximation 0/067 which Showed that the two-factor model of the two forms fit with the data. In general, it can be stated that (EAPA-P) has the necessary properties of validity and reliability and can be employed in family research studies and consultation.

This research was conducted with the aim of analyzing the factor structure of the scale "evaluation of cyber security culture and awareness" among the Employees of bank branches Ahvaz city in the spring and summer of 2022.

The research method was based on psychometric methods (factor analysis) and the tool used was the researcher-made scale for the evaluation of cyber security culture and awareness (2022). The population of employees of bank branches Ahvaz city and the statistical sample is 581 employees who were selected by simple random method. The method of data analysis was factor structure, EFA and CFA, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient.

The fundings showed that the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.88 in reliability and factor structure obtained during the EFA had favorable fit indices (CFI, GFI, RFI, NFI, IFI) covering 6 factors (inefficient human resources, budgeting and awareness, capacity building, employee position, culture of protection of information and security behavior and understanding).

The results showed that this scale has an acceptable factor structure and reliability among bank employees; Therefore, this tool can be used as a reliable tool to evaluate and rank the factors affecting the promotion of cyber security culture and awareness among the employees of Bank of Country branches.

The aim of this study was to prepare the Persian version of the orthorexia nervosa Scale and evaluate its psychometric properties.

The sample of the present study consisted of 639 people aged 18 to 65 years living in Tehran who were tested using the available sampling method. The Persian version of the orthorexia nervosa Scale was prepared after the translation-retranslation process and was administered along with the eating attitude test (EAT-26) and Reef psychological well-being questionnaire (REEF-18). The validity of the scale was assessed using construct,  convergent and divergent validity was evaluated through Pearson correlation. Moreover, to assess its reliability, Cronbach's alpha calculation method and composite reliability were used.

The results of exploratory factor analysis indicated the existence of three factors: cognitive, emotional and clinical, and the results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated the goodness of fit and eligibility of the obtained model. Significant correlations between the obtained factors with the eating attitude test and Reef psychological well-being questionnaire also confirmed the convergent and divergent validity of the orthorexia nervosa scale. The reliability of the scale was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and obtained 0.811 for the all scales and ranged 0.69 to 0.735 for specific scales. Moreover, the composite reliability of the scales ranged between 0.78 and 0.82.

In general, it can be said that the Persian version of the orthorexia nervosa Scale has a three-factor structure and has the adequate validity and reliability for use in psychological research in the Iranian sample.

The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability, validity, and factor structure of the Maladaptive Daydreaming Scale (MDS–16) in an Iranian Sample.

In a descriptive-correlational study a sample of 300 students was selected by an online snowball sampling method. In order to assess the divergent and convergent validity, the Dissociative Experiences Scale II (DES-II) and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ-II) were used. Cronbach's alpha coefficient, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, and Pearson's correlation were used.

The results of exploratory factor analysis in this questionnaire revealed three factors including Interferer daydreaming, Stubborn daydreaming, and Dependent daydreaming in the Iranian student population. Confirmatory factor analysis also showed that the three-factor model has an acceptable fitness. Cronbach's alpha for the first factor was 0.90, the second factor was 0.86, the third factor was 0.79 and the whole questionnaire was 0.93. A significant negative relationship was found between the three factors of the questionnaire and the total score of daydreaming with acceptance and practice, which indicates the divergent validity of this scale. A direct and significant relationship was also evident between the three factors of the questionnaire and the total score of Maladaptive Daydreaming with the components of Dissociative amnesia, Depersonalization/ Derealization, and Absorption/Imaginative Involvement which indicates the convergent validity of the tool.

the Persian version of the Maladaptive Daydreaming Scale has acceptable psychometric properties in the Iranian student community and could be a useful questionnaire in evaluating Maladaptive Daydreaming.

The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of Persian version of the Religious and Spiritual Straggles Scale.

The population included Iranian adults in Tehran in the age range of 14 to 75 years old, who were selected using the available sampling method. The Persian version of the Scale applied with the Elliott (1983) Spiritual well-being and Cohen et al.'s (1994) Perceived Tension Questionnaire. Confirmatory factor analysis and convergent and divergent validity were used to evaluate the validity of the scale and Cronbach's alpha was used to evaluate its reliability. For examining the reliability of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale, it was performed on 37 subjects and Pearson correlation was used to measure it.

The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated the fit and desirability of the six-factor model. Significant correlations between the factors of the Scale with of Spiritual Well-being and Perceived Tension also confirmed the divergent and convergent validity of this scale. The reliability of the scale using Cronbach's alpha coefficient calculation for the whole scale is 0.8 and the test-retest correlation coefficient of 0.9 Obtained.

In general, it can be said that the Persian version of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale, which has six factors, has a factor structure similar to the original version of the scale and has the necessary validity and reliability for using in psychological research in the Iranian sample.