جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « حق به شهر » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Idealism for urban living necessitates the establishment of infrastructure and a platform that considers all stakeholders, including managers, planners, and citizens, regardless of their social and economic backgrounds, social class, gender, etc. This concept is encapsulated in the notion of the right to the city. However, implementing this concept can pose challenges in smaller cities with more unfavorable conditions. Hence, this research aims to introduce a model for actualizing the right to the city based on the Analytical Network Process (ANP) in the rural cities of western Mazandaran. The current study is categorized as applied research. The statistical population for this study comprised urban experts (chosen through the Delphi technique with a sample size of 25). Alongside on-site observations, information was gathered utilizing the fundamental maps of the country's mapping organization and studies focusing on the three cities of Baldeh, Kejur, and Pol (Kham-shahrs in the western part of Mazandaran province). The Analytical Network Process (ANP) method was employed to process and analyze the data, leading to the extraction of a balanced supermatrix using the Super Decision software. Following various steps, the final priorities of indicators and options for realizing the right to the city were determined. The results of the network analysis (ANP) of the dimensions of realizing the right to the city in the western cities of Mazandaran province indicate that the physical-biological dimension holds the highest weight and importance (0.1970). It is trailed by the economic dimension (0.1725) and the social and cultural dimensions (with a final weight of 0.0847). Among the criteria for realizing the right to the city in the western cities of Mazandaran province, the right to self-determination carries the most significance with a weight of 0.1461, followed by environmental rights (0.0943) and the right to a sustainable city economy (0.0840).

The present research was carried out with the aim of spatial analysis of the realization of the idea of the right to the city in the small cities of the west of Mazandaran province. In terms of its purpose, this research is among applied research and the method of collecting information includes library and survey methods including questionnaires. The statistical population in this research consists of citizens of the three studied cities and urban experts. Considering the size of the population of three cities, which according to the census of 2015 is equal to 7240 people (including 970 people in Balade, 3120 people in Kajur and 3150 people in Pul), based on Cochran's formula, 365 samples have been chosen and by sample method Classified random sampling has been distributed and collected among citizens. Data analysis was done in the form of Friedman and one-sample t tests in SPSS software, and Arc GIS was used to draw the map. The results of the ranking showed that considering that the significance level of the test is less than 0.05 (equal to 0.001), that in the socio-cultural dimension, Balde city has the highest rank with an average rank of 2.14, and in the economic dimension, the city of Kejur has the highest rank with an average rank of 2.34. among the cities in the west of Mazandaran province and also in the physical-biological dimension, considering that the significance level of the test is more than 0.05 (equal to 0.302), the cities of Kejur, Belde and Pol, although they have different average ranks, but because this The difference is not significant, they have equal rank

The concept of the right to the city necessitates that the denizens of every urban center regard the city as their own and actively engage in its affairs. By considering the indices related to the right to the city and examining the indices pertaining to the desirability of urban spaces, this study seeks to investigate the influence of the urban space desirability indices on the realization of the right to the city.

The research methodology employed in this study is both applied and descriptive-analytical, with a survey-based nature. The statistical population consisted of individuals over the age of 15 residing in Ahvaz city, with a sample size of 375 people determined using Cochran's formula. To analyze the impact of urban space desirability on the realization of the right to the city, Smart PLS software was utilized.

The results of the structural equations model reveal the importance of the impact of the variables on one another. The t values derived from the research components exhibit a significantly large value exceeding 1.96, which signifies significance at the 0.01 level. The path coefficients of the components surpass 70%, indicating a strong correlation between the components.

There is a positive and significant relationship between the urban space desirability indices and the degree of realization of the right to the city in Ahvaz city. Among the urban space desirability indices, the index of comfort and tranquility has the highest coefficient of influence among other indicators and among the indices of the right to the city, the index of physical share and the index of control and ownership had the highest coefficients of influence.

The right to the city is a human right that includes the city belonging to all citizens and their participation in urban affairs. The right to a city is to ensure equal opportunities and the proper distribution of services and facilities that can play an effective two-way relationship with good urban governance.The present study was applied in terms of type of purpose and in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method and library and field methods were used to collect data. The statistical population consists of citizens living in the metropolis of Tabriz, which according to the census of the Statistics Center in 2016 had a population of 1558693 people and 497898 households, which using the Cochran's formula, 337 citizens were selected as a sample. In the selection of citizens, people over 20 years of age were interviewed and cluster sampling method was used for sampling in ten metropolitan areas. Data were analyzed using one-sample t-test, mean, Kruskal-Wallis, geographical weight regression and path analysis. Indicators of the right to city theory at the level of Tabriz metropolis have various effects on the realization of good urban governance from the perspective of citizens. Thus, the indicators of acceptance of urban differences and contradictions with a value of 0.242 and freedom of activity in urban space with a value of 0.145 have had the greatest impact on the realization of good urban governance in the metropolis of Tabriz.

Right to the city is one of the most important citizenship rights that can be reduced for women under different circumstances. In this mixed research, with in-depth and semi-structured interviews, a conceptual model has been presented to explain the causal, contextual and interventional conditions effectively reducing women's right to the city. Then, with the structural equation modeling, the causal conditions affecting the right to the city have been investigated. Family, ethnicity, and physical and mental conditions were the most important background conditions that 32 women living in Ahvaz pointed to in order to influence the right to the city. Also, the participants considered politics and government institutions, law, and spatial policies as the most important intervention in the women's right to the city. City security, favorable actions with the city space, space-positive gender performance, and social welfare were among the most important causal conditions that the participants mentioned in increasing women's right to the city. Causal modeling showed that the most influential reason for reducing women's right to the city of Ahvaz is urban space security, followed by urban policies and designs. By multiplying the causal path, it is 0.84, followed by urban planning and design with a coefficient of 0.79. Governmental and executive institutions should pay more attention to women's right to the city through the establishment of better laws, the design of suitable spaces with individual differences, especially gender, and, of course, with an emphasis on women. The creation of safer places in the city for women while increasing the livability of the city for citizens improves women's rights in urban spaces

Nowadays, in most developed countries, sustainability has been developed as a guiding principle in the framework of sustainability discourse in urban planning and policies. Urban livability and the right to the city are concepts related to sustainable development and social justice in cities and are effective in creating healthy, dynamic and just cities. While introducing livability and the right to the city as a dominant approach in urban planning in the contemporary world, this article has examined its theoretical origins, influential views and theoretical-experimental literature, its dimensions and indicators. In terms of the fundamental-theoretical goal and its data, this research has been provided by the library-document method. Considering the wide range of topics and explanatory approaches available in this field, in this research, only those researches that have more relevance to the current research topic have been examined. Then, the theories of Henri Lefebvre and the theory of Kevin Lange, Marcuse, Tovey Fenster, Harvey, etc., as well as supporting concepts close to livability such as sustainable development, healthy city, neo-urbanism, smart growth and compact city have been examined. The findings of the article show that according to today's conditions, in most cities of the world there is a general agreement about the importance and necessity of recognizing, analyzing and explaining urban livability and the right to the city in various dimensions, but there is a consensus of opinion about the definition, standards and indicators. It does not exist. The most important reason for this can be seen in the direct dependence of this concept on the spatial and temporal conditions, and most importantly, the socio-economic and management background of the target community.

The right to the city in urban development goes beyond the physical form and, at the same time, has a mental and social meaning, which has been popularized in planning theory and urban studies after its proposal by Lefebvre. This theory focuses on the residents and the distinctive features of the space and believes that the right to the city can only be formulated as the right to the evolved and renewed urban life. Based on descriptive-explanatory purpose, this research seeks to spatially analyze the components of right to the city in Bandar Abbas. Therefore, after collecting 77 subjective and objective measures around the research components, the multi-criteria decision-making technique of COPRAS has been exploited to integrate the data in the ArcMap Tools. The findings show that in the current state of urban development in Bandar Abbas, the right to the city in all its aspects, the right to ownership, the right to participation and the right to difference for the residents have been weakened and ignored. A share of up to 20.7% of the city space, which is mainly directed to the wealthy neighborhoods and parts of the central areas of the city, as well as parts of new developments, the right to the city has been more manifested, and in about 19.8% of the city spaces. Mainly applicable to informal settlements and slums of the city, this right has been undermined and ignored.

The city is a complex set of physical and social spaces formed gradually over time as living beings. They always go through a life cycle in their evolution. However, it has accelerated in recent decades, and it has caused the uncontrolled expansion of cities, bottlenecks, problems, and complexities in cities. In this regard, one of the most important ways out of this situation is to identify local citizenship and, consequently, establish the city law to achieve prosperity, equality, social justice, etc. The burden of a right-based approach to the city to benefit all citizens’ equal opportunities in enjoying urban gifts. Based on this, in the present study, the desirability of urban space in realizing the right to a city in Urmia has been explained. In order to examine the significant status of the desirability of urban space in the realization of the right to the city, the priorities to pay attention to the factors of the realization of the right to the city at the level of Urmia are determined

The type of research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection. Data collection has been done in both library and field forms. In this study, 44 indicators of utility in 11 dimensions (safety, security, readability, accessibility, comfort, diversity, identity, meaning, interactions, vitality, participation) and 43 indicators of the right to the city in 10 dimensions (security, communication, recreation, physical, control, decision-making, space production, organization, social inclusion, justice-transparency) in Smart PLS environment have been analyzed to examine the level of significance. In the next step, the importance-performance of utility indicators in realizing the right to the city is analyzed using the IPA model to determine the level of difference in the importance-performance of the components. It is worth mentioning that based on this, a sample of 20 experts was selected using the snowball (targeted) method. Also, to ensure the validity of the metrics, a questionnaire was sent to five expert professors, and after receiving the corrective opinions of the experts, a questionnaire was developed. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated to verify the reliability of the research data, which was reported to be over 80%.

In the method of structural equations, the validity of structures and reliability and validity are checked before analyzing the effectiveness of indicators. In the present study, all factor loadings of the research are higher than 0.4 and the minimum acceptable. Also, the reliability of the composition was more than 0.7, and (AVE) as a convergent validity index was more than 0.5. Cronbach's alpha coefficient has also been reported as one of the methods for measuring the internal consistency of the questionnaire above 0.7. Thus, based on the calculated validity and reliability, it can be concluded that the research has the appropriate number of components. Fitting with the three methods of validity of the explained variance share (R2) more than 0.4, the predictive power of the model (Q2) more than 0.25, the strength of the structural model (GOF) more than 0.4 indicates the acceptability of the implemented model. At the same time, the current findings from the IPA model indicate a mismatch between the importance and performance of the indicators because the difference in importance and performance has varied from -3.1 meeting the needs to the value of +1 traffic improvement, distribution of transportation stations, and organizing defenseless and blind spaces.

The results obtained from SMART PLS fitting with three methods of validity sharing of variance (R2), predictive power (Q2), and structural model strength (GOF) have been reported at the ideal and desirable level and indicate the confirmation of the type of utility relationship in the right to the city. However, the results of the IPA model have shown that there has been a big difference between the level of importance of utility indicators and the amount of performance performed in the city, so low priority is given to high-importance indicators, and 48% of the abundance of indicators are located in this area, while the second area (continuation of the trend), which was a chart of the relevant officials' understanding of the issue of the right to the city, 36.36% is in second place in terms of abundance. Therefore, based on the results of research on indicators that meet the needs of citizens, the possibility of the presence of society in the city (especially disabled people), responsibility, belonging, adaptation, and legalization of citizens should be given priority. In this regard, it should be noted that when successful, urban policies and programs take steps to fulfill the needs and desires of the citizens and that their interests be prioritized. For this purpose, smart urban growth policies and smart cities can be put on the agenda to meet the needs of citizens with the least cost and short time. On the other hand, e-government and smart city policies provide 24-hour and online access to services without physical presence. Considering that the city should belong to all sections of society, and all groups, regardless of age, gender, and health status, can be present in society. A safe and favorable environment must be provided for these groups; therefore, it is necessary to create a safe, favorable environment and provide urban furniture for different classes that are usable for disabled people and pay attention to urban adaptation for all groups.

The search for the right to urban life and seeking the right in the city, or as Henri Lefebvre says, the right to the city, has been considered. With a quick look at the situation of Ardabil city, it is easy to see the way of the personal capitalistic system and the reduction of the profit of the government bodies. It has been forgotten in the midst of the profiteering of citizens and organizations. In this regard, the main goal of the research is to evaluate the indicators of the right to the city in Ardabil and its urban areas, to collect data from the opinions of the citizens of the areas (383 people) and to analyze the data from SPSS, Excel and Kopras multivariable decision making model (KOPRAS) has been used. In this regard, the results of the research and the one-sample t-test indicate that the average score of the Right to the City indicators in Ardabil city is 2.99, which shows the average level. Also, based on the Kopras model, urban areas one, three, five, two, and four have respectively obtained the first to fifth ranks of the right to the city indicators in the urban areas of Ardabil. In terms of stratification, urban areas one and three are at a good level, urban areas two and five are at an average level, and area four is at a poor level.

Today, the concept of "right to the city" is a reaction to the accelerated process of unbalanced urban development and less thought-out plans of urban planning in order to realize and achieve a livable, dynamic and sustainable city. Making the platform of urban life more citizen-oriented, urban justice, justice-oriented urban planning and urban democracy are the basic issues of urban planning today, which the right to the city approach realizes them through the application of socio-spatial changes in the city. The current research with a practical-developmental purpose and a descriptive-analytical nature tries to evaluate the degree of realization of the indicators of the right to the city in each of the five regions of Urmia city by adopting a humanitarian background. The methods used in data collection and analysis are the use of indexing and library methods, field identification and interviews (targeted sample size) and the use of copras and shannon entropy techniques in quantitative analysis. The results of the analysis indicate that regions 2 and 4 of Urmia have the highest and lowest levels of compatibility and desirability, respectively. Finally, in order to achieve suitable conditions in the field of urban planning, coherent and purposeful proposals have been presented.

Today, "the right to the city" approach is a new concept in response to the unbalanced urban development process, which ultimately leads to a city with justice, cohesion and social cohesion, healthy, livable, sustainable and citizen-oriented. This approach is considered as an effective solution in saving and reviving civil rights and by emphasizing the factor of the right to urban life, provides the grounds for the realization and achievement of justice-oriented urban planning and democratic enjoyment of the city. Meanwhile, justice-oriented urban planning has entered the field of urban development as an important knowledge and leading approach in urban planning in order to respond to the social-spatial inequalities produced by capitalism.

The present research with an applied goal and descriptive-analytical method, tries to make a comparative assessment of the status of right to the city indicators in urban settlements by adopting a humane background.

The tools used in collecting and analyzing information are using document selection and library methods and using the questionnaire tools and Swara and Mabac techniques. The statistical population and sample size of the research includes the total population of the historical context of Urmia, which has been calculated through the Cochran method, the number of samples.

Geographical Area of Research:

The neighborhoods of Hafasiyab and Shishegarkhaneh in Urmia city have been the cases of the present research.

The results of the analysis indicate that the sub-indicators of access to public services and democracy have the highest and lowest levels of importance, respectively.

Shishegharkhaneh neighborhood of Urmia city in terms of urban governance, social inclusion, diversity and vitality and spatial access to a more favorable situation than the feasibility of the sub-indicators of the right to the city and achieving justice-oriented urban planning Dedicated to himself.

A just and right city is a city that arises from the heart of differences, contradictions, abstract space. This demand exploits and manifests the possibilities that exist in the space of the contradictory capitalist space. This is why owners and producers of abstract space (government, capital, and technocrats) do not find it enjoyable.

The purpose of this article is to study and analyze the components of a just city and its relationship with the right to the city in the metropolis of Tehran.

This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of applied targeting and its method. The method of data collection was field (researcher-made questionnaire) and theoretical data was prepared by documentary method. The statistical population of this study is 40 experts and specialists of universities and research centers in Delphi. Statistical methods such as frequency distribution, one-sample t-test, chi-square, Friedman path analysis and structural equations in SPSS and SMART PLS software were used to analyze the collected information and data..

The results of the study showed that the significance level of the test of most components and subcomponents of a just and right city is less than (0.05) and at 95% confidence level, there is a significant negative difference between There is an average of the components of a fair city and a right to the city and an average amount (3) and these components do not have a favorable situation in the metropolis of Tehran.

In recent years, the right-to-the-city approach, as an effective concept in the reproduction of social relations and the right to life, has defined the participation of citizens in shaping their daily self-centered life. Moreover, informal settlements with a high level of deprivation in access to services and various activities of urban life have essential requirements in urban management and planning.

Objectives:

 The present study, with an applied purpose and a descriptive-analytical method, tries to the comparative evaluation of study areas from the perspective of access and enjoyment of the components of the right approach to the city.

The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of content. Data collection is through interviews, observation and questionnaires. Test analysis was performed based on samples from groups of urban experts and citizens based on Swara, Friedman and Vikor techniques.

Geographical Context:

 Koshtargah and Islamabad 2 neighborhoods of Urmia, are the two sites of the study area. 

The findings showed that the components of difference in the provision of public services and effectiveness have the highest and lowest levels of importance, respectively.

Islamabad 2 neighborhood is in a better position than the Koshtargah neighborhood in having the right-to-the-city indicators.

The public spaces are important part of cities because of more interactions between people occurs in there and it consistent of parts that people have physical and visual access to them. During recent years, with the loss of economic, political, cultural and social structures efficiency, urban chaos is obvious in all its aspects. Urban crisis manifests in claims of citizenship and more and more people talk about Right to the City. Actually, this approach provides an appropriate conceptual tool to criticize status quo of today’s cities. In addition, to achieve an ideal situation we can extract very rich and creative ideas from the concept of “Right to the City”. In other words, the “Right to the City” is both the issue of the current city (present city) and the issue of the ideal city (a city that should be). The purpose of this study is to investigate the urban space indices on the realization of the right to city in Kashan. According to the nature of the variables, the research method is descriptive-analytical and was conducted by a survey. Findings of the study showed that there is a significant and direct relationship between the variable of the level of desirability of public spaces and the three variables of the right to the city, i.e., allocation to the city, vitality of urban spaces and participation, at a significance level of less than 0.05.

Right to city is a concept, which seeks to involve and allocate the city to urban residents. This research investigates the validation of the right to the city through evaluating the indicators of the right to the city.

This was a descriptive-analytical survey and the statistical population of the research included all citizens older-than-15-year-old in Ahwaz County in 2021. 375 people were sampled according to the Cochran's formula as a cluster from all the urban areas of Ahwaz. One-sample T-test and spatial statistics methods were used in geographical information system to analyze the results.

The right to the city was not validated in eight districts of Ahwaz metropolis. However, the investigations indicated that regions 2 and 8 had better status than other regions. In addition, using the general Moran's statistic, it was concluded that the data are spatially self-correlated and their distribution pattern is in cluster form, except for the decision-making index, which follows a random pattern.

The degree of validation of the right to the city is lower than the standard and desirable level, and the degree of enjoyment of the right to the city in Ahwaz metropolis is unbalanced.

The city is the largest human artificial environment and the result of human encounter as a creature full of belief and value with nature. The body of the city and its current spirit is a perfect representation of the cultural, political and economic relations of the inhabitants of a city.The lack of child discourse and their place in the city, the dominance of adult discourse, the powerlessness of children, the perception of the child as a person without purity and in need of guardianship, are just some of the reasons for not paying attention to children in urban life.In fact, because children make up a significant portion of the urban population, are in an important period of socialization, and will be citizens and future decision makers of the city, they need more attention in urban studies.

Housing is one of the most basic human needs, but it should not be considered only physically and as a shelter for human beings. This need is a place for human growth in physical and mental dimensions, so housing after the human need for cover He replied that he should meet his need for the growth and excellence of human values and establish effective communication with the community around him, and in the field of social interactions, meet the needs of residents. The development of the housing sector is considered in every society, and since the nineteenth century, the housing sector has been one of the major axes of government intervention in the economy. The origin of such thinking is the theory of "right to the city", which was born from the protest movements and was first used by the French sociologist Henri Lefort in 1968 and is believed to consider cities as a social structure. Despite the efforts made in recent decades to achieve such a goal, policies such as Mehr Housing have been implemented in Iran, but it has not been able to provide affordable housing for the low-income groups. Based on the city of Shiraz as a study sample, he tried to test the key aspects of social housing with the right approach to the city in a conceptual and experimental way. Some of them have been interviewed. The research method is quantitative and data collection tools have been done through a questionnaire and based on structural equation analysis model and through Amos software. The results of the research indicate that the right to urban participation is the right. Space allocation, spatial access, urban governance, social inclusion, diversity and vitality are the main components of the model. He is suitable for social housing with the right approach to the city that the component of urban governance with a rate of 0.478, the component of social inclusion with a rate of 0.491 and the component of diversity and vitality with a rate of 0.543 affect social housing.

As a man-made artifact, the city has the same life cycle as humans. Among the contemporary damages of the city, we can mention the decline and withering of urban neighborhoods. The neighborhoods on which the city's dynamism depends to a great extent have turned into dormitories where the presence of citizens has decreased drastically. Solving this challenge that threatens many opportunities in the city and many problems stemming from this damage is the focus of part of the research and projects of the city's specialists. Cities can be considered successful when they can host lively street activities, whereby people with different characteristics can come together with ease in public spaces, at different times, and for different purposes. Vitality, after all, is the symbol of successful urbanism. As it was said, the lack of urban vitality is a global problem, and in Iran, all cities can be considered involved with this problem. Numerous political, economic, social, cultural, physical, etc. factors are the basis for the lack of vitality of urban neighborhoods, which have similarities and differences between the reasons in different contexts. Political decisions in the past years have caused social and economic imbalance in the city of Yazd, which can be clearly seen in the vitality of the neighborhoods of the city of Yazd. For this reason, in this research, the urban vitality of one of the historical neighborhoods of the city is examined along with two other neighborhoods, one with an informal settlement structure and the other with a strong economic structure in the affluent part of the city. In these neighborhoods, it should be described according to its physical and social structure.

The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical with a practical purpose. The statistical population of this research is all the residents of Skan Kavir, Safaiyeh, and Fahadan neighborhoods, and the sample size was obtained using the Cochran formula of 340, according to the population of these neighborhoods, there are 170 questionnaires in Eskan Kavir neighborhood, 70 questionnaires in Safaiyeh neighborhood and 100 questionnaires in Fahadan neighborhood. The questionnaire was completed randomly. In order to conduct theoretical studies and provide measures of vitality in urban spaces, the method of collecting information has been to use the library method and the use of existing documents. Convenience and comfort, safety and security, diversity and attractiveness, leisure and fun, scope and range, interaction and sense of place. To conduct operational studies, field methods, interviews, photography, and questionnaires were used, and data were analyzed by SPSS software, T-tests, regression, and ANOVA.

The concept of vitality is a mental concept, most of which are manifested in a neighborhood in the form of a series of behaviors, and judging the vitality of a neighborhood is not easily obtained, and sometimes vitality is not found in a neighborhood with a high quality of life, and in a neighborhood with a low quality of life. Vitality is visible. The city of Yazd, one of the ancient cities of the country, has lost its traditional texture in recent years due to the migration process. After examining the studied neighborhoods, the Fahadan neighborhood has the highest level of vitality in the historical context of Yazd, it is in the second rank of Safaiyeh neighborhood among the wealthy neighborhoods of the city, and it is ranked third in the marginal neighborhood of Eskan Kavir. The above ranking is based on a set of indicators and variables, but only paying attention to the numbers in the study of a psychological issue such as vitality makes the conclusion far from reality. It seems that in order to understand the vitality of neighborhoods, in addition to quantitative studies, it is necessary to analyze the mental space. Residents. What separates the concept of vitality from other concepts that are close to it is the issue of diversity, and the fact that Fahadan neighborhood is in the first place is also due to the high diversity in the body and the people present in the environment.

The view of the right to the city by Henry Le Four can be examined from two perspectives: the right that the citizen has over the city and the right that the city has over the citizen. It is not fair and logical that any action outside of logic, value, norm, and humanity, in general, is done in the city, and in the end, the consequences are placed on the shoulders of the city. The major part of human growth and excellence is owed to the city, so the city also has a right on the shoulders of the citizens. The right to the city is not only a material concept; citizens and city dwellers must be involved in the production and atmosphere of the city; produce and reproduce the space they produced. But one of the rights that citizens enjoy is the right to a lively urban atmosphere, dynamic neighborhoods, worthy of dignity, and course the efforts of the citizens of a neighborhood. But to achieve this right, the citizen must first observe the right; To produce a space that reproduces the lively urban space for all citizens. Producing and increasing the public space that all citizens can benefit from, increasing the collective spirit (not individual and atomized), and establishing distributive justice in society are among the rights that the city deserves. The sum of these cases makes the society out of the individual state and creates local communities; Where the fate of people is important to each other. Increasing the capacity of society in meeting the needs (commensurate with the values and priorities) leads to the growth and development of the local community. The output of this path is the provision of resources for everyone and intergenerational and intergenerational justice, a stable situation where development is not for a few but for all and not for a few years but forever.

Disabled people like other people in society need to use public facilities in society. The non-compliance of the interior spaces of the housing and its upper spaces with the needs of these people has caused the lack of easy life for this group. The present study seeks to provide suggestions for improving the living conditions of these people after recognizing the laws related to these people and the existing problems in their lives.

In order to identify the rights related to people with special conditions in order to equalize social opportunities, the rights and laws related to this group have been presented at both world and Iranian levels by studying the documents available in these countries. Then the problems related to this group are introduced using the method of library, documentation and field observations.

this research in order to answer the questions of rights and laws related to the disabled and the housing of the disabled? What are the problems with the realization of quality living in accordance with the physical and mental characteristics of the disabled? And how can the quality and quantity of life of people with disabilities be improved ?; After identifying the existing problems, in order to solve the problems and improve the quantity and quality of living conditions, to provide improvement proposals in two categories: micro (in two categories of proposals related to outdoor and indoor spaces) and macro (solutions such as adaptation, Flexible housing and inclusive housing) are paid.

Proper design and adoption of protective laws in urban areas and indoor spaces affect the motivation of people with disabilities to work in society and play an important role in meeting the needs and attention to human dignity of this group. Formulation of laws and its implementation in the field of design, landscaping and adaptation of urban and residential spaces can be an important step towards achieving this.