جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « .Pricing » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

The main economic challenge of long-term contracts for the sale of natural gas through the pipeline is the pricing of the gas in the contract. Considering the impact of market developments on natural gas pricing in long-term contracts, the economic pathology of natural gas sales contracts and providing suggestions to reduce this damage become important. In long-term contracts, the price of gas is determined based on the price of alternative energies. This type of pricing means that the price of gas is not determined in real terms and subsequently it will require a lot of negotiations and transaction costs. This fact, which is not in any way favorable to the economic character of the parties, leads to the fact that the pricing is repeatedly subjected to price revision arbitrations. In order to avoid the above economic risks and create transparency in the gas market pricing system, it is better to conclude natural gas sales contracts in the form of spot and short-term contracts. In addition, the restructuring of the energy exchange and the launch of the gas market can help to establish transparency in the market.

Price, as an element of marketing, plays an essential role in the decision-making of tourists as well as the income of tourism activists. Therefore, it is essential to identify the components and factors affecting the pricing process. The outbreak of COVID-19 in Iran has drawn the attention of tourism businesses to the necessity of the pricing process and updating the price of tourism products. We examined the pricing components of tourism products by qualitative-quantitative approach and using fuzzy cognitive mapping.  We identified 29 pricing factors of tourism products using the opinion of 9 tourism experts. In the next step, 18 factors were selected in 4 dimensions using semi-structured interviews. Finally, we identified the most important components of tourism products’ pricing during the COVID-19 outbreak. The findings indicate that four components of cost coverage and loss prevention, purchasing power, survival in the tourism market, and the extent of tourist demand are more important than other components during the coronavirus outbreak.

Collective pension schemes with mandatory participation, despite their many benefits, are not commensurate with the future of work so that recently granting exit option has been considered in pension reforms. However, there are concerns about the consequences of granting exit option on sustainability of the plans. This study based on the main characteristics of Iran’s Social Security Organization (ISSO)’s pension fund, mathematically calculates the value of participation in this plan. It was assumed that contributors are allowed to opt out once at a given time (European option) or several times during employment (US option) and, then, the option pricing theory is used to determine the value of these options. Findings show that in both cases of European and American options, the incentive to leave generally is low at old ages and they prefer to stay and receive their entitled pension annually. In contrast, young people have less incentive to participate because they know that they are the ones who have to pay the high recovery contributions necessary to fill the deficit. However, it was shown that even young people are willing to accept a deficit (between 30 and 40 percent) because in case of participation, they would benefit from investment returns of their predecessors’ funds or other benefits of collective schemes including interpersonal and intergenerational risk sharing. The results also show that in case of American option, people have always higher participation incentive and its exit threshold is always lower than the case of European option.

Natural gas prices do not follow the normal free market criteria where prices are established by the intersection of independent demand and supply curves.  As a strategic good that is traded between major suppliers (normally sovereign countries) and market monopoly or oligopolies in the importing countries.  One method that has been agreed between sellers and buyers is the buy back mechanism used in many long term contracts.  This pricing method is designed to provide confidence for both consumer and producer that they are getting a fair price and to increase competitiveness with alternative fuels and reduce the costs of natural gas transmission from producing countries to target markets. In this study, we use the market value of gas in the target countries of the European export market, and deduct transit and transmission costs to arrive at the optimal price of potential Iranian gas exports to Europe at the Bazargan border with Turkey has been calculated as $ 300 per thousand cubic meters. The comparison of the calculated prices with the current export prices of Iranian gas to Turkey and Iraq reveals that the use of netback pricing method for the European export market is fully justified.  Iranian access to the European gas market, however, in addition to economic factors is influenced by the state of political relations between Iran and European countries.

The ever-increasing population has caused an increase in the demand for transportation in cities and congestion in transportation systems and traffic on the streets. This congestion has significant negative consequences such as increasing environmental pollution, serious damage to the physical and mental health of citizens, waste of time, and a significant amount of fuel waste. Pricing policies as one of the demand management policies are among the solutions that can be used to reduce the external costs caused by the use of motor vehicles. The present study tries to determine the external costs of using urban transportation modes and the equilibrium price for each mode using pricing tools. To determine the equilibrium price, the concept of equilibrium between supply and demand curves has been used. The demand chart is obtained by using the results of the preference questionnaire and modeling and the supply chart is obtained based on social costs (travel time, air pollution, noise pollution, accidents, traffic services, facilities, garbage collection from the network, and consumption of non-renewable resources). The results of the research showed that the equilibrium toll for each hour of presence in the central area during peak hours (morning) is equal to 3408 Tomans; At this toll level, 38% of people refuse to travel by car and use alternative modes (public and non-motorized). The equilibrium price for taxis, buses, and subways is equal to 2797, 2065, and 2921 Tomans respectively; At these price levels, more than half of people continue to use the mentioned modes and the rest use non-motorized modes.

Deposits insurance, as an integral part of the set of strategies, plays a preventive role (through prudential supervision) as well as a forward-looking role (by guaranteeing public deposits) in the financial health of countries. The stability of the financial sector has been discussed.

The main purpose of the present study is to evaluate deposit insurance in the useless banking industry in Iran. Statistical population of Iran and the sample of selected banks include Parsian, Pasargard, Saman, Melli, Sepah and Housing in the period of 1385-1397.

The research method is descriptive-applied. Firstly, using the statistical data of the above mentioned banks, the credit risk of the banks is obtained and then using the GARCH model the estimation of the deposit insurance pricing is done.

The results show that the credit risk of different banks is different and therefore, the pricing of deposit insurance is different for private and public banks, it is suggested that the deposit insurance pricing system In Iran, it be calculated on a yearly basis according to the risk of each bank.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of pricing resulting from interference in the price mechanism and obliging the market to apply floor and ceiling prices or the use of pricing criteria by regulators. Research (normative and descriptive-analytical) will provide solutions to improve the current situation. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of pricing resulting from interference in the price mechanism and obliging the market to apply floor and ceiling prices or the use of pricing criteria by regulators. Research (normative and descriptive-analytical) will provide solutions to improve the current situation.The findings of this study indicate that despite the existence of 15 governmental and quasi-governmental regulatory institutions and organizations in the field of pricing, challenges including adopting a single pricing procedure for all goods and with any structure, having a price suppression approach, pricing There are different interpretations of the rules, etc., which lead to inconsistencies in the way the relevant institutions intervene along the value chain of different commodity groups. The consequences of this decision will occur in severe price fluctuations, which will cause instability in the economy.

One of the most important issues facing Islamic economics is the fairness of the pricing system. Is the market pricing mechanism fair? This study examines the criteria and examples of fair price from the perspective of Islamic jurisprudence based on the view of Allameh Hilli by using descriptive method and jurisprudential-economic analysis. This study attempts to conclude the important issue of pricing and the limits and scope of the Islamic State's intervention in the market of insights for reference to the heritage of the Shiite school, focusing on the views of Allama Hali. There is a question whether the market price is a fair price? The findings of study show that the current market price is not always considered fair based on Allameh Hilli's point of view. He also cites non-market examples of fair pricing, which include legal prices set by legal authorities (guilds and accountants, as well as a fair and informed estimator). The ruler of Sharia can set a special price in case of misuse of the owner of the goods in determining the price based on some jurists’ points of view including Allama Hali.

Optimal management and planning in the petrochemical industry will bring about many economic benefits, including depended industries. In this research we examine technical and operational planning in the petrochemical supply chain network to assess how to optimize periodic decisions such as inventory of raw materials and products, pricing, transportation and flow of materials and products. In the proposed mode we take into account the uncertainty of various parameters, in order to propose a low risk and robust planning approach. The objective function of the proposed model is to maximize the annual profit of petrochemical complexes, within the capacity constraints of production and transportation facilities. The proposed model is continuous and convertible into a quadratic convex problem, in order to allow the use of commercial programs such as CPLEX to find the optimal solution. In order to demonstrate the applicability of the model, we present a numerical study in the final section of the paper, which includes some sensitivity analysis, numerical results and managerial insights.

Over the past decade, long-term memory processes have been an important part of time series analysis. Long-term memory has important applications in evaluating market performance and macroeconomic, financial, and accounting variables, while the researcher may in some cases have to convert data or in other words manipulate data, which is expected to provide some data features that are important in economic forecasting. Therefore, in this study, the effect of data conversion on long-term memory and structural dependency and finally the results of the study were investigated. For this purpose, the existence of long-term memory in raw and converted data is first tested. To understand the effect of long-term memory on structural dependence, the tail dependence coefficient between raw and manipulated data (seasonal data 1991 to 2018) is estimated; the results show that raw data have long-term memory, more tail dependence on the manipulated data. It changes the nature of the data and not only reduces their memory but also reduces animal dependency.

This paper studies the pricing issue in a multi-period and multi-product closed-loop supply chain with price-dependent demands. The aim is to assign a location for the collection and disassemble center, vehicle routing, and material ordering in order to maximize the profit. In the study, a non-linear mathematical model is presented for small scale problems. Due to the NP-hardness of the problem, two met heuristics, genetic algorithm and particle swarm optimization algorithm, are applied to solve medium and large scale problems. The algorithms are validated by comparing their results with those of the mathematical model. Finally, the performance comparison of the two met heuristics through statistical analysis is demonstrated that the particle swarm optimization algorithm performance outperforms the genetic algorithm.

One of the capital asset pricing models is CCAPM model that first time were presented by Breeden (1979). In the standard and the basic CCAPM establishes a linear relationship between consumption’s beta and excess return on assets but unfortunately, linear CCAPM made The Equity Premium Puzzle. After presenting puzzles like equity premium puzzle, adjustments were made in the CCAPM. For this purpose in this paper, adjustments have been made in the preferences as explores the implications of a novel class of preferences for the behavior of asset prices. This class of preferences was suggested first time by Marshall (1920), that according to it, people derive utility not only from consumption, but also from the very act of saving.
In this paper, we derive the Euler equations after modeling preferences based on the savings and consumption estimate them with GMM. In order to estimate the models, is examined quarterly data of 1977 to 2010. The models are significant in the other words it can be concluded that consumption and saving are successful in explaining stocks returns. Based on the estimated parameters in the models we can conclude that β is greater than 0.8 and savings is significant in preferences function but don’t have high value. In addition, these results indicate that economic agents are risk averse.

One of the most important issues in the field of natural gas export via pipeline is the lack of pricing strategy, and providing an optimum pricing mechanism has always been one of the biggest challenges for gas export contracts. In this paper a pricing mechanism based on Game theory provided. The pricing mechanism has been developed based on cooperation among producing countries, consumers and gas transmitters that in the case of gas-exporting countrie's commitment to it, the interests of these countries will be supplied. So, taking into account the realities of the market and according to the conditions of transmitter country, different scenarios have been compiled and according to it, the modeling is accomplished. The results of the different models in determining price, quantity and optimum tariff for two cooperative and non-cooperative games is that the interest of member countries in cooperative game is far greater than non-cooperative game.

Utilizing modern financing methods have been focused by governments either for low public budgets or for higher cost productivity of private sector. The financing method of Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) is one of the most applicable methods for participation of private and public sectors. This paper examines two price determination methods in Iranian electric industry and compares them. Two pricing methods are compared in this paper: 1) two parts pricing (i.e. one part of price is extended and one part of price is non-extended during the operation period of the project) and 2) one part pricing (i.e. totally extended pricing during the operation period of the project). The results show that applying either model depends on policies of government against deregulation of prices.

Energy is one of the most important factors that influences economic development in any Society. Inefficient use of energy causes economic and environmental problems. There is ample evidence of inefficient use of energy in Iran. The current study evaluates the role of public knowledge of the importance of efficient use of energy in reducing total demand as a non-monetary demand management tool. The investigation is based on fuzzy logic analysis. The study uses a novel approach for evaluating energy knowledge and awareness amongst residential consumers in Kerman. Analysis of 400 questionnaires (including six parts of energy knowledge) shows an average score of 38.73 out of 100 for energy awareness. The lowest score relates to electricity consumption knowledge and the highest score is related to the awareness of pollution resulting from energy use.

Selecting a set of features and price for new product is one of the most important and difficult decisions for any firm. For its implementation firms require information by demand of consumers about product features,the cost of providing these features and reaction of existing competitors to new product entry. In this research, with the help of game theory, the various positions of new product entry in the automobile market has been studied and the position and price that makes the highest profit for manufacturers has been determined. Results of research show that with entering a new product,price reaction of competitors are not significant and entering new product has the greatest effect on their market share.

Based on the theories of industrial economics, it is expected that, in markets with extremely high concentration, the gap between price and marginal cost is high and in industries that concentration is low, the price is close to the marginal cost.
In this paper, the researcher have examines the 53 industries in the four-digit codes ISIC, and pricing patterns have been evaluated in the centralized and decentralized industries. The findings of this study denote that the industries that are highly centralized possess very highly profit margins: These industries include firms that produce and manufacture plastics in primary forms and synthetic rubber, fertilizers and Nitrogen compounds, malt liquors, publishing of books, brochures, musical books and other publications, refined petroleum products and refractory ceramic products.

This paper aims to investigate the process of Iranian e-Retailers e-Pricing. Statistical tests such as one sample t-test and Friedman analysis of variance were used to test the hypotheses. The results confirm that long run profit and surveillance are among the top priorities of the Iranian e-Retailers. The analysis indicates that the demand in electronic market is increased because of occurring cross-selling and the long term sales. Moreover, the findings reveal that e-Advertising expenditures and overhead costs are decreased in e-Market. The results of the statistical tests also indicate that gathering competitive information is facilitated for e-Pricing. Freidman test shows that the priority of e-Pricing strategies is cost-oriented, value-oriented and competition oriented.