جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « طرد اجتماعی » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Baneh, located in Iranian Kurdistan, is a mountainous city situated near the border. Due to its distance from the city center and chronic underdevelopment, the border has emerged as a sustainable livelihood option for the region. Over the past few decades, a significant portion of the population in Baneh has come to depend on the border with "Kolbari" becoming a primary means of earning a living. The term "Kolbari" consists of two parts: "Kol", which in Kurdish means carrying a load by hand or on the shoulder, and "Bari", which means to carry. A Kolbar is an individual, who transports goods across rugged mountain paths from one side of the border to the other in exchange for wages. The lives of many border residents revolve around the practice of Kolbari. Today, Kolbari is not only a source of income or a common occupation, but it has also developed into a distinct lifestyle and subculture. From a sociological perspective, the role of lifestyle in shaping identity is undeniable. Therefore, the objective of this research was to examine the identity implications of Kolbari and its associated meanings.

The primary objective of this research was to explore the understanding of Kolbars in terms of their sense of otherness and the process of identification. To achieve this goal, a qualitative methodology and thematic analysis were deemed appropriate as the method and strategy for data management and analysis. Thematic analysis is a method used to identify and analyze patterns within qualitative data (Clarke & Braun, 2013: 1). The focus of this research was on individuals, who had a minimum of three years of experience as Kolbars in the city of Baneh and possessed a thorough understanding of this way of life. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews. A purposeful sampling approach was employed, selecting 19 Kolbars with an emphasis on maintaining maximum diversity among participants. The collected data were then analyzed using thematic analysis and data coding was facilitated using Maxqda software.

Despite being a compulsory phenomenon, Kolbari was perceived by most Kolbars as a matter of honor, a source of pride, and a means to protect human dignity. Kolbars viewed their experience as migrant labor as disrespectful to their Kurdish identity and a threat to their honor and security. Consequently, they interpreted Kolbari as a way to regain their honor and escape the dishonorable experiences associated with migrant work. The themes that emerged from the narratives of Kolbars indicated their willingness to endure the hardships of Kolbari in order to earn a "proud bread". Kolbari was seen as a means to escape subordination and reclaim a sense of liberation from otherness. Despite the challenging encounters with border institutions, experiences of disrespect, physical and psychological torture, and the subsequent harassment and expenses following arrests, it was important to avoid interpreting Kolbari solely as a result of structural coercion. Rather, it was necessary to understand how Kolbars themselves perceived and interpreted this occupation. Kolbars chose this profession over spying on their peers and colleagues, considering it an honorable occupation. Their narratives rejected the perception of Kolbari as involvement in smuggling or aggression. According to the interviewees, Kolbari was interpreted as a struggle for survival and a dignified means of livelihood that preserved their sense of dignity. On a macro level, Kolbari represented a form of social exclusion. It reflected power deprivation and double marginalization experienced by the Kurdish population.Additionally, Kolbari served as a platform for defining and redefining insider and outsider boundaries. It was influenced by Kurdish cultural differentiation and simultaneously shaped the identity of Kolbars in unique ways, calling for a distinct identity. These findings aligned with the results of Soleimani and Mohammadpour (2020).In the narratives, the confrontation between Kurdish Kolbars and non-Kurdish officers was often generalized to encompass all border and governance institutions. Therefore, when discussing otherness, Kolbars explicitly referred to border agents, institutions, and government representatives. One could interpret Kolbar's "transgression" of the border as an act of defiance against the government and a challenge to the official narrative surrounding borders.

 The purpose of the present study is to identify the factors affecting the tendency of women with physical disabilities to travel and tourism.

Design/methodology/approach: 

This study was conducted with a quantitative approach and a survey method. The statistical population includes 781 physically disabilities women of Babolsar city, and using the Cochran formula, 257 people were selected as a statistical sample with a multi-stage sampling method. The data collection tool is a questionnaire.

The findings showed that the tendency of physically disabilities women to travel is lower than the average level. Women experience a strong feeling of rejection in terms of social participation, normative integration, access to social rights and material deprivation is also at a low level. Regression analysis showed that social participation and feeling of material deprivation respectively had the greatest effect on their tendency to travel. Bivariate analyzes also indicated the existence of a significant difference in the tendency of physically disabilities women to travel according to age, education, occupation and cause of disability(p<0/005).

This study provides a more distinct picture of the impact of social exclusion on physically disabilities women and its impact on tourism and travel. Since tourism can be effective in strengthening mental health and their return to the society, providing the ground for disabled tourism should be given more attention.

Originality/value: 

This study is one of the first researches in the field of physically disabled women and tourism in Iran.

Social exclusion means deprivation of participation in social institutions, and civil rights, and the process of separation from the labor market, communities and social organizations. The present article has applied and sociological analysis of the relationship between social quality and social exclusion in marginalized groups in the outskirts. Its survey method and the most important data collection tool is a made researcher questionnaire .Cronbach's alpha of the variables is above 0.70. Content validity was used to measure the validity of items and questions. According to research findings, there is a significant negative relationship between social quality in three indicators of social cohesion, empowerment and socio-economic security with social exclusion. Social quality69 percent explains the percentage of reduction in social exclusion. In the meantime, social cohesion has the most effect on reducing exclusion from social relations and basic services, empowerment on reducing exclusion from neighborhood relations, and socio-economic security on reducing exclusion from financial resources.The total correlation between the variables is above average Social exclusion is different between men and women and there is a relationship between income and social exclusion. In general, as the social quality of marginalized groups increases, their social exclusion decreases.

One of the harms of social exclusion is increasing the tendency to use drugs. The present study was conducted with the aim of sociologically explaining the effect of social rejection on the tendency to use drugs among women who refer to drug withdrawal and rehabilitation centers in Tehran. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire, the statistical population of the research was women referring to the above centers in Tehran, and 385 of them were selected as a statistical sample based on the multi-stage random cluster sampling method. The research results showed; The independent variables of the research have explained a total of about 37% of the changes in the dependent variable, i.e. the tendency to use drugs, and about 60% of the changes in the dependent variable of the research have been evaluated outside of the researcher's imaginary model, also based on the results of the research of the seven variables; Non-present social relations, present social relations, associational participation, intergroup support, intragroup support and non-associational participation respectively had the greatest negative effect on the tendency to use drugs, in contrast to the independent variable of exclusion from the labor market in the tendency of the studied subjects. It had a positive effect on drug use. In better words, the variables; Face-to-face social relations, non-face-to-face social relations, association participation and intergroup support and intra-group support and non-association participation have had a reducing effect on the tendency to use drugs, but exclusion from the labor market has had an increasing effect.

This qualitative research attempts to study the lived experiences of elderly women living in nursing houses of Khorramabad city in the field of social exclusion. To do this, we have used grounded theory to analyze the causal conditions, intervening conditions and consequences of elderly women’s lived experiences of social exclusion. The subjects were selected through purposeful sampling from the residents of Haj Seddique and Farzanegan nursing house. The data were gathered by way of deep semi-structured interview. The findings show that the causal conditions of social exclusions are: women’s lack of independent economic status (lack of financial support and loss of ability to work), decline of traditional solidarity in the family (decline of mothers’ authority, generational gap, the growth of individualism) and the transformation of lifestyles (transformation of home’s equipment, semantic change of family labor and the domination of gender bias). These are activated through some intervening conditions such as: extreme pessimism and feeling of loneliness. The first one is characterized by mistrust in society and internal vulnerability; and the second factor can be observed in nostalgia for a golden past and the feeling of being forgotten. It is in this way that they feel that they are dis-embedded from the life-world and thrown into the way of gradual death. So, they represent some symptoms such as silence/ aggressiveness, feeling of rootlessness and self-illness. Or, they believe in extreme fatalism and dying experiences.

Street harassment is a form of violence that women experience in various societies, hindering their ability to participate fully and freely in public spaces. Unfortunately, this type of persecution is prevalent in Afghanistan as well. Women in urban Afghan communities often face harassment from men based on factors, such as the distance they travel or the time they spend on the streets. Herat, one of the major cities in Afghanistan, has been plagued by street harassment against women and girls for many years. This research aimed to explore the factors that contributed to street harassment in Herat City, highlighting its significance as a pressing issue. The study held particular importance for women as they faced numerous obstacles in attaining their civil liberties with street harassment being a pervasive problem that has long been overlooked. To analyze this issue, the research drew upon Andre Michel's theories of gender stereotypes, Watson's examination of spatialized gender relations, and Ryan's concept of gender deprivation.

A cross-sectional survey was employed as the research method for this study. The statistical population comprised both single and married urban girls residing in Herat Province. The sample size was determined to be 350 individuals, who were selected using the non-probability (quota) sampling method. To ensure the validity of the questionnaire, the construct validity method and exploratory factor analysis were utilized. The results of the analysis revealed that the factors extracted in this research aligned with the researcher's theoretical expectations. Furthermore, the cases with suitable factor loadings were confirmed both theoretically and experimentally.

The majority of respondents (47.7%) fell within the age range of 16 to 21 years. The sample also consisted of both single individuals (48.6%) and married individuals (44.3%). The analysis revealed that areas with limited urban services experienced a higher average level of street harassment compared to those with more developed urban services. Specifically, individuals, who utilized rickshaws and flan-coach vehicles, reported a higher likelihood of experiencing street harassment with average scores of 3.07 and 2.90, respectively. On the other hand, those who used taxis reported the least amount of inconvenience. Furthermore, the study found that street disturbance was more prevalent on sidewalks (2.46), quiet streets (2.40), shopping centers and markets (2.38), crowded neighborhoods (2.26), and narrow alleys (2.10) compared to other locations. In contrast, playgrounds (1.56) and fields (1.57) experienced the least amounts of disturbance. Additionally, a positive and significant correlation was observed between the variable of social exclusion and street harassment with a correlation coefficient of 0.180 and a confidence level of 99%. Similarly, the analysis revealed a positive and significant correlation between the amount of women's clothing and street harassment with a correlation coefficient of 0.334 and a confidence level of 99%. In conclusion, the findings of this study highlighted the prevalence of street harassment in Herat City and shed light on various factors that contributed to its occurrence. The results emphasized the importance of addressing urban service disparities, promoting safer transportation options and creating inclusive public spaces to mitigate street harassment. Furthermore, the study underscored the need for social inclusion and challenged societal norms regarding women's clothing to combat street harassment effectively. Street harassment is a form of violence predominantly perpetrated by men against women in public spaces, encompassing verbal, physical, visual, and stalking behaviors. This type of violence has detrimental effects on women, including erosion of their sexual identity, feelings of shame and worthlessness, compromised personal security, infringement upon human dignity, pessimism towards the opposite sex, strain within familial relationships, disruption of social interactions, and moral corruption. Consequently, it is crucial to devise solutions in societies where women experience such harassment, ensuring the well-being of this vulnerable group and preventing their alienation from society. Given the diversity of societies, it is important to recognize that a one-size-fits-all solution is not applicable. Instead, solutions should be tailored to the specific cultural context and sensitivities of each society. By taking into account these factors, appropriate and effective measures can be proposed to address street harassment and safeguard the rights and dignity of women.

Leprosy was one of the oldest diseases and one of the issues that humans were involved in all societies including Iran. The present research, by raising the question, what effect did social security have on the health system and the status of lepers in the middle period of Iran? It examines the relationship between the social health system and social security with a case study of lepers. The result of the research, which was carried out with an interdisciplinary approach and a descriptive-analytical approach, confirms that the society and government of Iran in the middle period, like many societies of the pre-modern era, had social rejection of lepers on their agenda. "Hot disgrace" of the mentioned disease had imposed a distinct, independent, but inferior and deprived of existing facilities on the lepers. This shame used a negative approach in dealing with lepers by implicating the sufferers and accusing them of guilt in contracting the disease. This approach turned leprosy from a medical-biological issue into a cultural-social issue and inevitably forced the lepers to accept conditions that they themselves had no part in creating. Social security in the society's agenda covered only the non-leper majority and excluded lepers as those who threatened the existing health and security system from its safe inclusion; In a way that the lepers also accepted these conditions and suffered the suffering and consequences arising from it.

In the paradigm shift that has taken place in the literature of social support, disabled people have turned from dependent people who need help to talented and capable people who have been exposed to isolation and social deprivation through the exclusion mechanism. Therefore, instead of supporting and helping the disabled, governments are usually advised to provide the conditions for their access to social opportunities and participation in various fields of society in the form of social integration policy. In this regard and considering the significant population of disabled people in the society, the evaluation of policies and protective laws from the perspective of social inclusion as a social issue has been the focus of this research. The research method is document analysis and its statistical population is the Comprehensive Law for the Protection of the Rights of the Disabled (approved 1383) and the Law for the Protection of the Rights of the Disabled (approved 1396). According to the findings of the research, almost all aspects and components of social inclusion in the economic, political, social, cultural and spatial contexts have been taken into consideration in the law for the protection of the rights of the disabled. This is despite the fact that economic, cultural and spatial dimensions were considered in the comprehensive law for the protection of the rights of the disabled. However, in terms of the quality of social inclusion, there is not much difference between the level and ceiling of participation determined in both laws. Because, from the point of view of Arnstein's participation ladder, both laws are placed at the level of partial participation.

Theorists argue that disability is a form of social oppression and exclusion, and disabled people experience considerable inequality in all dimensions of social life. Education, health, employment, housing and transportation are among these inequalities. Although disabled people are very interested in tourism activities, they do not travel much because of the unpleasant negative experiences they have during vacations and trips. The conditions for the travel of disabled people should be provided. Such as infrastructural facilities, accommodation and transportation. Social conditions such as family companionship, job, income, and physical and medical conditions of disabled people also affect the motivation and desire to travel. The suitability of the place of residence, transportation facilities, access and services at the destination should also be compatible with the needs of the disabled. The status of social exclusion of disabled people and how it is distributed among them is one of the important issues of social studies of disability and social justice. In this descriptive-analytical research, the effects of social exclusion dimensions on the tendency of disabled people to travel were investigated.

This review was done with a quantitative method using documental studies and survey. The statistical population includes 2103 disabled people of Babolsar city, and using Cochran's formula, 325 people were selected as a statistical sample by random sampling method. A questionnaire was used to collect data. Content validity was used to check the validity of the questionnaire. In order to check the validity of the content, necessary consultations were conducted with professors in the field of tourism, and according to them, the proposed problems were corrected, and in the re-survey, it was ensured that the questionnaire has the necessary validity. To measure reliability, a sample of 30 people completed the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to measure reliability, which was equal to 0.75. The operational definition of the components of social exclusion has been modeled on the studies conducted by Sebaktin Rizi and Mouszadeh (2016) and Khodakarmian Gilan and others (2019). The reliability of this scale was more than 0.80 in the study of Sobaktekin Rizi and Mouszadeh and 0.79 in the study of Khodakarmian Gilan and others (2019). These two studies have used the verified scale of Hoff and Vrooman (2011), which includes 24 items and has been operationalized in the form of four dimensions of social participation, normative integrity, access to social rights, and material deprivation. In this study, these four components of travel and tourism related documents have been used. The reliability value of self-efficacy was determined using Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.83. The analysis was done in the form of descriptive and inferential statistics and with SPSS software.

The average tendency to travel is 2.97 of 5, which indicates the low level of tendency of disabled people to travel. The average feeling of self-efficacy, social participation and normative integrity is also at the average level. According to the average, the feeling of material deprivation (4.07 of 5) of disabled people is at a high level, and on the other hand, the average access to social rights (2.03 of 5) shows the low access of disabled people to social rights. The findings indicate that the tendency of disabled people to travel, feeling of material deprivation and access to social rights are at a lower-than-average level, and social participation, normative integration and sense of self-efficacy are at an average level. Social participation and feeling of self-efficacy had a positive effect on the tendency of disabled people to travel. In other words, by increasing social participation and improving the sense of self-efficacy, disabled people tend to travel more. On the other hand, normative integrity, feeling of material deprivation and access to social rights did not affect the tendency to travel. Bivariate analyzes also indicated that there is no significant difference in the tendency of disabled people to travel according to gender, marital status, age, education, type of disability.

Self-efficacy has the greatest relationship with intention, so that if a person believes that she/he can successfully perform an adaptive behavior, there is a high probability that she/he will take action. According to this opinion, the belief of disabled people that they can go on a trip and enjoy the trip increases their intention to go on a trip and use related services. But if they overestimate the costs of such work. Such as understanding the negative attitude of the society, the feeling of shame, the feeling of helplessness, the financial expenses and the lack of proper facilities, the sense of self-efficacy and effectiveness decreases in them. They become isolated because they think that being alone and distancing themselves from others can protect them from the social stigma of disability.To remove attitudinal barriers and participation, it is necessary to increase public awareness in social and support institutions and recognize the right of disabled people to establish social relations and participate in the public domain. Also, it is necessary not to consider only the problem of the physically disabled and medical and rehabilitation approaches should be aligned with social and cultural approaches. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to ensure the required foundations in the form of psychological, human and structural conditions, and take necessary measures to improve the conditions.This study provides a more distinct picture of the dimensions of social exclusion of the disabled and its effect on the tendency to travel and tourism. Disabled people are not very familiar with their social rights and are only supported by their families.Since tourism can be effective in strengthening mental health and their return to the society, providing the ground for people's organizations of the disabled and providing the ground for the tourism of the disabled as one of the new tourism markets should be given more attention.

Social exclusion as a modern phenomenon can deprive a part of society from rights and opportunities. Policymakers have paid more attention to this issue in the last two decades in order to prevent dissatisfaction. In the modern world, due to the attention to urbanization, villagers are exposed to social exclusion. According to the theoretical sensitivity of this concept, the present study deals with the experience of social exclusion of the villagers of Shaft city, Gilan province. This research with the qualitative method and data theory strategy of the foundation seeks to understand the experience of social exclusion of the villagers and the field of study is Rastekanar and Chamacha villages of Shaft city. The participants included 22 villagers who were selected purposefully and with theoretical saturation criteria. After analysis, the validity of the data obtained from the interviews was determined by the review method by researchers in the field of social sciences. The core category of the research is "experiences of rejection from resistance to migration"; According to the findings, there are two types of rejection experiences, some people leave the villages and do not have the patience to bear the problems of the village, and instead regret and urban problems await them, and others are not satisfied with leaving the village and resist the hardships. The result is that the social exclusion of the villagers as an example of the discriminatory behavior and inefficiency of the government and local officials, in addition to the negative consequences for the people, causes the marginalization of the natives and the excessive presence of non-natives in the villages.

Basing the increasing of addictive use of social networks, determining factors related to it is essential.  This study aimed to investigate the structural model of relations of addictive use of social networks basing on social rejection and familial emotional atmosphere with mediating role of shyness in students. The present research method is descriptive and correlational. The statistical population of this study consisted of male secondary high-school students studying in public schools in Ardabil city in the academic year of 2019-2020. A sample of 248 people was randomly selected by multistage sampling method and answered to the questionnaires of addiction to social networks, social rejection, family emotional atmosphere and shyness. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling using SPSS25 and Lisrel8.8 software. The results showed that addiction to social networks has a positive relationship with social rejection and its components (except accusations) and with the total score of shyness and with family emotional atmosphere and its components (except Caress) has a negative relationship. Also, shyness is positively related to the social rejection and its components and negatively related to the family's emotional atmosphere and its components (except caressing) (p<0.001). The fitness indicators of the model also confirmed the effect of social rejection and family emotional atmosphere on addictive use of social networks through shy mediation. The results showed that social rejection and family emotional atmosphere are predictors of addictive use of social network in students; furthermore, shyness can play mediating role in these relationships.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between economic status and social exclusion among teachers in Zahedan. The research was conducted by survey method . The statistical population includes all teachers in districts 1 and 2 of Zahedan city in all three grades. The sample size was estimated to be 357 using the Cochran's formula. The sampling method is a combination of stratified random sampling methods and cluster sampling. The results show that the feeling of social exclusion among teachers is moderate. In terms of economic status, the majority of teachers are homeowners, are in middle economic class, have a moderate monthly household expenses, their sense of poverty is high and their level of satisfaction with the country's economic situation is very low. All variables of economic status have a significant relationship with the feeling of social exclusion, in which the relationship of economic class is inverted. There are also significant relationships between gender, age, level of education, ethnicity , religion, employment status, teaching level and work experience and feelings of social discrimination and feelings of social exclusion. The results of linear multivariate regression analysis show that the model composed of variables of economic status, feeling of social discrimination, monthly household expenses, feeling of poverty and gender at a very significant level explain 43% of changes in teachers' feeling of social exclusion.

With the progressive withdrawal of some governments from social responsibilities, cross-border trade has become the primary source of income, and residents of border areas and institutional agents are considering it as an alternative to development. In this way of life, the smuggled goods porterare a symbol of alienation and rejection, as they are perpetually exposed to conflict due to the absence of favorable conditions. The purpose of this study is to examine smuggled goods porter’s social exclusion from the perspectives of non-institutional actors and institutional agents, mediated by life experience and smuggled goods porter’s situation in cross-border trade. In the theoretical section, the critical perspective of theorists such as Foucault, Bourdieu, and Vranken has been utilized to formulate concepts in accordance with the objectives and questions.In accordance with the critical paradigm, critical ethnography was used to conduct research operations in the method section. The target population consists of institutional and non-institutional actors associated with smuggled goods porters in the border trade sector in the town of Baneh.Using targeted and snowball sampling methods, 49 informed and involved participants were chosen for semi-structured interviews.The results demonstrated that smuggled goods porters’ life experience in cross-border commerce was characterized by powerlessness, bureaucratization, suspended citizenship, institutional discrimination, degrading, increasing marginalization, spectacle, an insecure and painful living environment.Smuggled goods porting is a structural and historical phenomenon that has been shaped and maintained by mechanisms, as stated in the conclusion? The social exclusion woven into the fabric of border areas is one of the most significant of these mechanisms. Smuggled goods porting behavior is a result of exclusion, and its perpetuation has been accelerated.

Violence is one of the most important factors that is considered a serious threat to people's health, security and rights and has irreparable negative consequences. The aim of the current research was to identify social violence and social exclusion of Tehran citizens in the context of social ethics and to present a grounded theory.

The current research is of qualitative type and was done with grounded theory method. The statistical populations of the research are women and men living in Tehran who have experienced at least one case of social violence. The sample size was 27 people who were selected by multiple purposeful (homogeneous, theoretical) sampling method. An attempt has been made to interpret the interview and observational data and conceptualize these data by in-depth interview and entering the mental and semantic world of the interviewees, and the interviews with people continued until reaching theoretical saturation in terms of concept. In the following, open, central and selective coding was done, and then by determining the core category, theorizing was done.

Factors such as poverty and unemployment, lack of access to social and educational services, lack of social participation, inefficiency of education and training programs of formal and informal institutions, revenge and grudge, inappropriate environmental conditions and inappropriate role modeling, feeling of social and economic injustice, failure to study, social insecurity and mistrust, etc., have formed causal, contextual and intervening conditions..

The creation of the phenomenon of "social distance and injustice" in the studied society has objectively created a kind of gap and sense of distance with other groups, especially the people of the higher classes of the society and safer neighborhoods, which causes resentment and social annoyance and the increase of social violence and psychological and social insecurity are of its consequences.

With increasing urbanization in developing countries, urban poverty has also become an important social issue. The present study was conducted with the aim of explaining the phenomenon of poverty in Tehran through a qualitative, comprehensive and data-oriented research.

The research method used is grounded theory, which belongs to qualitative methods. Data collection techniques included documentation and library methods, direct observation, written records, data recording, and the use of in-depth and semi-structured interviews. Sample selection was initially purposive and continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. In order to select a sample representative of the community under study, efforts were made to include a combination of age, gender, occupational and educational status, and residence in urban neighborhoods as much as possible. Participants included poor households living in the 17th, 18th, and 19th districts of Tehran. Several criteria were considered in the selection of participants, namely: 1. Be head of household; 2. Have lived in the city for at least two years; 3. Have been recognized as needy by residents and social activists in the neighborhoods, and their poverty was verified based on the testimonies of official (charity and aid organizations) and unofficial (residents, businesses, and social activists) agencies.

Based on this study, exclusion from the labor market, which includes all types of unemployment, incomplete and temporary, and low-income informal employment, is the main factor explaining the phenomenon of urban poverty in the city of Tehran. The results show that the urban poor have taken a number of measures to address urban poverty and migration has been one of their measures in the past and in the present. In the past, it was groups and ethnic groups; in recent years, it has been individuals. Due to the weakness of their economic and human capital, they have also been unable to enter the formal labor market, and underemployment of women and child labor are common among them. In the area of housing, there is the model of shared living in small spaces and sharing the appliances and facilities of the place of residence. In the field of treatment, alternative and informal treatment methods are used. 

The results of this research show that unemployment, temporary and unstable work, which is one of the components of exclusion from the labor market, has led to the persistence of the poverty situation in the society studied and to a series of strategies of urban slums aimed at surviving and meeting the minimum needs. Social exclusion is not limited to small environments, but is also related to macro constructions and processes. Therefore, by referring to micro-environments through qualitative research, one can also observe the effects of macro-processes. In the macro dimension, the rapid development and growth of rapid urbanization has led to widespread migration of rural and unemployed villagers to cities, putting additional pressure on the urban labor market. The lack of infrastructure and opportunities for work and employment has led to many immigrants living in a state of subsistence poverty in the cities or on the outskirts of the cities and experiencing all kinds of social exclusion in their daily lives.

Elderly is thought to be a transition from a life stage to a new one and empty nest syndrome seems to be one prevalent phenomenon in this period. It is essential to identify effective interventions to treat this syndrome. Therefore, the present study was conducted with the objective of the effectiveness of existential consciousness group therapy on social rejection, social adjustment, social sufficiency, and cognitive avoidance in the elderly with empty nest syndrome.
 
 
The present study was a quasi-experimental of pretest-posttest and control group design with a follow-up period. The statistical population included all the elderly with empty nest syndrome living in elderly care centers in Tehran, Iran, in 2022. Among whom, 30 were selected using convenience sampling and, according to the inclusion criteria, assigned into experimental and control groups equally (15 people in each group). The experimental group underwent 10 sessions of 90-minute existential consciousness therapy (shariatmadar,1393). Data collection tools were the Penhaligon Perceived Rejection Scale (2009), Bell Adjustment Scale (1961), Fellner, Lees& Phillips Social Sufficiency scale (1990), and Sexton and Dougas Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire (2008). The data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANCOVA).
The results showed that existential consciousness group therapy reduced the feeling of social rejection (F=4/187, P<0/05), cognitive avoidance (F=2/395, P<0/05), and increased social competence (F=2/395, P<0/05) in the elderly with empty nest syndrome, but it had no significant effect on the subjects' social adjustment (F=0/0337, P<0.05).
According to the results, in designing programs related to promoting health in the elderly with empty nest syndrome, existential consciousness therapy can be used as an effective intervention for improving social rejection, social sufficiency, and cognitive avoidance.

The extent of environmental degradation is increasing and environmental protection requires utilizing the cultural and social capabilities of human communities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the environmental citizenship of residents aged 18 and older in Shiraz and its relationship with social capital and socio-economic variables. The method of this research was a survey and the required information has been collected using a questionnaire. The study sample is 1045 residents of Shiraz who were selected using the Cluster Sampling Method. To evaluate the validity of the questionnaire, factor analysis was used, and to determine its reliability, the internal coordination of the instrument was used by Cronbach's Alpha Method. The results show that the variables of social capital, socio-economic status,  had a positive and significant relationship at the level of 99% with the environmental citizenship variable. There is a significant difference between the environmental citizenship status of the respondents according to their marital status. Married people have stronger environmental citizenship than others. In total, the independent variables explained 15.3% of the changes in the dependent variable of environmental citizenship. Environmental citizenship and social capital are synergistic. Strengthening social capital and its elements is important for strengthening environmental citizenship.

In this article, while examining the many dimensions of social exclusion in the life of the Ghorbats of Masiri city, the center of Rostam eparchy, Fars province, the changes created as a result of the implementation of the modernization program have been studied. The research method is qualitative and based on thematic analysis, and sampling was done using a targeted method based on a theoretical approach, and the participants were selected with the snowball technique, and saturation was achieved after interviewing the 19th person. Then the data collected from the field were analyzed through data coding. A total of 210 primary codes were obtained; then, all the similar codes were categorized based on conceptual and semantic affinity and by the method of asking and comparing at a more abstract level, which resulted in 81 concepts, 48 micro categories and finally 7 broad categories. The broad (main) categories include: exclusion from material resources, exclusion from social relations, exclusion from the power hierarchy, exclusion from the dominant culture, ethnic stigma, exclusion from basic services and social changes. The studied group was excluded from the surrounding society in material and economic dimensions, social relations, dominant culture, power hierarchy, ethnic dimension and receiving basic services. Finally, ethnic exclusion was identified as the central phenomenon and the main root of people's social exclusion. Also, this study showed that in the process of modernization in Iran, this group lost their job (traditional craftsmanship).

The purpose of this study was to investigate the formal and informal costs of crime by descriptive survey method. The statistical population of this study is convicted of robbery, fraud and intentional assault and release from prison in 1989. Using the available sampling method, 150 individuals were selected as the final sample size. Data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire whose content and face validity were confirmed by the opinions of three experts and its reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.81. After explaining the demographic data, frequency distribution and percentage of questions answered, multivariate analysis of variance and t-test were used for data analysis and Tukey test was used to determine the differences between groups. According to the findings of this study, investigation of official and informal crime costs in thieves is more than thieves and in thieves more than the perpetrators of deliberate beatings. Also, when assessing formal and informal costs, in general, fraudsters pay close attention to both types of costs, thieves emphasize informal costs more than formal costs, and perpetrators of deliberate assault and crime pay little attention to official and social costs. The reason for the discrepancy in the assessment of crime costs is due to the forensic nature of the crime, that is, the fraudsters as white collar criminals knowingly commit the crime, and the perpetrators of deliberate assault and intentional assault as the blue collar criminals, committing crimes.