فهرست مطالب غلام حسین ریاضی

Nowadays, given the numerous disease problems that have arisen in shrimp farms, the utilization of nutritional supplements to strengthen the immune response and controlling the common diseases in dense shrimp farming have been highly regarded.  So, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of basic diet formulated with different levels of Moringa oleifera leaf powder (25, 50 and 100g/kg) and ethanolic extract (0.25, 0.5 and 1g/kg) in seven treatments each with three replicates on the expression of immune genes in the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. After 8 weeks, the mRNA expression of four immune genes, including alpha-2-macroglobulin (α2M), Lipopolysaccharide and B1,3-glucan binding protein (LGBP), Peroxinectin (PX) and integrinß, were measured in the hepatopancreas using Real-time PCR technique. The results showed a statistically significant differences in the expression levels of the α2M, LGBP, PX genes in all treatments (p<0.05). The expression level of α2M in treatments of 0.25 and 0.5 g/kg extracts and 25 g/kg Moringa leaf powder were significantly higher than that of the other treatments (p<0.05). The highest levels of LGBP expression were observed in 0.5 and 1g/kg Moringa leaf extract and the highest level of PX gene expression was observed in 0.5 and 1g/kg Moringa leaf extract and 25g/kg Moringa leaf powder treatments, which was significantly higher than other treatments and the control treatment (p<0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study showed the positive effects of using 0.5 and 1 g/kg Moringa leaf extract and 25 g/kg leaf powder on the functioning of the immune system in L. vannamei.

Biomimetic means imitating models, systems, and elements of nature to solve complex human problems. This field of science has led to the creation of new technologies inspired by biological solutions in macro and nano sizes. Thousands of people die every year due to diseases caused by antibiotic resistance. Therefore, the use of antimicrobial peptides has become particularly important.

in this study, branched polyethyleneimine polymer has been used as a biomimetic polymer of antibacterial peptides. In order to increase the antibacterial properties, the amino acids valine and lysine were used to modify the surface of branched polyethyleneimine. 1 H-NMR and FTIR were used to prove the binding of amino acids to the polymer. Antibacterial activity of the modified polymer by two methods of MIC test and growth inhibition zone on gram-positive bacteria S. aureus and B. subtilis and gram-negative bacteria E. coli and P. aeruginosa were examined.

Under optimal conditions, the concentration of branched polyethyleneimine polymer was 8 μl, and the amino acid valine to lysine ratio was 1: 6. Polyethyleneimine polymer modified with the amino acids valine and lysine inhibited bacterial growth concentration-dependent (p <0.05). 5 mg/ml of this polymer inhibits the growth of bacteria by more than 70%. The diameter of the inhibition zone of this polymer in examined bacteria reached about 15-20 mm. The antibacterial activity of this polymer was comparable to that of the antibiotic cefepime. It seems that this polymer can be used as an antibacterial polymer.

In this study, the effects of powder and leaf extract of Moringa oleifera on hemolymph factors of Litopenaeus vannamei in response to salinity stress were evaluated. After 8 weeks of feeding with powder (25, 50 and 100g / kg) and extract (0.25, 0.5 and 0.1 g/kg) leaves of Moringa and control treatment without Moringa, all treatments were exposed to short-term salinity stress (5 and 55 ppt). There was a statistically significant difference in total and differential count of homocytes in different dietary treatments in all three normal conditions and under salinity stress of 5 and 55 pp (p<0.05). Under normal conditions and high salinity, shrimps fed with Moringa leaf extract showed higher number of homocytes than other treatments. In stress-free conditions, the number of semi-granular cells in powder and extract treatments was higher than the control group. At 5 ppt, Moringa powder treatments had higher semi-granular and at 55 ppt salinity, the leaf powder group (100 g/kg) and the leaf extract (0.25 g/kg) showed the highest values, respectively. Overall, the results of this study showed the positive effects of using Moringa leaf powder and extract on innate immune system function and exposure to salinity stress in shrimp

Astrocytes are the most important and abundant cells helping neurons. They are involved in the neural survival, ionic, and osmotic homeostasis, as well as in the formation of synapses and growth of the axons and dendrites. Activating markers of the cell cycle increased in Alzheimer’s disease. Cyclin dependent kinase 1(Cdk1) and cyclin E2 (CE2) are among the cell cycle markers. Besides, methamphetamine in non-toxic dose reduces the automatic division capacity and leads to cell differentiation. In this study, the human astrocytes exposed to amyloid beta (Aβ) and treated with low doses of methamphetamine (METH) and the cell cycle arrest and expression of the Cdk1 and CE2 were assessed in all groups. Five groups were used: 1- The cells expose to Aβ, 2- The cells exposed to METH, 3- The cells exposed to Aβ and then METH, 4- the cells exposed to METH and then Aβ, 5- The control group. Each group was repeated three times. Cdk1 gene expression decreased in group 3, treatment group, but increased in group 4, prevention group. The CE2 gene expression decreased in both groups. Furthermore, the cell cycle arrest in G1, G2, and S were assessed. In the Group 3, treatment group, G2 decreased; but in group 4, prevention group, it increased. Changes in the cell cycle are the early symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. The low dose of METH can reduce cell cycle activating markers as well as reducing cell division and leading the cells to death.

This study was designed to add the reduced glutathione to a lecithin nanoparticle-based extender and evaluate the quality of bull sperm after freezingand thawing. In the present study, the effect of four different levels of glutathione (0, 1, 2.5 and 5 mM) in extender-based on lecithin nanoparticles wasevaluated. The lecithin nanoparticles were prepared and the particle size was reduced by using a sonicator device. During three weeks, 48 ejaculatesfrom six Holstein bulls were collected and frozen. Properties evaluated after freezing and thawing were kinetic parameters (CASA), membraneactivity (HOST), membrane integrity (eosin-nigrosine) and morphology (Hancock solution). The results showed that using 2.5 mM glutathione in theextender significantly increased total and progressive motility (63.38±1.5 and 43.1±1.1 respectively, P <0.05). The results of eosin-nigrosine stainingand Host test showed that the highest viability and cell membrane functionality were related to 2.5 mM treatment (64.8±1.5 and 58.1±1.1 respectively)(P<0.05). In general, 2.5 mM glutathione could improve the quality of bull sperm compared with other concentrations after freezing and thawingprocess. It seems that the 2.5 mM glutathione is optimum concentration for bull extender based on the lecithin nanoparticles.

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of encapsulated reduced glutathione added to extender on the quality of bull sperm after freezing and thawing process. Extender contains lecithin nanoliposomes supplemented with different concentrations of glutathione (0, 1, 2.5 and 5 Mm concentration). The supplemented nanoliposomes with glutathione were prepared by thin-film preparation method.  The particle size decreased to nanometer by sonication. 40 ejaculations were collected from 6 Holstein bulls and frozen for 6 weeks. Evaluated characteristics after freezing and thawing process were kinetic parameters (CASA), membrane activity (HOST), membrane integrity (eosin-nigrosin) and morphology of sperm ( Hancock's solution). Results showed that level 1 mM significantly increased the total and progressive motility (47.5±1.7, 32.7±2 %).  Although, there was no significant difference with level 2.5 mM glutathione (45.0±1.7, 26.2±2 %). Also, the concentration of 2.5 mM showed the highest value of cell membrane integrity and cell membrane functionality but did not differ with the concentration of 1mM. However, supplementation of nanoliposomes with 5 mM glutathione reduced the quality of post-thaw sperm. Thus, level 1 M encapsulated glutathione can provide better protection compare to the other level of that for bull sperm.

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of encapsulated reduced glutathione added to extender on the quality of bull sperm after freezing and thawing process. Extender contains lecithin nanoliposomes supplemented with different concentrations of glutathione (0, 1, 2.5 and 5 Mm concentration). The supplemented nanoliposomes with glutathione were prepared by thin-film preparation method.  The particle size decreased to nanometer by sonication. 40 ejaculations were collected from 6 Holstein bulls and frozen for 6 weeks. Evaluated characteristics after freezing and thawing process were kinetic parameters (CASA), membrane activity (HOST), membrane integrity (eosin-nigrosin) and morphology of sperm ( Hancock's solution). Results showed that level 1 mM significantly increased the total and progressive motility (47.5±1.7, 32.7±2 %).  Although, there was no significant difference with level 2.5 mM glutathione (45.0±1.7, 26.2±2 %). Also, the concentration of 2.5 mM showed the highest value of cell membrane integrity and cell membrane functionality but did not differ with the concentration of 1mM. However, supplementation of nanoliposomes with 5 mM glutathione reduced the quality of post-thaw sperm. Thus, level 1 M encapsulated glutathione can provide better protection compare to the other level of that for bull sperm.

Brand interest varies among men and women. Brand and brand reputation are more prominent among women, and it is stated that there is a difference in the degree of brand dependence in men and women. Since there is a significant difference in the cognitive process among men and women, focusing on product selection in the purchasing process, this study aims to investigate whether there is a significant difference between men and women in the final decision. Therefore, the customers’ decisions regarding the brands are examined using eye tracker and based on gender differences in the present study.

Eye tracker has been used as the main instrument in this research. In addition, the brand logo was examined as the visual symbol in the present study. The available data were first pre-processed using Tobii software and the Excel data output was analyzed using SPSS software. A sample of 53 undergraduate students at the Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, with the age range of 19 to 25, participated in this study. Besides, 51% of the participants were women.

The analysis of the questionnaire and the recorded results from the eye tracker device shows that 75% of the participants have changed their opinion toward the brand. And also, 65% of them were women. The average duration of fixation in men is longer compared to women, and men spend more time looking at brands. The results showed that the average duration of fixation in men who choose a well-known brand from their non-selected beverage group is higher than the choice for women. Moreover, men have spent more time looking at brand logos. The average duration of fixation is also almost equal in men and women while chosing a fake brand from their favorite group while making a decision.

As a result of this research, it can be said that the brand and its popularity have a significant impact on a person’s decision making when buying beverage. There is a significant difference in eye movement between men and women regarding famous brands. The duration of fixation over a brand is fewer in women, so women have a shorter cognitive process than men. The impact of the brand varies between men and women, and women are more affected by the brand. According to the results of this research, more women were willing to change their minds about the brand, so women are more likely to be attracted by the well-known brands.

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is a psychoactive substance that affects the central nervous system. Acetylcholinesterase enzyme, as one of the enzymes of central and peripheral nervous system, plays a role in the sympathetic and parasympathetic function. This enzyme transmits neural messages through hydrolysis of acetylcholine in the cholinergic synapses and is of great importance in memory and learning. In this study, the effect of THC was investigated on the cholinergic system in rat behaviors.

In this experimental study, 10 adult male rats were used. First, the rats were anesthetized, then, two cannulas were placed in the ventricle using stereotaxic apparatus and THC was injected. The activity of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme was measured, and plus maze test was used to assess the anxiety behavior. Data were analyzed using t-student test.

In this study, THC reduced the activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme, indicating memory impairment. Moreover, the percentage of time spent in the open arm and the percentage of the number of entries into the open arm increased (p<0.05), and corticosterone levels increased, which both indicated an increase in anxiety.

The results of this study showed that THC causes changes in memory and anxiety behaviors by impairing cholinesterase enzyme activity and neurotransmitter secretion

  Today, the ability to produce hydrolases enzyme that are active in high salt concentrations is considered a new approach to the use of halophilic bacteria in biotechnology. The aim of this study was the screening and isolation of extracellular lipase producing halophilic bacteria Marinobacter sp. S-14 isolated from Badab-e Surt Hypersaline spring. In this experimental study, 42 pure bacterial colonies were isolated from different samples of water, soil, sediment, and sludge from a hypersaline spring with a screening technique on the specific culture medium of halophilic bacteria. The isolate S-14, which showed the highest lipase activity, was selected for the identification by biochemical methods and 16S rRNA gene analysis. In order to optimize the growth conditions of the isolate, considering the maximum time of bacterial growth (72 hours), temperature, salt concentration, pH, carbohydrate, and amino acid intake were examined. The results were edited by Chromas pro 2.1.1 software, and compared with EzTaxon database. Strains that were more similar to the isolate were identified. Sequence analysis of 16S rRNA were performed by BioEdit 7.1.9, Clustal-2X 2.1, and MEGA 6, and the phylogenetic tree was drawn by the neighbor joining algorithm. The isolate S-14 had 99% similarity to Marinobacter flavimaris and Marinobacter adhaerens. The isolate had optimum growth in 5% NaCl concentration, 35°C, and 7.0 acidity. The isolate S-14 can be an appropriate candidate to produce extracellular lipase enzyme and can utilize Fructose and Phenylalanine as a sole source of carbon and energy.

Human growth hormone (hGH) use is increasing due to its important biological functions and therapeutic applications, the use of growth hormone for the treatment of obesity, short stature, burns and the importance of this hormone for athletes. Nowadays, the short half-life of hGH is a major challenge associated with the usage of this drug in the world. PEGylation is an effective approach to increase half-life and stability of biopharmaceutical proteins. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) due to high aqueous solubility is considered as a versatile candidate for pharmaceutical protein conjugation. Accordingly, in this study the PEGylation of human growth hormone and its plasma half-life and stability were carried out.
hGH was PEGylated by using Methoxy PEG Succinimidyl Carbonate (mPEG-SC) at 8 °C for overnight. In this study, SDS-PAGE, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and ELISA techniques were used to prove PEGylation reaction.
The SDS-PAGE results showed high yield PEGylation of hGH under aqueous conditions. The zeta-potential, as an indicator of the Surface charge of PEGylated hGH, was analyzed by DLS technique. The ELISA results shown the increase half-life of pegylated hGH to 12 times.
In the present study, we demonstrated that the PEGylation of lysine and/or histidine residues significantly increased the half-life of the human growth hormone.

Heat stress has adverse effects on livestock production, hence reducing benefits of them. With the viewpoint of reducing heat production within cells,an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different sources of fat on mitochondrial energetics of broilers in chronic heat-stress condition. The consumed fat included: a)tallow; as a source of long-chain fatty acids, b)coconut oil; as a source of short and medium-length-chain fatty acids, c)olive oil; as a source of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)and d. soy oil; as a source of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA). Broilers were under chronic heat stress (36 oc) from 32 to 42 d of the experiment. Broilers fed with tallow or coconut oil showed higher mitochondrial dehydrogenases activity, membrane potential and ROS production (p˂0.01) and lower glutathione concentration (p˂0.01) than those fed with olive oil or soy oil. The results seggest that in heat stress conditions using saturated fat sources especially those with long-chain fatty acids could help in reducing heat production inbroilers.

The issue of consciousness and cognition has been a long concern for humankind over thousands of years. So far, most investigations in this field of research, have studied the brain tissue for cognitive performance assessment. During the last two decades of the twentieth century, the astonishing of relationship between cognitive impairments and cardiovascular diseases has been reported by many researchers. In 1999, these studies led to the formation of a new branch of science called "neurocardiology" investigating the brain-heart connections. Research of neurocardiologists has shown that the heart is much more complex than a mechanical pump, and has an elaborate intrinsic cardiac nervous system (ICNS) arranged in the form of several ganglia around the cardiac conduction system. Besides, intrinsic cardiac production of many brain hormones and neurotransmitters involved in cognitive performance such as memory, thinking, decision making and motivation, has provided a complex network which is described as a "small brain". When a person experiences positive emotions such as kindness and generosity, the finest brain-heart synchronization improve cognitive performance. On the contrary, negative emotions such as hatred and jealousy through disturbing brain-heart coherency have adverse effects on cognitive performance. So the heart, just like the brain, has a significant influence on different cognitive proficiencies.

The drugs that usually are applied as anticancer are toxins. These toxines are inorganic or organic molecules which harm normal cells as much as cancer cells. Resently, researchers are trying to find ways to develop targeted drugs (molecules) which kill cancer cells exclusively. Different methods have been developed for killing cancer cells .e.g. heating the toxic drugs by electromagnetic field or activate the drug locally by sound or heat waves. These methods are non- invasive.
In this research, two physical techniques were used to kill cancer cells, 528 Hz sound waves and Fe2O3 nanoparticles magnetic field. Nanoparticles were synthesized and cells were cultured. The viability of cells was conducted by MMT test. It was evident that the nanoparticles interacting with the cells membrane and the magnetic field applied on the sample changed the membrane structure. Considering the possibility of frequency and intensity change sound wavw is more applicables in short time

Today, sounds in the environment are a stressor and can damage different systems of the body. Neuronal messages are controlled and regulated by enzymes. Among these enzymes, acetylcholine esterase enzyme is more important in memory and learning. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of mechanical waves on cholinergic system in rat behaviors in stressful environments. In this study, 10 adult male rats were used. The rats were exposed to 528 Hz and 100 dB 2 hr per day for 21 days. The activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme was measured. The plus maze test was used to measure anxiety behavior. The results showed that the sound increases the activity of acetylcholinesterase enzyme, which causes memory impairment. The percentage of time in the open arm decreases, in addition, the percentage of enter into the open arm decreases, which indicate an increase in anxiety. Moreover, corticosterone level has increased. Results reveal that sound changes memory and anxiety behaviors by distrupting the cholinesterase enzyme activity and neurotransmitter secretion

In recent decades, there has been much research on the microtubule dynamics as well as on factors affecting it. According to different studies, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is thought to play an indirect role in neurodegenerative diseases through enzymatic pathways which hyperphosphorylate Tau protein and dissociate it from microtubules. In the present study, it was aimed to assess the direct effect of LPS on the structure and dynamics of tubulin polymerization in vitro.
In this study, mouse tubulins were purified through two cycles of temperature-dependent polymerization-depolymerization. Cellulose-phosphate chromatography was used to further purify tubulins. SDS-PAGE was used to analyze the purity of the tubulins. Circular dichroism (CD), intrinsic fluorescence and turbidity assays were used to assess the changes in secondary and tertiary structures, and the dynamics of tubulin polymerization in the presence of different concentrations of LPS (5pM, 5nM, 50nM, 0.5µM and 5µM), respectively.
SDS-PAGE analysis confirmed the purity of tubulins. The intrinsic fluorescence analysis and CD assay revealed the changes in the secondary and tertiary structures of tubulins in the presence of LPS. The results of turbidity assay indicated that LPS could reduce the polymerization of tubulins.
Our results indicate that LPS is able to change the secondary and tertiary structures of tubulin and decreases tubulin polymerization. According to our results, lipopolysaccharide in addition to an indirect effect on the microtubules stability, as well as by decreases in tubulin polymerization could result in neurodegenerative diseases specially Alzheimer's diseases.

Resistin and C-reactive protein secreted from adipose tissue, have endocrine, paracrine and autocrin effects on most metabolism and inflammatory processes. Data available shows associations between inflammation, adipokines and cancer. Medullary thyroid cancer constitutes 5 to 10 percent of thyroid cancer. The goal of this study was to assess serum resistin levels and C-reactive protein in patients with medullary thyroid carcinomas.
In this study, 90 participantswith medullary thyroid cancer (21 males 29±13.91 and 24 females 29.0±14.52 years), and controls (24 males 23.08±11.58 and 21 females 31.52±14.38 years old) were selected. Resistin and C-reactive protein levels were determined in both groups with ELISA methods. Height and weight of individuals were measured and body mass index was calculated. Results obtained by t-test were analyzed using the Medcalc version 13.5.
Between the two groups in terms of age and BMI differences were not statistically significant. The geometric mean of logarithm transformed differed significantly resistin in the patient group and control groups (1.44 and 2.36 respectively) (P=0.009). Mean C-reactive protein between the control and patient groups was not significantly different (p>0.05).
It seams that significant differences in serum levels of Resistin in MTC and control group can be used as an indicator to help confirm the diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinomas.

Releasing of Kutum fish (Rutilus frisii kutum Kamenskii 1901) fingerling almost done in the estuarine، where are cumulative site of various pollutant such as chemicals، pesticides and heavy metals. Therefore، investigation of the modality of osmo&ion regulation of kutum fingerlings in the Tajan river (Sari) by means of some osmoregulatory factors، was the aim of this study. Fifty fingerling fishes (0. 5 gram) were released in eight cages that located in transverse manner in the estuarine of mentioned river. Cages were divided to two groups: The first group was stocked at initial time and sampled after 7 days. In order to assessment of osmoregulatory capability of fingerlings in the shorter times، the second group was stocked at the fourth day of the first group stocking and were sampled after 36، 48 and 72 hours. Based on results، significant difference was observed about obtained factors (except of chloride and T4) between experimental cages and control groups (P<0. 05). An amount of measured ions in fingerling fishes of experimental cages was greater than control group and ascending trend was observed in the case of sodium، chloride and potassium from 72 hours to seventh day. The rate of T3 and water body content (%) in the fish of cage group were lower than control group and significant difference was observed in particular times (P<0. 05). The quantity of T4، glucose، total protein and mortality percent in the fingerling fishes of cage group were dominantly bigger than control group. The same trends was observed in the case of cortisol between two groups until 72 hours، but an ascending and descending trend was detected at the seventh day in control and cage groups respectively. Resultant of the obtained results osmoregulatory disorder and failure in salinity adaptation in fingerling of the kutum fish was observed.

Accumulations of biogenic magnetite (Fe3O4) in the brain and dysregulation of iron transport and storage have been found to be associated with many neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer disease. AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes disruptions in memory and cognition. Several studies have shown that pathogenesis of AD is also related to protein misfolding and aggregation of tau protein in the brain. Microtubule-associated tau protein belongs to a family of intrinsically disordered proteins that promotes microtubule assembly and stability. In the present study, we investigated the interaction between recombinant human tau and magnetic iron nanoparticles by using ThT fuorescence and transmission electron microscopy. Our results showed that magnetic iron nanoparticles induced tau conformational changes from random-coil to β-sheet and consequently resulted in the formation of tau fibrils. In conclusion, our results proposes a probable mechanism for the correlation between aggregation of tau protein and biogenic magnetite crystals in AD.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have different physiological effects on aquatic organisms. Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) as a biomarker of PAHs in liver of mudskipper (Periophthalmus dussemerie) was analyzed. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were assessed in the sediments and liver of mudskipper along the coast of north western part of Persian Gulf (Khuzestan coast). PAHs and GST were measured by HPLC and spectrophotometry methods respectively. Total PAH concentrations in sediment and liver tissues ranged between 113.50-3384.34 ngg-1 dw, 3.99-46.64 ngg-1 dw. The highest PAHs concentration and enzymatic activity were identified at Jafari site while the lowest were at Bahrakan. Significant correlation was found between GST and PAHs.The results of this study confirmed the use of mudskipper (P. dussemerie) as a bioindicator of PAHs pollution in marine ecosystem. The results also indicate that GST in p. dussemerie could be extended as a biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

For investigating the effects of vermicompost and amino acids on flower yield of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), an experiment based on randomized complete blocks (RCB) factorial design was carried out in with three replications in the Alborz Medicinal Plant Research Station in Karaj in the Spring of 2010. The experiment treatment included 5 levels of vermicompost (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 ton/ha) and amino acid spraying at 3 levels (i.e. the budding stag, the flowering stage, and the budding plus flowering stage). The results indicated that the vermicompost and amino acid spraying had a significant effect on all of the traits under analysis. The highest plant height (41.8 cm), fresh flower yield (3335.7 kg/ha), and dried flower yield (653.8 kg/ha) were obtained by using 20 tons vermicompost per hectare. Similar results were obtained from the third level of amino acid spraying (i.e. the budding plus flowering stage). The interaction effects indicated that the simultaneous application of 15 ton/ha of vermicompost and two times spraying with amino acids (at budding plus flowering stage) resulted in the highest fresh and dried flower yield

Aim and Silver nanoparticles have antibacterial properties and are used in textile, hygiene, refinement, staining, agriculture and livestock industries. The aim of this study was the production of silver nanoparticles using Fusarium oxysporum and Escherichia coli. We used agar diffusion disk for the inspection of antibacterial properties of nanosilver colloids. The shape and morphology of nanosilver colloids were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy.Results. The presence of nanosilver colloids was confirmed by UV/Vis spectrophotometry. The mean size of nanoparticles produced by F. oxysporum was smaller than those of them in E. coli. Results of the present study showed that the quality of nanosilver colloids from F. oxysporum is better than those of them in E. coli.

Passing through the micro-particles to nano-particles domain, encountered to some physical changes, such as, increasing the surface area to volume ratio and appearing of quantum effects. Increasing the surface area to volume ratio results in gradual decrease of particle size and overcoming the surface atoms to inner atoms behavior. The most particular purpose of nanotechnology is the improvement of methods for producing nanostructures without using of toxic material, with less expense and wastage with controlling of size. Biologists knowing of producing of minerals in nanoscales by organisms are looking for biologic systems for synthesizing of inorganic nanoparticles. The purpose of this study, was synthesizing of Silver nanoparticles by fungus Fusarium oxusporum IRAN 81C with extreme size of 50 nm. After optimizing of growth condition in culture MGYP media contains Glucose 10 g/l, peptone 5g/l, yeast extract 3g/l and malt extract 3g/l, biomass of Fusarium oxusporum was prepared. After synthesizing of nanoparticles in solution of silver nitrate, FTIR, UV-vis spectrophotometer and TEM was done. The results of this analyses showed that in concentration of 10-³ M, biomas of Fusarium oxusporum IRAN 81C could synthesis of Silver nanoparticles extracellularly. As well as, it’s clear that after filtration of fungal cell mass, the supernatant has ability to synthesis of silver nano-particles because the production of some proteins and enzymes in the culture medium. Silver nanoparticles with extraordinary physical and chemical properties of Silver nanoparticles with size of 50 nm by Fusarium oxusporumm, studding on its functional production in industrial scale is suggested.

In order to study the effects of vermicompost and amino acids application on flower yield of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.)، an experiment was carried out in the Alborz Medicinal Plant Research Station at Karaj region. The experiment design was factorial based on RCBD with three replications. Treatments were vermicompost in 5 levels (0، 5، 10، 15 and 20 ton/ha) and amino acid spraying in 3 levels (at budding stag، at flowering stage، at budding stag + at flowering stage). Results of this investigation showed that days to budding and flowering are not affected by amino acid spraying. But، vermicompost had significant effect on days to flowering. The highest plant height (41. 8 cm)، fresh flower yield (3335. 7 kg/ha) and dried flower yield (653. 8 kg/ha) were obtained by using 20 tons vermicompost per hectare. Maximum yield were obtained by amino acid spraying in 2 times (at budding stag + at flowering stage). According to the interaction effects of the treatments، applying of 15 ton/ha vermicompost and spraying amino acids in 2 times (at budding stag + at flowering stage) caused highest fresh and dried flower yield.