فهرست مطالب مجید صادق پور

External otitis means swelling and inflammation of the outer ear canal. Following swelling and inflammation of the outer ear, the natural area of the duct changes. Clinical signs are more indicative of an infection in the middle ear. These symptoms in the middle area of the ear, especially in cats, are often clinical or mild, but in dogs, they are more likely to indicate simultaneous external otitis. Bacteria and fungi can grow too much in the ear and cause infections. Many fungal pathogens cause opportunistic ear infections and cause severe fungal infections of the ear in animals and cause numerous disorders. The study was conducted on 30 dog collars and 30 cat collars of different ages, genders and breeds. Samples isolated from dog and cat ear discharges were sent to the lab to identify pathogens. The samples were randomly collected from Tehran's Avina Veterinary Hospital. how to collect the sample; After attenuation, the sampling was done with a sterile swab of ear secretions of dogs and cats, then put the swab into a sterile tube، Samples were immediately sent to the laboratory. Bacterial study of animal-derived swabs was cultivated in the base environment of blood agar and agar neutrinos. In order to identify and isolate mushrooms, a surface culture method was used in the sabro dextrose environment of agar. According to this study, among different breeds in dogs, the highest abundance of bacteria and fungi was observed in the native and Malinois breed and in cats with short street hair breed (DSH). The results of this study include bacteria isolated from dog ear discharge: Bacillus cereus 6 cases (20%), Staphylococcus aureus 4 cases (33/13%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus 3 cases (10%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus3 (10%), Staphylococcus epidermidis 2 (66/6%), Pseudomonas 2 (66/6%) and Bacillus 2 (66/6%), isolated bacteria cat ear secretions include: Staphylococcus aureus 3 (10%), Staphylococcus epidermidis 9 (30%), Entrobacter aerogenes 4 (33/13%) and E. coli 4 (33/13%), Fungal isolated from dogs include penicillium 2 (33/13%), Rodoterola 4 (33/13%), Geotericum 3 (10%), Alternators 2 (66/6%), Alocladium 2 (66/6%), Penicillium (6.66%), Aspergillus (66/6%)، Cladosporium 2 (66/6%) and in cat ear discharge Aspergillus fungus 8 (66/26%), Penicillium 3 (10%), Rhodotrola 2 (66/6%), Geotericum 1 (33/3%). According to past studies and current research, external otitis is an acute or chronic inflammation of the outer ear that occurs more frequently in dogs than cats, and especially dogs with longer hanging ears They are more influenced by external otitis.

Today, the widespread use of petroleum products has led to environmental pollution and has created serious problems for the health of the environment. Streptomyces make up 50% of the total population of soil actinomycetes are filamentous, gram-positive, and essentially aerobic. These bacteria are abundant in natural aquatic and terrestrial environments, are not nutritionally hardy, require only a source of carbon and nitrogen along with mineral salts, and they are able to remain in the soil as spores for a long time. The aim of the study was to clone the Streptomyces  catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase gene (C2,3) gene present in the soil in Escherichia coli bacteria in order to remove oil pollutants.

In this study, 58 samples were collected from a depth of 5 to 10 cm in different areas of the suburb of Tehran and oil contaminated areas such as the oil depot and its surroundings. After culturing, diluting and selecting suspicious Streptomyces colonies for identification, after confirmation of Streptomyces bacteria based on colony appearance, microscopic characteristics, and biochemical tests for final confirmation of molecular identification, their 16srRNA sequence was amplified and replicated, was examined. In the next step, after DNA extraction of the samples, PCR was used to amplify the C2,3 gene. The C2,3 gene was then cloned into Escherichia coli Origami by PTG19-T vector. Finally, the amount of gene expression was determined by Real Time PCR and after sequencing the phylogenetic tree was drawn.

The enzyme catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase can be extracted from limited sources such as Streptomyces, so the need for gene amplification of this enzyme is important from the bacterial sources that produce it. Therefore, in this study, this enzyme was isolated from Streptomyces. As a result of this study, we were able to find native Streptomyces that produce the enzyme catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase, and finally, the gene of this enzyme was successfully introduced into Escherichia coli Origami.

In this study, in order to create of a recombinant host with high expression capacity, it can be considered a big step towards increasing the production of this enzyme in the industry. Further investigation to find new strains producing catechol 2, 3-dioxygenase can lead to a new method of removing oil contaminants.

Bioavailability is a good alternative to conventional physical and chemical methods for removing toxic metals from groundwater and wastewater. Selenium is a non-metallic substance. Although large amounts of selenium are toxic, proper consumption is essential for specific cellular functions. In the seasons when there is a maximum spawning rate, due to the excretion of high levels of selenium through the eggs from the body, the balance of selenium in the body is disturbed and its amount is reduced to a minimum and the body becomes susceptible to virus attack. Laying birds are more common (1, 2).Reproduction of viruses, especially avian influenza, also requires selenium, which is higher due to the high proliferation of viruses, but the selenium required for a virus is very low, and if there is enough selenium in animals, the virus enters the body. In other words, the virus poisons itself with selenium, and this is a schematic example of the fight against toxins, as well as a way to fight and defend the type of prevention, not when the disease occurs. falls down. Numerous microorganisms such as bacteria, yeasts, molds, algae and higher fungi that are grown on a large scale can be used as a rich source of protein for humans and animals. Yeasts are among the organisms that are widely used to produce protozoan proteins, and the most important of them are Saccharomyces, Torulopsis, Candida, Didium, etc. (5).

  In this research, phenotypic and genotypic study was carried out on the use of isolated yeast from industrial effluents with the aim of eliminating Selenium biological and the production of biomass as a feed for livestock and poultry. In the present study, yeast strains were isolated from wastewater and after confirmation by using the replication of the ITs region and their evolutional correlation with S1 strains (Candida albicans NG67) and S2 (Candida albicans m48a) selenium removal was performed. Sequencing: To confirm the sequences obtained by PCR, the sequencing reaction was performed according to Sanger method by Gene Fanavaran Company. In this sequencing, the Cycle Sequencing Kit Big Dye Terminatorv3.1 from Applied Biosystems and the ABI Sequence Analyzer 3130xl from the same company were used. The sequence of each DNA strand was analyzed using the corresponding chromatogram and Chromas (Technelysium) software. The questionable bases were examined by careful examination of the chromatogram and comparison with the chromatogram of the reverse string sequence.
Chromas (Technelysium) software was used to analyze and compare all genetic changes.

  The ability of these isolates to tolerate selenium was performed using PYT agar medium containing different concentrations of 4-15 mM of Se2 +. Selenium-capable strains of reddish colonies contained Selenite in PYD Agar medium. These strains were selected as superior strains.Enrichment and Determination of Selenium Resistance Pattern in Yeast Strains: After optimizing the reaction conditions of bilenium selenite removal reaction by single factor method and finding appropriate values of reaction parameters, the effect of heating time on removal efficiency was investigated. Based on the results obtained after 72 hours of heating, the resting yeast cells were able to remove more than 93% of the selenium in the conversion medium, indicating the potential potential of the microbial catalyst to remove toxic selenium from the reaction medium.

The MFC test was conducted to select the best yeast strain for performing desulphurisation tests. The resistance pattern of isolated yeast strains according to MFC showed that the highest resistance to toxic selenite ions (tolerance greater than 22 g / l) was related to strain S1. The microbial protein produced in this study is widely used and can be used as an additive and probiotic in the diet of livestock, poultry, and aquatic animals.In the present study, yeast strains were isolated from wastewater and after confirmation, selenium removal was performed by replicating the ITs region and investigating their evolutionary relationship with strains S1 (Candida albicans NG67) and S2 (Candida albicans m48a). For this purpose, selenium-capable strains of red colonies in PYD agar medium contained selenite. These strains were selected as the top strains. Then, in order to select the best efficient yeast strain for selenite removal experiments, MFC test was performed. Resistance pattern of isolated yeast strains according to MFC showed that the highest resistance to toxic selenite ion (tolerance above 22 g / l) was related to S1 strain. These results are consistent with the study of Ashnagarov et al. Protozoan protein can be produced from various sources. Researchers have conducted various studies on the production of protozoan proteins from substrates such as agricultural wastes (molasses, rice, citrus), chemical by-products (methane and petroleum derivatives), and fishery wastes (such as shrimp skin). Each of the studies used different microbes or microbes and the conditions for preparing the growth medium of the microorganisms used were different. The results of studies by Scholes et al. Showed that the amount of crude protein in SCP produced from yeasts was between 39-68%, while this amount in bacterial SCP was about 82%. The amount of essential amino acids of yeast protein was between 6.4-6.4% per gram of protein. However, the amount of total fat in protein with different microbial origins has been variable. The results of the present study also confirm the above results.The results of a study by Samuel et al. In 1992 showed that when using microbes, the average crude protein in fish and crab waste was 60.4% and 44.1%, respectively. Ferrer et al. Used shrimp shells to produce microbial protein and used marine yeast to achieve this goal. The results showed that the specific growth rate and crop production coefficient were 0.398 per hour and 447% kg dry cell weight, respectively. Recently, due to the lack of protein, efforts have been made to discover alternative sources of common food and feed. SCP is cheap for everyone and safe to eat. Genetically modified, high-yielding non-toxic microbes can also be used to increase SCP production. During a study, scientists coated medical lenses with selenium to prevent bacteria from growing and multiplying on the lenses (11).

The use of antimicrobial properties of medicinal plants can solve the problems associated with the use of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial property of Oregano hydro alcoholic extract on pathogen bacteria by microplate in laboratory conditions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of hydro alcoholic extract of oregano on pathogenic bacteria by microplate method in vitro. 

After collecting oregano, they were dried in a place by sunlight and in shade for 48-48 hours, and extraction was carried out by maceration, in order to determine the amount of inhibition (dilution) inhibitor The Muller-Hinton broth was used. The turbidity rate was evaluated in the wells method (microdilution).

The results of microdilution test showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration of extract on Escherichia coli in the first (lµ50), the concentration of extract on salmonella typhimurium in the first (lµ50), the concentration of Klebsiella pneumonia in the second (lµ25) , Concentrations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the sixth poison (lµ1.56), concentration of Bacillus cereus in the eighth grade (lµ0.39), and the minimum concentration of Staphylococcus aureus in the tenth (without growth) strain.The results showed that Oregano essential oil has antibacterial properties and can be used as a cheap and available source for therapeutic applications in some bacterial infections. In other words, Oregano can be considered as an alternative to synthetic antibiotics to combat the isolates tested. Of course, all the effects of these extracts should be carefully investigated in vivo and in vitro.

Periodontitis is a common and inflammatory infectious disease that causes damage to the tissues supporting the tooth and consequent tooth loss. Periodontal disease is a multimicrobial and multifactorial disease and important anaerobic bacteria are involved in periodontal infection. TGF-1β is one of the growth factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines that play a crucial role in the repair of periodontal lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate Tetra Arms-PCR with high sensitivity and specificity, which can be used to evaluate the genomic polymorphism among oral samples and show the relationship between TGF-1β and periodontal disease.

The present study was a case-control study in the periodontology department of Kerman Dental School. Sampling was done from 100 samples including 50 healthy individuals and 50 patients with microbial periodontal infection. Genotype was analyzed using DNA extracted from the blood of patients by PCR -ARMs-Tetra to determine the relationship between TGF-1β genomic polymorphism and periodontitis. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS19 software and one-way ANOVA.

The samples were culture positive, therefore, more than 65% of the isolated bacteria were anaerobic which included: Prevotella, Porphyromonas, Fusobacterium, Peptostreptococcus anaerobic. The results of Tetra PCR ARMs after sequence frequency were genotype CC allele (25%), CT allele (20%), TT allele (5%). Percentage of control group were CC allele (20%), CT allele (24%), and TT allele (6%). The frequency of C and T alleles in the patient group was 70% and 30%, and in the control group 63% and 37%, respectively with no significant difference between two groups (P=0.83).

According to the results of this study and the application of anaerobic conditions, forced anaerobic bacteria can be isolated from clinical specimens of oral infections and by Tetra Arms-PCR no significant relationship between TGF-1β genomic polymorphism and periodontitis was observed. In addition, therer was no significant difference in the frequency of alleles and genotypes between the control and patient groups.

Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an important hospital opportunistic pathogen, due to its intrinsic and acquired resistance to several antibiotics found in clinical laboratories for identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The aim of this study was to isolate ESBL beta-lactamase genes from Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from clinical specimens using multiplex PCR.

In total, human isolates from different infections that were collected after isolation of bacteria and extraction of DNA of vim, gim-1, sim-1, imp, spm-1 genes were studied by multiplex PCR.

Of 70 isolates of human specimens from different infections and of all age groups, sim-1, imp, vim, -1 spm, and  gim-1 genes were used to detect drug resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the total clinical samples studied, 61 samples (87.14%) were positive from all strains and VIM, gim-1,and sim-1 genes were observed in samples. The percentage of vim, gim-1, and sim-1 genes in samples were 21.22, 27.28 and 24.92, respectively. In this regard, imp and spm genes were not observed in the samples.

Metalobetalactamas is very important due to its resistance to a wide range of antibiotics used against pseudomonas infections, and the rapid detection of these enzymes in epidemiological and carbapenem resistant bacteria . In summary, Choosing an effective antibiotic and preventing the spread of such infections in hospitals is necessary and valuable.