a. h. mahvi

Olive Mill Wastewater (OMWW) is one of the most polluted sanitary wastewaters that its ineffective treatment will cause severe pollution of the environment. In this study, OMWW treatment wasinvestigated using combined electrocoagulation and novel advanced oxidation process. Biodegradability, efficiency and kinetics of removal of turbidity and organic matter from the OMWW by applying the operational parameters of electrocoagulation such as current density (0-0.77 A/dm2), type of anode electrode, reaction time (0-45 min) were investigated. Various types of advanced oxidation processes were performed to determine the the efficiency of removal of TOC and kinetics and biobegradability. The optimum condition for removing turbidity, BOD, TOC and consumed Iron anode electrod in electrocoagulation were 78%, 57%, 72% and 583 mg/ per liter of wastewater, respectively. Thus, the kinetic of TOC removal was first-order and was 0.027 min-1. The TOC removal efficiency of pretreated OMWW in oxidation processes of US, H2O2, SOP, O3 / H2O2, COP, COP/US and H2O2/COP/US were measured as 8%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 61%, 68% and 75%, respectively. The highest biodegradability index (BOD/TOC) in the COP/US/H2O2 process was increased 1.5 times. The advenced oxidation process of COP/US/H2O2 follwed by electrocagulation demonstrated an effective treatment of OMWW and improved its biodegradability. Therefore, this process can be used for efficient treatment of OMWW in olive and similar industries.

The present study was carried out to determine the amount and ionic characterization of TSP and PM10 aimed at identifying the potential emission sources of particulates in the ambient air of Tabriz.
TSP and PM10 samples were collected by two high volume samplers during September 2013 to August 2014. Water-soluble ions in particulate matter were extracted using ultrasonic method and were identified by ion chromatography. Using Stata12 software, linear regression analysis was performed between the ions to determination of the major ionic component of the particulates. In addition, in order to identify the potential emission sources of PM10, the rotation varimax model was used.
Total measured water-soluble ions in TSP and PM10 of the urban sampling site were 20.33±20.77 and 16.04±14.08 µg/m3, respectively. Among all detected ions, sulfate (8.69±5.79 µg/m3) and nitrate (8.47±7.9 µg/m3) were the dominant constituents followed by calcium and sodium.
The modeling results revealed that the soils of surrounding ground together with secondary PM and also resuspension of PM from polluted soil account for 80 percent of PM10 mass.

BPA is a non biodegradable antioxidant that has greatly hazardous for human and animals health. and Because of the eliminating alone fewness amount of the BPA during the wastewater treatment, wastewater that contains BPA can be source of pollution in aqueous solution. The objective of this study was Performance of ultrasonic and H2O2 technologies in removal of BPA from aqueous solution.
Experiments of sonochemical was carried out with use of unit ultrasonicator (Elma), which in the two power 300 and 500W, frequencies at 35 and 130KHz. Hydrogen Peroxide in concentrations at 5, 15 and 30mg/lit was applied. Initial concentration BPA at limits 2, 5, 20 and 50 mg/lit which For measuring concentration of BPA used from Spectrometer UV/VIS Lambada 25 Perkin Elmer, Shelton unit.
The results demonstrated that hybrid ultrasonic and peroxide Hydrogen processes with Efficiency 98.65%, has the highest efficiency in the removal of BPA. The most decomposition rate achieved at the frequency of 130 KHz and 500W assisted by 30mg/lit H2O2 at pH 11. Also the results demonstrated that with pH increase destruction rate BPA the increased by any three processes (ultrasonic, H2O2 and both hybrid).
The results demonstrated that hybrid ultrasonic and peroxide Hydrogen processes can be used as a clean method and friendly environment for waters treatment are contains desirable BPA.

Dye effluents of some industries include many toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic compounds; therefore, colored contaminants of such industries should be carefully treated using an appropriate method before discharging wastewater to the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTS) as an effective adsorbent in removing Acid Black 1 (AB1) from colored wastewater.
This laboratory study was conducted in the batch system and MWCNTS was used as an adsorbent to remove AB1 dye. The effect of various factors influencing dye removal, such as adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration, contact time, and pH investigated in this study.
The results showed that pH=3 was the best pH for dye removal and the equilibrium time for AB1 dye adsorption on MWCNTS was 60 minutes. As dye concentration increased, dye removal rate decreased. Besides, increasing the amount of adsorbent increased the dye removal efficiency and at the adsorbent dose of 600 mg/L, dye removal efficiency was 98.86% and 94.62% for 30 and 50 mg/L dye concentrations, respectively. Also, AB1 dye removal followed Langmuir isotherm and Pseudo-second-order kinetic models.
The results of adsorption studies showed that by increasing the contact time and the adsorbent dose and reducing the pH, dye removal efficiency was also increased. In addition, MWCNTS could be used as an efficient adsorbent for decolorization of azo dyes from wastewater.

Dye effluents of some industries contain many toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic compounds therefore, wastewater colored contaminants of such industries should be meticulously refined using an appropriate method before discharging waste-water to the environment. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTS) in dye removal of Acid Black 1 (AB1) from colored wastewater. This laboratory study was conducted in the batch system and MWCNTS were used as absorbents to remove AB1 dye. In fact, this study investigated the effect of various factors influencing dye removal, such as adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration, contact time, and pH. The study results showed that pH=3 is regarded the best pH for the dye removal. The equilibrium time for AB1 dye absorption on MWCNTS was 60 minutes. As dye concentration increased, dye removal rate decreased. Besides, increasing the amount of adsorbent increased the dye removal efficiency and at the absorbent dose of 600 mg/L, dye removal efficiency was reported 98.86% and 94.62% for 30 and 50 mg/L dye concentrations respectively. AB1 dye removal followed Langmuir isotherm and Pseudo-second-order kinetic models. The results of absorption studies revealed that increasing the contact time and the absorbent dose as well as reducing the pH lead to an increase in dye removal efficiency. Overall, the study findings demonstrated that MWCNTS could be used as an efficient absorbent in regard with decolorization of azo dyes from wastewater.

Providing safe water for consumption with low cost is one of the main objective of water supply systems. A main source of nitrate in water is using excessive fertilizer. The high amounts of nitrate in water has a deteriorating effect on the environment and health so nitrate removal must be below the recommended levels of WHO guidelines. The purpose of this study is nitrate removal from aqueous solution by Poly Aluminum Silicate Chloride (PASIC) and Electro Coagulation process (EC). This experimental study was aimed to examine efficiency of the effects of various operating parameters such pH (4-11), initial nitrate (25-100 mg L-1), contact time (5-60 min), residual aluminum in finished water by application of EC process and PASIC.. The results showed that the applied methods have the ability to remove nitrate from aqueous solutions to levels less than standard those of WHO. PH and electrical potential difference had direct effect while contrast initial nitrate concentration had reverse effect of nitrate removal. The results showed that the coagulant PASIC and EC process, can reach nitrate removal respectively 65% and 55%, so that the optimum condition of the nitrate removal for EC was contact time of 60 min, a voltage of 30 W, pH = 10 and for PASIC was Concentration in 5 mg /L, contact time of 15 min, pH = 10. Our results showed significant differences between the mean concentration in all variables of the raw water before and after doing all process (P ≤ 0.05). According to our findings PASIC coagulants in removing nitrates AD better performance than electro coagulation process. Given the higher performance of PASIC in the low concentration and natural pH of water than the EC process, it would be more cost- effective and economical. Residual aluminum in finished water was below the recommended WHO guidelines and Iranian standard institute. In terms of cost and efficacy this method could be considered as an alternative method to the drinking water treatment plant.

The most important organic materials are humic acid, lignins, tannins, hydrocarbons, amino acids, phenolics and fatty acids. The presence of organic compounds in water which is an important resource for the formation of trihalomethanes (THMs) and mutagenic substances and also can be used by microorganisms as carbon source call for the need to develop new systems for removing organic compounds. The water samples including raw water, the effluent after accelerator and the effluent after filtration were taken from Jalaliyeh water treatment plant during 6 months; in this fashion that, two days from each week were selected in each of which three samples were taken from the three points mentioned above; in other words, 24 samples in each month and totally 144 samples were collected during the whole study period. The measurement of TOC was performed by means of spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 555 nm. When the input TOC was at its maximum value, TOC removal efficiency was about 80% which could be increased by augmentation of the amount of coagulant substance or use of coagulant aid. The removal efficiency was declined by decreasing the concentration of TOC input. The accelerator had an acceptable efficiency for the elimination of TOC. The samples taken after raining days showed an increased amount of input organic matter, especially TOC, into the treatment plant compared to the days without rainfall.

This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of Photocatalytic processes of UV/TiO2 and UV/H2O2/TiO2 on removal of tetracycline antibiotic from aqueous solution. All experiments were undertaken in lab scale and batch system. The effects of various parameters such as tetracycline (TC) initial concentrations، TiO2 and H2O2 concentrations، contact time، and pH were investigated. Sample volume for all the experiments was 250 ml. All the experiments were done in a 500 ml reactor at the temperature of 24±2 ˚C using a magnetic mixer at 150 rpm. Results showed that pH plays an important role on removal of TC antibiotic by UV/TiO2 process. Removal efficiency was increased with increasing contact time and TiO2 concentration. However، increasing contact time to >90 minutes and TiO2 concentrations to above 1 g/L had no significant effect on removal efficiency. Maximum removal efficiency (i. e. 91. 4 %) was obtained at pH=5، TiO2 concentration of 1. 0 g/L، TC initial concentration of 27 mg/L، and contact time of 90 minutes. Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline well followed Pseudo-first order kinetics model (R2=0. 99). Addition of 100 mg/l H2O2 at pH= 5 and TiO2 concentration of 1. 0 g/L resulted in complete removal of all the TC concentrations used in the study، after 30 min. The results of this study suggested that UV/H2O2/TiO2 photocatalytic process is an effective process and can be used to remove TC antibiotic from aqueous solution.

Lead and zinc are among the most poisonous unnecessary heavy metals available in the environment and are among the first grade poisonous pollutants. In this study the efficiency of electrocoagulation process using alternating and direct current and iron and stainless steel rods for elimination of lead and zinc from battery industrial wastewater has been investigated. Wastewater samples were taken from the battery building industry. In the electrochemical cell, metal iron and stainless steel rod electrodes were used and were connected together serially and unipolarly to the feeding source. By using alternating current, the elimination of lead and zinc was done successfully with iron electrodes and in the density of 6 mA/cm2 which were 96.7% and 95.2% and with stainless steel electrodes in density of 8 mA/cm2 which were 93.8% and 93.3% respectively. By using direct current, the optimum elimination of lead and zinc with iron electrodes leveled at 97.2% and 95.5% and in density of 6mA/cm2 and with stainless steel electrodes was equal to 93.2% and 92.5% in density of 8mA/cm2 respectively. The results from this research are in line with the results from other studies. According to the results, this process can be applied as a suitable method for a wide use of electrolyte reactors in industrial scale and for eliminating lead and zinc from aqueous environments.

Cyanide, an environmental pollutant which is found in many different industrial effluents, causes water resources pollution being hazardous to human and environment. Cyanide can be removed from aqueous solutions by different methods but most of them are very expensive. In this study, Lewatit FO36 exchange resin was used to remove Cyanide in a batch system. Removing the cyanide from the aqueous solutions with the Lewatit FO36 exchange resin was studied via considering the effects of absorbent dose, initial cyanide concentration, contact time and pH in batch phase. The Batch ion-exchange process reached equilibrium inr about 90 minutes of contact. The ion-exchange process, which is pH dependent showed maximum removal of CN in the pH range 5.0-9.0 for an initial CN concentration of 1 mg L-1. Lewatit FO 36 showed high bonding constant. Equilibrium constant which depends on the ion-exchange capacity was calculated using Longmuir adsorption isotherm. It was observed that the maximum ion-exchange capacity for Lewatit FO36 was achieved at optimum pH value of 6.5. The ion exchange of CN on this cation-exchange resin followed first-order reversible kinetics. According to the results, for its regeneration characteristic, Liwatit FO36 resin can be used as a convenient option to reduce the level of CN from the aqueous solutions.

The contamination of water resources resulting from industrial output discharge is a serious threat to the water-living organisms. Chemical and physical examinations are not enough to evaluate the potential effects of these pollutants on aquatic life. Biological tests can provide appropriate and direct measure of toxicity as a complete physicochemical criterion of wastewater quality. The requierd Daphnia was provided in fish breeding centers of Esfahan and after preparing different concentrations of raw wastewater and decolorated samples in eight percent of the differents volume, 10 Daphnia was added to all containers containing samples of raw wastewater, decolorated and control samples rinsed with diluted water. All samples were observed after 48 hours and the number of dead animals in each test container was counted. In the final experiments, acute toxicity units, LC50 - 48h and efficiency of toxicity removal on the optimum conditions of Electro Fenton process were calculated. Based on the results of toxicity tests it was determined that LC50 - 48h in synthetic wastewater samples with dye concentration in 40mg/L increased from 18% before decoloration reached 70% after decoloration, samples of wastewater synthetic concentrations dye 100 mg/L from 14 to 50%, wastewater synthetic with concentrations dye of 200mg/L from 10 to 35 % and in samples containing of 300 mg/L the dye concentrations of 6.8 reached 20 % respectively. The efficiency of toxicity removal for different dye concentrations reached 76, 72, 71 and 66 % respectively. According to the results obtained, it can be stated that to evaluate the potential toxicity of colored wastewaters discharged into surface waters and to determine the quality criteria for contaminant permissible concentrations, bioassay is a simple, quick and effective procedure.

Untreated leachate is being discharged into the environment in many countries worldwide. Leachate treatment methods have not been unified so far due to variable composition of leachate in different sites. Lack of control as well as disregarding leachate treatment and disposal of it can cause environmental pollution. This study aimed to investigate the Coagulant's effect on the COD (Chemical Oxygen Demond) and TSS(Total Suspended Solids) removal from Isfahan composting leachate. Ferrous sulfate, Ferric chloride,Poly ferric sulfate, Alum and Poly aluminium chloride were used in addition to two cationic and anionic commercial co-coagulants. In this experimental study, leachate samples were collected from the Isfahan composting leachate collection ponds. At first, Leachate characteristics were measured according to standard methods. Jar-test experiments were carried out to examine the effects of changing coagulants ' dosage (0/5,1,1/5,2,2/5 and 3 g/l) and PH values (4,5,6,7,8,9,11 and 12) on COD and TSS removal. As a result, the effective dosage, optimum pH and the most convenient coagulant were identified. According to the results, polyferric sulfate reached the highest COD and TSS removal efficiency were at pH= 11, with 2 g/L of poly ferric sulfate, the COD removal efficiency was 49% while the dosage of 2.5 g/l of this coagulant levelled at 51% of TSS removal efficiency.The co-coagulant K350CF, while used along with polyferric sulfate, reached the highest level in COD and TSS removal efficiencies which were 53% and 52% respectively.The highest COD removal efficiency using co-coagulant LT25 was related to poly-aluminum chloride, equal to 49%. The most effective coagulant for COD and TSS removal was polyferric sulfate which contributed to better results with an alkaline pH. From the results obtained, it may be stated that Coagulation-flocculation can be used as a convenient inexpensive pretreatment process to treat Isfahan composting leachate, processing the leachate for a better and more convenient treatment compared with other methods.

Natural water resource is limited and that is essential for human survival. In water resources groundwater for a variety of human activities is a valuable resource. The purpose of this study is investigating the chemical and physical quality of drinking water resource in Khaf villages and compared with Iran and EPAstandards. This study was conducted on drinking water resource in Khaf s villages in the second-half of 2009-2010. 60 sample of deep wells were collected from 30 villages and 14 parameters analyzed according to standard methods suggested by AWWA،2005. The results revealed that parameters of Sulfate، Chloride، Sodium، TDS، EC and Turbidity were respectively at 20، 10، 36، 20،23/3 and 10% which are higher than the standard limits. The fluoride concentration ranged from 0. 15 to 3. 9 ppm، where 33. 3%، 10% samples showed fluoride less and higher than permissible limit respectively. and 56. 6% water samples were within optimum limit i. e. 0. 5-1. 5 ppm. The NO3 - concentration was less than permissible limit (50 mg/l) in 93. 3% villages whereas 6. 6% samples showed higher concentration of NO3 -. This study indicated that most of the physicochemical parameters do not fall within the permissible limit. Therefore، currently the related government departments should focus on strengthening “the three wastes” treatment and sanitation management of drinking water and transmission.

The presence of humic acid in water resources is the most health problems of many communities. In recent years, various methods have been focused on for decreasing or removing humic acid that is in water resources and is one of the Trihalomethanes (THMs) precursors. The aim of this study is investigation the use of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) as adsorbent at humic acid adsorption process in acidic conditions from aqueous solution. This experimental study was done in batch system to investigate the effects of Variations such as contact time, humic acid concentration and dose of nanotubes in removal of humic acid. In this study, humic acid concentration was determined during various steps of research using UV-vis spectrophotometer at 254 nm. The Results of this study showed that maximum surface adsorption of humic acid onto multi-walled carbon nanotubes was 31.37 mg/gr and maximum adsorption had occurred at acidic pH (pH = 4). This study also had determined that appropriate time for receiving maximum adsorption of humic acid and equalization state is 3 hours. By increasing the adsorbent dose from 0.04 to 0.08 gr per 100 ml, removal efficiency of humic acid solution with 20 mg/l initial concentration increased from 93.5 to 96.8 %. By decreasing humic acidinitial concentration from 30 to 5 mg/l, removal efficiency increased from 91.5 to 96.9 % at pH=4 after 3 hours. This adsorbent could be effective for removal of humic acid due to small size, large surface area, crystal shape and exclusive network arrangement and consequently very high reactivity and noticeable performance of multi-walled carbon nanotubes as adsorbent in removal of organic pollutants from aqueous solution.

Long-term exposure to high concentrations of fluoride is associated with several adverse effects on human including dental and skeletal fluorosis. We studied all the groundwater wells located in rural areas of Khaf city, Razavi Province, northeastern Iran between 2009 and 2010. Fluoride concentration of water samples was measured by SPADNS method. We found that in rural areas the fluoride concentration ranged from 0.11 to 3.59 ppm—the level was less than the permissible limit in 31% of studied samples, higher than the permissible limit in 4% of the samples, and within the optimum limit of 1 to 1.5 ppm in 65% of water samples.

Heavy metals have an important role on organism life and their high concentration may be a great threat for humans and other organisms’ lives. Up to now, various methods have been used for the removal of these metals, which include the adsorption process. The aim of this study was the recovery of municipal disposals, and using as absorbent for lead & cadmium removal from aqueous solutions. Adsorption of lead & cadmium on dry activated sludge was investigated. Activated sludge was obtained from diary industry (Tehran). All experiments were performed in batch system on 202 synthetic samples to investigate the effects of pH, contact time initial concentration lead & cadmium and adsorbent dose. The most conventional adsorption and kinetic models were applied to describe metal adsorption and dynamic reaction. The results showed that with increasing of adsorbent doses, contact time and pH solution, lead & cadmium removal efficiency increased. The maximum lead & cadmium adsorption was obtained at pH: 6 and an equivalent time of 180 min. With increasing initial concentration of lead & cadmium, removal efficiency decreased. The obtained results in this study were matched with langmuir 2 isotherm (R2>0.99) and interparticle diffusion kinetic (R2>0.94). Maximum adsorption capacity of lead & cadmium on dry activated sludge was obtained to be 2.66 and 1.66mg/g, respectively. Maximum constant rate of lead & cadmium was 0.045 and 0.041mg/g.min0.5, respectively. According to the results, dry activated sludge is recommended as a low cost and available adsorbent to remove lead & cadmium from aqueous solutions.

Fresh leachate has a low pH and high amounts of BOD and COD which are mainly constituents with low weight molecular such as volatile fatty acids (acetic and propionic acids). Management and treatment of leachate is an important subject in sanitary landfill operation and performance.Th objective of this study is determining the efficiency of the integrated coagulation –flocculation and ozonation processes in fresh leachate treatment of Tabriz city.

Quantitive parameters of pH, BOD5, COD, alkalinity and TSS were studied based on standard methods.The study emphasizes of COD and TSS leachate removal.Alum, ferric chloride and PAC had been used as coagulants.

Results indicated the superiority of Ferric chloride at the dosage of 1 g/l in pH 10, which reduced 34% of COD and 54% of TSS.in the stage of ozonation the leachate sample coagulated by ferric chloride was treated by 3 g/h ozone gas at optimum pH and after 39 hours ozonation about 51% of COD and 18.2 % of TSS were reduced.

This study clearly indicates that there would be need to apply biological treatment (after coagulation – flocculation) and ozonation, various advanced oxidation processes and / or other treatment methods for further reduction of COD in leachate and meeting discharge standards.

Since organophosphorus pesticides are widely used for industry and insect control in agricultural crops, their fate in the environment is very important. Pesticide contamination of surface water has been recog­nized as a major contaminant in world because of their potential toxicity towards human and animals. The objec­tive of this research was to investigate the influence of various parameters including the influence of time, power, and initial concentration on degradation of diazinon pesticide. The sonochemical degradation of diazinon was investigated using acoustical processor reactor. Acous­tical processor reactor with 130 kHz was used to study the degradation of pesticide solution. Samples were ana­lyzed using HPLC at different time intervals. Effectiveness of APR at different times (20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 min), concentrations (2, 4 and 8 mg/L) and powers (300W, 400W, 500W) were compared. The degradation of the diazinon at lower concentrations was greater in comparison to higher concentra­tions. There was also direct correlation between power and diazinon degradation. In addition, when the power increased, the ability to degraded diazinon increased. The sonodegradation of diazinon pesticide at different concentrations and powers was successfully provided. It has been shown that APR can be used to reduce the concentration of dissolved pesticide using high frequency.

A new biological domestic wastewater treatment process, which has been presented these days in activated sludge modification, is Upflow Sludge Blanket Filtration (USBF). This process is aerobic and acts by using a sludge blanket in the separator of sedimentation tank. All biological flocs and suspended solids, which are presented in the aeration basin, pas through this blanket. The performance of a single stage USBF process for treatment of domestic wastewater was studied in laboratory scale. The pilot of USBF has been made from fiberglass and the main electromechanical equipments consisted of an air com pressor, a mixing device and two pumps for sludge return and wastewater injection. The wastewater samples used for the experiments were prepared synthetically to have qualitative characteristics similar to a typical domestic wastewater (COD= 277 mg/l, BOD5= 250 mg/l and TSS= 1 mg/l). On the average, the treatment system was capable to remove 82.2% of the BOD5 and 85.7% of COD in 6 h hydraulic re tention time (HRT). At 2 h HRT BOD and COD removal efficiencies dramatically reduced to 50% and 46.5%, respectively. Even by increasing the concentrations of pollutants to as high as 50%, the removal rates of all pollutants were re mained similar to the HRT of 6 h.

The goal was to upgrade and/or uprate the traditional non-contact array by producing few modifications in the configuration of this model in order to maximize light receiving of water from the UV lamp and a better disinfection. An innovative non-contact model was made with a design based on irradiation of water, which was flowing as two thin waterfalls around a UV lamp in order to have direct germicidal rays from all positions of the lamp. By this water cir culating and traditional water flow in an ordinary canal below the lamp, UV light would reach every drop of water effec tively. Another model which had been studied was a simple stair type design in which a bare lamp was fixed over the shiny steel steps. Re sults of water disinfection in two flow rates of 12 and 24 L/min were compared with traditional design at ex actly similar conditions. Disinfection in this new model produced more reduction in fecal coliforms concentration than the traditional array and the inactivation efficiency was specified to be 3.65 log reduction compared to 2.93 log, in the turbidity of 0.5 NTU. Be sides, this new model was quite capable in disinfection of water with high turbidities up to 20 NTU. The reduction in disinfection efficiency at higher flow rates for new model was much less than traditional ar ray. Results of water disinfection in the simple stair type were not wonderful and even it was less satisfactory compared to tradi tional model. The reason is that the flow of water was not set parallel to the length of the lamp.

Ultrasonic technology as an innovative technology may be used for water and wastewater treatment for pollution removal. This technology acts as an advanced oxidation process. Application of this technology leads to the decomposition of many com plex organic compounds to much simpler compounds during physical and chemical compounds during cavitation proc ess. In this article review, some applications of this valuable technology are presented.

Mosquitoes transmit several diseases to human. There are several measures for control of larvae. As part of Integrated Vector Management (IVM) program, the utility of floating layers of polystyrene beads (EPS) is a po­ten­tial alternative in habitats of mosquito larva. EPS beads prevent oviposition of mosquito as well as killing the im­ma­ture stages by forming a tick layer on the water surface. They are cheap, environmentally safe and do not need fre­quent application and remain on the surface of water for long time. The objective of the current study was to asses the effectiveness of two types of polystyrene beads of (EPS) and (SWAP) for control of mosquito larvae under labo­ra­tory conditions. Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus were used for experimental purposes. In each tray 250 lar­vae of late 3rd and early 4th instars were introduced. The experiment was conducted on 4 replicates for An. ste­phensi, Cu. quinquefasciatus and combination of both. Emerging of adult mosquitoes were calculated every day until the end of experiments. Mortality rate and Inhibition of Emerge (IE) for Cu. quinquefasciatus, An. stephensi and combination of both spe­cies was 97.8%, 100% and 99.07%, respectively using EPS. In average, EPS was able to kill 98.9% of lar­vae. The fig­ures with SWAP were 63%, 91.05% and 72.65%, respectively. The average mortality for mosquitoes was 75.57% EPS and SWAP beads can be very effective and practical for elimination of An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefas­ciatus under the laboratory conditions.

Discharge of Wastewater of Cleaning Industries to environment with special physicochemical characteristics has negative effects and in the other hand is not easily biodegradable because in these wastewaters ratio BOD5/COD is low and therefore biological treatment of them is difficult. Nowadays best method for degradation of Wastewater is advance oxidation processes. In this study investigated efficiency of Fenton process in remove anionic detergent and COD and improved from ratio of BOD5/COD.

This investigating is descriptive- empirical study that paksan factory was local sampling of wastewater. 30 wastewater composite sample24hr were taken during study period and then chemical characterization was performed by determining the following parameters: (COD, BOD, MBAS, PH, T) Then Sample of row wastewater were prepared and used in the experiments for determining the efficiency of Fenton process in treatment. Treatment experiments performed by use of various concentrations of H2O2 and ferrous iron at constant pH of 3and temperature of 25 in a jar test apparatus adjusted at 200 rpm and for contact time 60 min. Fe+2 on removal (COD, MBAS & BOD) applied ANOVA. and after that for analysis of effect H2O2

The results of analyze showed that the concentrations of COD, ranging from 6254-13040 mg/l and concentration of BOD was 2590-3200mg/l and concentrations of MBAS were 245-1120 mg/l and results showed that the BOD5/COD ratio was 0.34±0.09. At constant pH of 3 and temperature of 25 for contact time 60 min, about 40% of MBAS with first concentration 470 mg/l removed by H2o2 with concentration1800and fe+2 with concentration 340 mg/l. concentration of COD reduced from 8750 to 5998 mg/l, and the ratio of BOD5/COD improved from 0.334 to 0.340.

Wastewater from this industry has quality characteristics with deferent ranging and high organic load and because of high concentration of foaming that prohibit of oxygen infiltration in wastewater and nonbiodgredable material. These wastewaters are not easily subjected to conversation system of biological treatment; therefore suitable method for treatment of this wastewater should reduce organic load foaming and improve ratio of BOD5/COD advance oxidation process is one method with good efficiency for treatment of this wastewater.

Exposure to inorganic arsenic mainly occurs via drinking water, however because of potential changing of water sources during time, there is not consensus over the best route for assessment of past exposures to arsenic. At present study, we compared three potential sources of data in this regard. Thirty nine human hair samples were taken from persons residing in three villages of Bijar city in Kurdistan province of Iran with different drinking water sources and different levels of arsenic. All the subjects were female and at least one gram of scalp hair was gathered from the distal part of participants’ hair. Samples were analyzed using Neutron Activation Analysis method. Arsenic concentration of water samples were measured using Silver Diethyl Ditiocarbomate Method (SDDC) and the total intake of arsenic through drinking water were calculated for each participant. According to results, arsenic content of drinking water ranged from 0 to 0.455 mg/l (average: 0.18). The figures for arsenic concentration in hair were from 0.012 to 3.41 mg/kg (average: of 0.53) and for calculated total intake from 0 to 8.9g (average: 2.02). A close relationship between calculated total intake via drinking water and arsenic concentration in hair (R=0.711, P<0.001) was obtained and also relationship between current arsenic content of drinking water and arsenic concentration in hair (R= 0.662, p<0.001). Using age as a covaiate did not alter the results.

In many big cities, surface runoff is collected by separate collection system and is then directed to receiving water bodies. Since it washes out the materials from the surface of different lands, is known as the source of pollution. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one class of carcinogenic contaminants that are commonly found in storm water runoff. In this study, phenanthrene was measured in the surface runoff of south of Tehran, capital of Iran. After identifying three main drainage channels, three sampling stations were chosen, based of the fact that all urban surface runoffs completely passed through these points and taken samples were more expected as representative of all kinds of pollutants. Surface runoff flows in three main channels from north to south of Tehran. At each month two samples were taken from each station, afterwards concerning the USEPA method, 60 samples were extracted and analyzed with High Performance Liquid Chromatography device. Results show that the average concentration of PAH in the most polluted drainage was about 9.4 µg/l. The minimum and the maximum concentrations of PAH in all of the taken samples were zero and, 15.1 µg/l, respectively. In the rainy season, the concentration of phenanthrene was the highest, because the rain washed out the pollutant from the surface of the street. In addition, the concentration of phenanthrene in the middle drainage channel was more than two others, because this station received the runoff from city center whose traffic load was high.