فهرست مطالب abbas samadi

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relation between implementation of innovation strategies and innovative performance, with absorptive capacity as a Mediator variable, in companies located in Pardis Technology Park. The population of the study includes Senior Managers of the all 65 companies that are located in the pardis technology park. Using census, the entire population size considerd as sample size. Questionnaires were distributed randomly stratified. The criteria of Minbawa et al.'s research were used for individual absorption capacity, the criteria in Lichtenhaler's research were used for organizational absorption capacity, and the questionnaire in Hong et al.'s research was used for innovative performance. Validity and reliability for all questionnaires was confirmed. In order to analyze the data, software SPSS and Smart PLS were used. In analyzing the data, inferential statistical tests results and structural equation modeling is presented. The result of study indicates the meaningful effect of leading innovator strategy and also defender strategy on innovative performance and the meaningful effect Sinaof leading innovator strategy and also defender strategy and imitatore strategy on absorptive capacity. Absorptive capacity is a mediatore variable in relationship between using leading innoatore strategy and innovative performance and aslo it is a moderator variavle in relationship between using defender strategy and innovative performance Furthermore, Investigation of fitting indicators show that the model used in the study is acceptable fitness.

What keeps entrepreneurs from making long-term efforts to pursue opportunities is entrepreneurial passion.Despite the importance of passion, especially in starting and growing a business and the entrepreneurial behavior of individuals, few studies have examined entrepreneurial passion Therefore, the present study has assessed the effect of entrepreneurial enthusiasm on the success of agricultural cooperatives in Hamadan province.In terms of method, this research is a descriptive and survey research. The statistical population of this study included 276 CEOs of agricultural cooperatives in Hamadan province which were selected as a sample according to Cochran's formula of 131 cooperatives. Structural equation and multivariate regression methods have been used to analyze the data. The entrepreneurial passion model is derived from the Cardon model, which classifies passion into three types: innovative, founding, and developmental. The results showed that all three types of enthusiasm affected the success of entrepreneurs, and the component of "Passion for Founding" had the greatest impact on the success of agricultural cooperatives. For this reason, it seems that in education, establishment and development of agricultural cooperatives, the issue of entrepreneurial enthusiasm and passion, especially founding enthusiasm, should be taken into consideration.

The efficiency of phosphorus (P) chemical fertilizers in agriculture is relatively low (5-25%). This has led to more P fertilizers’ application which not only increases production costs but also threatens the environment. Therefore, it was necessary to introduce suitable alternatives to replace part of these fertilizers consumption. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria have been identified as a promising option to reduce P chemical fertilizers’ application due to their ability to solve insoluble P in soil environment. These bacteria can assimilate part of the solubilized P, known as the microbial biomass P. This mechanism allows natural ecosystems to be self-sustainable, without the application of phosphate fertilizers. Given the role of potent bacterial strains in dissolving insoluble phosphates and the importance of microbial biomass P in providing part of the plant needed P in the long term, this study was aimed to select efficient strains by quantitative measurement of dissolved P and microbial biomass P after inoculation of bacteria in sperber medium with different phosphate sources.

This study was conducted as factorial experiment in a completely randomized design format using two factors in three replications. The first factor was bacteria inoculation including strains: Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens Tkd/4, Pantoea agglomerans Ggd/4 and Sphingobium yanoikuyae Rpd/4, all isolated from Giroud Shemshak Phosphate mine, Bacillus pumilus RPY isolated from Yazd Asfordi Phosphate mine, Pseudomonas putida Ps/14 prepared from Soil and Water Research Institute (isolated from maize farm soil) and blank (contains phosphate sources without bacteria inoculation) and the second factor was three phosphate sources: tricalcium phosphate (TCP), calcium phytate (CPhy) and phosphate main soil (PMS). The measured traits were included pH, EC, dissolved P and microbial biomass P. Total solubilized P from the phosphate source (sum of dissolved P and microbial biomass P), the ratio of dissolved P to microbial biomass P and biosorption percentage of P were calculated as well.

The effect of bacteria strain, posphate source and their interactions was significant on all measured traits (P ≤0.01). The ability of Ps/14 strain to dissolve phosphate was higher than other strains in all three phosphate sources. All strains absorbed more phosphorus from TCP than the other two phosphate sources. Microbial biomass P was higher in phosphate soil treatments inoculated with all strains except Tkd/4 strain than in CPhy treatments inoculated with those strains. The lowest pH (3) and the highest EC (1.53 dS m-1) were observed in the PMS and TCP treaments inoculated with Ps/14 strain, respectively.

The studied strains had different effects on both dissolved P and microbial biomass P properties from different P sources. The ability of Ps/14 strain to dissolve P from all three phosphate sources was higher than the other strains. The results revealed that the strain that has more potential in dissolving P from one source does not necessarily have the same potential in assimilating P from the same source. This can be attributed to the solubility nature of material and the solubilizing capability of the microorganisms. The results of this study also showed that the total solubilized P could be more strongly attributed to dissolved P rather than microbial biomass P. Overall, the results showed that the potent of some of the studied bacteria in both dissolved P and microbial biomass P properties can be considered as a promising option in reducing the application of P fertilizers and increasing their effectiveness.

Present research was carried out to evaluate the effect of different carbon sources on K release by Pseudomonas fluorescens and Aspergillus niger and modeling the effects of incubation time, pH and different amounts of carbon source on K release using central composite design. At the first step, 12 experiments were defined with a combination of different levels, and the effects of different carbon sources including glucose, sucrose and fructose at two levels of +1 (10 g.l-1) and -1 (5 g.l-1) on potassium dissolution of illite was studied. After selection of effective carbon source, different ranges of independent variables including incubation time, pH and carbon source were considered and experiment design has been made based on the coded values of them. Results showed that there is no difference between carbon sources, which were used at the first step of experiment, so each of them can be used as alternatives to each other in culture medium. According to the statistical analysis results of central composite design, pH has a positive impact on increasing the soluble potassium release (P>0.001). Maximum potassium release by bacteria and fungus, 109.75 and 170.3 mg.l-1 respectively, observed at central levels of incubation time and carbon source and pH = 10.36. Based on determination coefficient of, 91 and 87.8 percent of soluble potassium changes in the presence of bacteria and fungus can be explained by this central composite design model, respectively.

The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize phosphate-solubilizing bacteria from two phosphate mines and to investigate their soil phosphate solubility ability. Eighty five colonies with different morphologies were isolated and purified using the liquid Sperber culture medium enriched with Yazd’ Esphordi soil phosphate (YESP) and a form of diluents series in the Sparber solid culture medium enriched with YESP. Four out of 85 isolates (Rpy: from Esfordi mine and Tkd/4, Ggd/4 & Rpd/4 from Jiroud mine) with the highest amount of dissolved phosphorus in the Sperber liquid medium enriched with YESP as superior isolates were selected. With using 16S rRNA gene sequencing the isolates Tkd/4, Rpd/4, Rpy and Ggd/4 were recognized very closely (more than 99%) to Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens, Sphingobium yanoikuyae, Bacillus pumilus and Pantoaea aglomerans genera respectively. The multifold release of phosphorus by these isolates compared to the control from three phosphate sources showed that these bacteria can dissolve other phosphate sources.

Transformation requires innovative tools to monitor and manage organizational traumas and diseases. This research has been done with an innovative pathological approach and with the aim of recognizing and managing one of the organizational diseases, called "organizational stroke", by constructing and validating its measurement tools. To conceptualize organizational stroke, the qualitative methodology of content analysis methodology, Attride-Stirling Approach, has been used and to validate the organizational stroke measurement instrument, the quantitative correlation methodology has been employed. To ensure the validity of the constructed instrument, 13 public organizations of Hamadan province have been considered as the statistical population of the research. A total of 583 employees were selected as the sample by cluster sampling method.  For data analysis, the partial least squares method and Smart PLS2 software were used. The validity of the questionnaire was calculated based on face validity, content validity, and structure validity, and its reliability was calculated based on Cronbach's alpha method and combined reliability. The final designed instrument includes 92 items in three dimensions of antecedents (lack of openness, disagreement, lack of support, lack of individual homogeneity, negativity, lack of education, lack of skills); examples (structural, moral, behavioral, strategic, cognitive, belief, information, knowledge, environmental strokes), and consequences (structural, behavioral, social, psychological traumas). It is recommended to use this measurement instrument to identify the extent to which the organizations are suffering from organizational stroke and the endeavor to control it.

Salinity is a major environmental stress that limits plant growth and productivity in Iran. Olive (Olea europea L.) is one of the most valuable and widespread fruit trees in the Mediterranean area. In the last years, the surface of olive orchards has increased considerably in Iran. Furthermore, cultivars used in these orchards are often foreign and little is known about their behavior under Iran climate conditions, especially about their tolerance to salinity. Hence, in order to study the effects of NaCl salinity on some morphological and physiological properties of one-year-old rooted cuttings of two olive cultivars (Mission (a foreign cultivar) and Mary (one of the most important Iranian cultivars)), a pot experiment was conducted in factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications. Saline treatments were imposed by irrigation with water containing 0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mM of NaCl. The results showed that NaCl salinity has significant effects on the parameters. The plants grow parameters (plant height, number and area of leaves, number and length of axillary shoots, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight of leaves and stems, dry weight of root) were decreased by increasing of NaCl concentration in irrigation water. Relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content and leaf potassium concentration were decreased as well. However, converse effect was found in proline, total soluble sugars (TSS), and concentration of Na and Cl in leaves. Overall, the findings of this study showed that cv. Mission because of higher potassium concentration, chlorophyll content and RWC, higher accumulation of proline and TSS and lower concentration of Na and Cl in leaves was more resistant to salinity than cv. Mary.
 
Keywords: Growth parameters, Olive (Olea europea), Proline, Relative water content, Salinity

This study aims to conceptualize organizational stroke in governmental organizations which examines the process of antecedents, instances and consequences of ineffective relationships in a new metaphorical way.

The research method is a qualitative review using the thematic analysis method to review textual data. Which has been done with semi-structured interviews in government institutions and with the participation of 25 managers and elites in the field of management and using theoretical non-probability purposive sampling method and using snowball technique based on the principle of saturation.

We obtained 1373 initial codes and 116 organizing themes from the interviews. then, the constituents are classified into three categories of antecedents, instances and postpositions in the form of comprehensive themes, which are: Antecedents which includes lack of openness, disagreement, lack of support, lack of homogeneity, negativity, lack of culture and unskilled؛ Instances that includes moral, behavioural, strategic, cognitive, doctrinal, knowledge and environmental strokes؛ consequences that include structural, behavioural, social and psychological impairments.

conceptualisation of organizational stroke allows managers as health professionals to identify and act effectively on antecedents, instances and consequences in a timely manner by increasing knowledge in the face of disease. especially in governmental organizations that have a public services nature, this can add to the richness of artistic management. The art whose concern is the health of this enduring heritage, the organization.

Hydroponic culture has several advantages such as higher yield, product uniformity improvement, and better control of elements absorption than soil condition. The hydroponic is a method which organic or inorganic substrates are used for plant cultivation. In order to investigate the effect of different growing media on antioxidant properties of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), an experiment was done based on completely randomized design using 11 treatments with three replications at Experimental Greenhouse of Urmia University. Growing media tested were: perlite substrate with grads: <0.5, 0.5-1 ,1-1.5 ,1.5-2 and >2 mm as 100% and mixed grades of perlite with peat moss (50:50) and pure peat moss (100% V). The total phenolic content, total flavonoid, and antioxidant activity were measured by using folin ciocalteu reagent, aluminum chloride, and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) methods respectively. The results showed that significant differences were observed the measured parameters in inorganic (perlite with different sizes), organic (peat most), and mixture of organic and inorganic substrates. The highest content of total phenol (0.63mg GAA/100g), total flavonoid (0.07 mg Q/100g), total anthocyanin (1.7 mg/gdw), superoxide radical scavenging activity (55.3%) and radical scavenging activity DPPH (67.8%) were observed in pure peat moss medium, while the lowest nitric oxide radical scavenging activity (67%) was in peat moss medium. In conclusion different culture media which possess different physical and chemical characteristics, can affect the plant antioxidant properties. According to the results, peat moss substrate increased the antioxidant properties of lemon balm compared to other culture media

Bunch fading disorder is one of the important problems in date palm orchards in Iran and influences the quantity and quality of fruits. The aim of this study was investigating the effect of bunch thinning as a management factor on bunch fading disorder, as well as physical, physiological and chemical characteristics of Mazafati date. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design. Four bunch thinning treatments included: T1, shortening of 1/3 total strands from terminal tips in pollination stage (1/3 tippol); T2, removal of 1/3 total strands in kimri stage (1/3 skim); T3, shortening of 1/3 total strands from terminal tips in kimri stage (1/3 tipkim); T4, removal entire of some bunches (traditional thinning as control). Some physical (percent of faded bunches, percent of faded fruits, fruit’s weight, fruit’s length and diameter), physiological (fruit’s proline, total carbohydrates, superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase enzymes) and chemical (potassium and phosphorus) characteristics of date palms were determined. The results indicated that the percent of faded bunches and fruits in 1/3 tippol and 1/3 skim treatments significantly (P≤0.05) decreased as compared to control. Treatments of 1/3 tippol and 1/3 skim significantly (P≤0.05) increased fruit’s weight (30%), fruit’s diameter (18%), proline (69%), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme (90%) and potassium (K) (13%) as compared to control. It can be concluded that 1/3 tippol and 1/3 skim thinning treatments noticeably decreased bunch fading disorder. Shortening of 1/3 total strands from terminal tips in pollination stage is recommended to date palm owners of the region, due to the concurrency of thinning and pollination stage.

Soil C dynamics will be influenced differently following incorporation of various plant residues with different qualitative characteristics. One of the most important ways to improve soil organic matter is to manage the correct use of plant residues in agricultural products, so that by bringing these residues back to the soil, the average annual carbon input to soil is increased and part of the carbon output from decomposition microbial is compensated. Hence, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of various plant residues on the mineralization kinetics of carbon and organic carbon content in different soils around the Urmia lake.

This study was conducted as a laboratory incubation experiment in a completely randomized factorial design, including three soil types (calcareous, saline-sodic and sodic) and five plant residues (corn stalks, sunflower stalks, wheat straw, clover and vetch residues) with control treatment (soil without plant residues) in three replications. Plant residues (20 g kg-1) were added to the soils and incubated for 10 weeks (70 days) at 25±1°C. CO2 emissions were measured once a week for 10 weeks, and then the parameters of the kinetic equation of mineralization of carbon were calculated. Finally, the organic carbon content of soils was measured immediately after the completion of the experiment on all treatments.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the soil type and plant residue significantly (p < 0.01) affected C mineralization. In all treatments, the highest CO2 emissions occurred during the first week of incubation, and then there was a decreasing trend until the end of the incubation time. The highest amount of cumulative C mineralized obtained from calcareous soils treated with vetch and clover residues. There was a positive and significant correlation between plant N concentration and C mineralized, while there was a negative and significant correlation between ratios of C/N, lignin/N, cellulose/N, hemicellulose/N, cellulose+lignin/N, N/P ratio and C mineralized. Carbon mineralization in all three studied soils is better estimated with C0K than C0. Also, with the return of plant residues to the soils, the amount of organic carbon increased in all three studied soils. The order of increasing organic carbon in different treatments of plant residues in all three studied soils was wheat> corn> sunflower> vetch> clover.

The results of this study showed that the highest cumulative mineral carbon in calcareous soils among the three studied soils, indicates the further decomposition of residues in these soils. Therefore, it should be compensated annually for the return of more residues to these soils, part of the carbon output resulting from microbial decomposition. Considering that the main purpose of using organic matter in soils was to increase soil organic matter, the results of this study showed that the greatest effect was on organic carbon increase in all three soils (calcareous, sodic and saline-sodic) of wheat residues and then corn with high C/N ratios and the smallest role obtained from clover and vetch with the lowest C/N. This suggests that increasing the amount of soil organic carbon content by adding plant residues depends on the quality of plant remains (C/N, lignin/N, cellulose/N, hemicellulose/N, cellulose + lignin/N and N/P). Therefore, the use of plant residues with high C/N ratio is recommended for carbon sequestration in these soils. Keywords: Plant residues, carbon mineralization, organic carbon, C/N ratio, soil type

Heavy metals enter the environment through the discharge of industrial wastewater and urban wastewater. Zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are considered as an essential element for life and act as micronutrients when present in trace amounts, too much Zn and Cu can still cause eminent health problems. There are several method to remove the heavy metals from aqueous solutions that adsorption by cheap minerals is one of the best method.

The raw diatomite as a sorbent for removal of Cu and Zn used in this investigation was prepared as a natural resource from, Birjand mine. In this study, batch experiments were conducted for evaluation of the kinetic and thermodynamic adsorption of Cu and Zn from aqueous solutions by diatomite. The kinetic parameters of metal ions sorption by diatomite (0.1g) were determined with 25mL solutions containing 100 mg L-1 Cu and Zn concentrations at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 sen 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60 min 2, 4, 6 hr at (at background solution 0.03 mol L-1 NaNO3). For thermodynamic studies the solutions were stirred in a thermally controlled shaker at 10, 20, 30 and 40 ºC .The adsorption behavior of heavy metals (Cu and Zn) in different time was conducted by pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich and fractional power models. Also, Freundlich, Langmuir, Tempkin, Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms models have also been used to the equilibrium adsorption at data 10, 20, 30 and 40 ºC.

The results showed that the adsorption capacity of diatomite increased with increasing contact time. The time required creating equilibrium between the adsorbed metals on the solid surface and the fraction remaining in the solution for Cu and Zn were 40 and 120 minutes, respectively, and the amount sorption of Cu was more than Zn by diatomite. The maximum adsorption of Cu and Zn (qmax) by diatomite at 20 ° C was 56 and 27 mg g-1, respectively. Among adsorption kinetic models, pseudo-second-order model was better fitted for experimental data (R2=0.99). The values of adsorption by diatomite, increased with increasing temperature, the adsorption data were well fitted with Langmuir (R2: 0.96-0.99). The thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔH and ΔS) indicated that the adsorption of Cu and Zn ions were feasible, spontaneous and endothermic at 10–40ºC. The sorption energy parameter (E) of Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm values indicated probably physical sorption reaction of the metals by the sorbent (E

Because of the presence of heavy metals in contaminated water and the importance of their removal, use of diatomite as one of the cheap and accessible absorbents can be effective in the removal of heavy metals from industrial contaminated water sources, especially Cu and Zn.

The application of residues of agricultural products as low-cost biosorbents for removing heavy metal from water, is particularly appropriate for developing countries. This study was conducted to compare the removal efficiency of lead (Pb (II)) from aqueous solutions with initial concentration of lead (0- 100 mg/L) by some raw (unmodified) biosorbents (sunflower stalks, wheat straw and corn stalks) and chemically modified of these biosorbents with NaHCO3 0.5 mol/L and NaOH 0.5 mol L. Also in this study, lead adsorption isotherms and lead removal efficiency by these biosorbents was investigated. Biochemical composition analysis of the studied biosorbents showed that sunflower stalks had the highest cellulose, lignin and ash content. Hemicellulose were highest in wheat straw but lowest in sunflower stalks. Langmuir and Freundlich models had a better fitness than the Temkin model for removal of lead by unmodified and modified biosorbents. The removal efficiency (RE) for unmodified sunflower stalks, wheat straw and corn stalks were obtained 94-99%, 85-97% and 55-95%, respectively. Also, by modification of biosorbents with NaHCO3, the removal efficiency (RE) of sunflower stalks, wheat straw and corn stalks were 94-99%, 85-97% and 55-95%, respectively. Maximum mono layer adsorption (qmax) of modified sunflower stalks, wheat straw and corn stalks increased 293, 305, 394 and 226, 265 and 363 percent compared to unmodified biosorbents, respectively. Separation factor of Langmuir (RL) increased from 0.014-0.73 (for unmodified biosorbents) to 0.065-0.93 (for modified biosorbents by NaHCO3) and 0.023-0.56 (for modified biosorbents by NaOH), indicated that the sorption reaction of lead by studied biosorbents are favorable. Chemical modification of the biosorbents with NaHCO3 could significantly increase the efficiency and capacity removal of lead from aqueous solutions. The ease of preparation of these chemically modified low-cost biosorbents and its high removal capacity for lead makes these biosorbents a good practical candidate for removal of lead from aqueous solutions.

Among the elements, potassium (K) is the third important macronutrient for plant nutrition that plays a significant role in plant growth and development. The development of intensively managed agriculture has led to the consumption of increasing amounts of K, low K supply has therefore become an important yield-limiting factor in agriculture. However, more than 98% of potassium in the soil exists in the form of silicate minerals such as illite and lattice K in K-feldspars which K cannot be directly absorbed by plants. Potassium and other minerals can be released when these minerals are weathered. Some microorganisms can play a role in releasing K from minerals. They solubilize K-bearing minerals through different mechanisms including chelation, acidolysis, pH reduction, exchange reaction, complexation, biofilm formation and secretion of organic acid and polysaccharides. Since the use of potassium solubilizing microorganisms (KSMs) as K-biofertilizers reduces the agrochemicals application and supports eco-friendly agriculture, so it is imperative to isolate the KSMs and optimize various growth parameters so as to improve their activity.

The present study was an attempt to model and evaluate the effects of pH, incubation time and different amounts of carbon source on K release by Pseudomonas fluorescens using Placket-Burman design and response surface methodology with a central composite design. At the first step, 12 experiments based on Placket-Burman design were carried out to screen and identify the effective carbon source in potassium release. According to the results of the first step, response surface methodology with the central composite design was employed to evaluate and model the effects of the coded independent variables including pH (3-10), incubation time (1-18 days) and carbon source (0.6-12 g L-1) on K release from feldspar and phlogopite. After the completion of each period, samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes and filtered using Whatman paper (No. 41). Potassium concentration of samples was measured by flame photometer. Used minerals in the experiment including feldspar and phlogopite were grounded and filtered through a 230 mesh sieve. In order to remove exchangeable K, the samples were saturated by calcium chloride solution (with a ratio of 2:1), after washing with HCl, samples were then dried at 105oC for 48 hours.

Results showed that there was no difference between carbon sources, applied at the first step of the experiment, so each can be employed as alternatives to each other in the culture medium. The central composite design showed R2 of 0.944 and 0.918 with RMSE of 0.82 and 1.47 for predicting K release of feldspar and phlogopite, respectively, indicating high efficiency. Sensitivity analysis of the central composite design revealed that the pH is the most important factor in K release. The highest concentration of the K was observed at the highest levels of pH. Incubation time also had an impact on potassium release. In the early stages of the incubation time, the trend of potassium release was increasing, in middle stages, K amount decreased but it was accelerated over long times of incubation. The maximum potassium release in presence of phlogopite and feldspar was 121.16 and 96/82 mg L-1, respectively, which was observed at pH= 10.36, sucrose amount= 6.5 g L-1 during 10 days. Potassium amount in this treatment hence increased by 31.52% as compared to feldspar. According to central composite design, maximum potassium release of feldspar and phlogopite was obtained at pH= 10.36 and 10.34, sucrose concentrations of 2.26 and 6.92 g L1 at 18 and 2 days, respectively.

Our results showed that pH had a significant impact on K release by Pseudomonas fluorescens using response surface methodology. Overall, increasing incubation time along with high pH leads to the high amounts of K release from minerals. Different minerals released different content of potassium. Application of soil K-bearing minerals in combination with efficient potassium solubilizing bacterial strains as biofertilizers is required to replace chemical fertilizers and reduce the crop cultivation cost. Many bacterial strains have been found to solubilize minerals and improve plant growth under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, but their ability under field conditions remains unexplored. The capability of these bacteria, considering the soil and plant type, and environmental factors, should be thus evaluated under field conditions.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of staff apathy on organizational development in the Social Insurance Fund of Farmers, Rural and Nomads. The purpose of this research was in the area of applied research and development, in terms of the nature and method of descriptive research, in terms of data type, in quantitative research, and in terms of location and time of field research. The statistical population of the study consisted of all employees of Social Insurance Fund of farmers, villagers and tribes in the country in the year 2019 (400 persons). Statistical sample of staff in this study was 196 people according to the statistical population and using Morgan and Krejcie table with available method. Organizational indifference was measured by the Knowledge Questionnaire of Fred et al. (2010) and organizational development was measured by Spiders Questionnaire (1995). The level of organizational apathy was about 49.8% and the organizational development was 48.6%. The results of structural equation analysis with PLS version 3 showed that organizational apathy had a 60% negative impact on organizational development.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of cultivation on potassium forms and potassium adsorption characteristics behavior in tobacco-growing and adjacent virgin soils in Northwest of Iran. Soil potassium forms were determined in 29 tobacco-growing soils and in 29 adjacent virgin soils. Soil potassium quantity-intensity relations (Q/I) were constructed by equilibrating and shaking 2.5 g soil with 25 ml of 0.01 mM CaCl2. The results indicated that the mean of exchangeable potassium (Kex) and the initial equilibrium concentration of solution potassium (EKC) values in tobacco-growing soils were significantly (p≤0.01) lower than those in the adjacent virgin soils and decreased 28% and 27 %, respectively. Thus, in tobacco-growing soils and their adjacent virgin soils, the mean of Kex were 197 and 273 mg kg-1, and the mean of EKC were 7.9 and 10.8 mg L-1, respectively. There was a significant correlation between solution potassium (Kso) and Kex (r=0.418*) as well as between Kex and clay (r= 0.577**) in tobacco-growing soils indicating depletion of Kex  in the studied soils. The mean of potassium activity ratio at equilibrium (AReK) and the energy of exchange potassium (EK) values in tobacco-growing soils were significantly (p≤0.001) lower than those in the adjacent virgin soils and decreased 36 and 11 %, respectively. In tobacco-growing soils and their adjacent virgin soils, the mean of AReK were 0.004 and 0.0063 mol L-1and the mean of EK were -3407 and -3055 cal mol-1, respectively. Because of exchangeable potassium depletion in the studied soils, potassium fertilizer management is needed to be practiced for sustainable production of tobacco in Northwest of Iran.

Abstract potassium (K) plays a vital role in increasing the tobacco yield and controlling important quality parameters such as leaf combustibility. The forms of soil K in order of their availability for plants are soil soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable and structural potassium. Plant availability of soil K is controlled by dynamic interactions among its different K pools in soil that understanding of these dynamics leads to management of soil fertility. Quantity-Intensity (Q/I) curves of potassium and Q/I parameters provide general information about soil K availability and fertilizers management. This investigation was conducted to study the K forms status and its relationship with Q/I parameters in tobacco cultivated soil in the northwest of Iran. Sorption isotherm was constructed in the laboratory by equilibrating and shaking 2.5 g soil with 25 ml of 0.01 M CaCl2 containing 0-200 mg K L-1 for 24 h. After equilibrium, remaining concentration of K measured and K Quantity-Intensity (Q/I) curves and their parameters such as K buffering capacity (PBCK), K activity ratio at equilibrium (AReK), energy of exchange (EK), the Gapon selectivity coefficient (KG), initial equilibrium concentration of solution K (EKC), readily exchangeable K (∆K0), specific K sites (KX), readily exchangeable K (∆K0) and specific K sites (Kx) were calculated. The soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable and structural K forms in 30 soil samples taken from tobacco-growing soils in north-west of Iran, were measured. Soil potassium forms relationships with each other, Q/I parameters and soil physical and chemical characteristics were investigated. The mean of soluble, exchangeable, non-exchangeable and structural K forms in soil samples were 23 (ranged from 10 to 118), 207 (ranged from 64 to 511), 569 (ranged from 443 to 690) mg kg-1, respectively. There were significant correlations among K forms except for solution K. The clay values had a significant and positive correlation with each of K forms except solution K values. The means of PBCK, AReK, ∆K0 and KX values were 10.2 cmol kg-1/(mol L-1)0.5, 0.00476 (mol L-1)0.5, 0.032 and 0.46 cmol kg-1, respectively. The EK values for the check treatments ranged from -5151 to -2128 cal mol-1. The relationship of Kso with exchangeable K was positive (r= 0.42*), but its relationship with pH (r = -0.37*) and CCE (r=0.41*) was significantly negative. There was a significant correlation between solution K and exchangeable K values as well as between exchangeable K and clay values presumably because of exchangeable K depletion in soils that caused to decrease K concentration on tobacco leaf in studied reign. The correlation among exchangeable K, non-exchangeable K, and Kstr values indicated that a part of the non-exchangeable and structural potassium, could be available for the plant during the growing season. It is necessary that consider soil properties such as clay content and clay type by using quantity-intensity relations for potassium fertilizer recommendation.

The presence of heavy metals in water and soil are major concern for the environment due to their toxicity to many life forms. Stabilization of heavy metals in remediation of contaminated soils is one of the cost-effectiveness and rapid implementation method. In order to study the effect of diatomite on chemical forms of Lead in calcareous soils, a factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three levels of diatomite application in soil (0, 2 and 5 % by weight), four levels of incubation time (1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks) and in twocontaminated soils with three replications. Chemical distribution of Lead in soils were determined using Tessier sequential extraction method during the mentioned incubation times and reduced partition index (IR) and mobility factor (MF) of the metals were calculated as a Lead mobility indices in the soils. The obtained results showed that the application of diatomite significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreases the lead in the exchangeable and carbonate fractions and increases it in the iron and manganese oxide, organic and residual bond fractions significantly in comparison to the control treatment. The IR and pH values increased but MF and DTPA-extractable Lead values decreased with increasing diatomite level and incubation time which demonstrates a decrease in the mobility of lead in the soils. Lead mobility reduction in the clay loam soil compared to the one in the sandy loam soil was probably due to higher content of clay and lower content of Calcium Carbonate Equilibrium.  Generally, itcan be concluded that the addition of diatomite into the soil especially with high levels (5%) reduces the bioavailability and mobility of the Lead in the soil.

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigation the relation between technology intelligence and strategic innovation in companies located in the pardis technology park. The study is a descriptive one; and it is based on a correlational method. The population of the study includes Senior Managers all the peweful companies located in the pardis technology park that are 65 company. At last 50 coompanies answerd the questionnaires as sample size. To collect the data, in accordance with the dimensions of technology intelligence Savioz (2004) and strategic innovation questionnaire based on the dimensions Ashtiani (2008) has been used. Both content validity was confirmed by a survey of teachers and experts in field technology and innovation. The reliability of both questionnaires calculated using cronbachs alpha and values are respectively 0.960 and 0.941. In order to analyze the data, software SPSS and SmartPls were used. In analyzing the data, descriptive and inferential statistical tests results indicators and structural equation modeling is presented. The result of Pearson test indicates a positive and meaningful relationship between technology intelligence and strategic innovation. Furthermore, Investigation of fitting indicators show that the model used in the study is acceptable fitness. The purpose of this study is investigation of relation between technology intelligence and strategic innovation in companies located in the pardis technology park.
Case study: companies in pardis Technology Park The study is a descriptive one; and it is based on a correlational method. The population of the study includes Senior Managers all the companies located in the pardis technology park that are 65 companies. At last 50 coompanies answerd the questionnaires as sample size. To collect the data, in accordance with the dimensions of technology intelligence Savioz (2004) and strategic innovation questionnaire based on the dimensions Ashtiani (2008) has been used. Both content validity was confirmed by a survey of teachers and experts in field technology and innovation. The reliability of both questionnaires calculated using cronbachs alpha and values are respectively 0.960 and 0.941. In order to analyze the data, software SPSS and SmartPls were used.
Discussion and In analyzing the data, descriptive and inferential statistical tests results indicators and structural equation modeling is presented. The result of Pearson test indicates a positive and meaningful relationship between technology intelligence and strategic innovation. Furthermore, Investigation of fitting indicators show that the model used in the study has acceptable fitness.

Organic manures can affect on phosphorus sorption and its availability. Biochar as a renewable organic source of phosphorus could have a significant role in increase phosphorus availability in calcareous soils. In this study, phosphorus sorption was performed in a calcareous soil treated with two types of of biochar prouduced from apple and grape pruning at 400 ° C at different rates (0, 10 and 20 g/kg soil, w/w) and three incubation periods (40, 80, 120 days). Phosphorus adsorption data were fitted to langmuir and freundlich and temkin models. The results showed that the use of biochar reduced phosphorus adsorption in the soil and increased the release of phosphorus. Based on coefficient of determination (R2) and the standard error of estimation (SE), all three models Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin fitted well with the experimental data. High values of Langmuir (qmax) was observed (850 mg/kg) in untreated soil and low values was observed (415 mg/kg) at the 2% levels of grape biochar. The binding energy (Kl) declined from 0.03 to 0.175 (l/kg). Capacity parameters (KF) of freundlich was variable from 14-90.5 (l/kg) in the apple and grape biochar treated soil and was (95 l/kg) in the untreated soils .The intensity adsorption (n) parameter of freundlich was variable from (0.1-1.5 ) in the apple and grape biochar treated soil and 1.25 in the untreated soil. The parameter of (kT) of temkin declined from 139 to 122 (l/kg). Phosphorus adsorption declined in all treatments over time. The value of soil buffering indices declined in the apple and grape biochar treated soil as Comparied to the untreated soil. It can be concluded that use of apple and grape biochar reduse the phosphorus places adsorption in calcareous soils and increase solution phosphoruse soil.

The mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in soils is dependent upon redistribution processes between solid and solution phases and among solid-phase components. In order to study the effect of nano zero valent iron (nZVI) on chemical forms of Cd and Pb in soils, an experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design in three replications with 4 levels of nZVI (0, 1, 2 and 4 %), 4 levels of incubation time (1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks) and two soils. Chemical distribution of metals in soil was determined using sequential extraction method during mentioned incubation times and the reduced partition index (IR) and mobility factor (MF) of metals were calculated. Application of nZVI significantly (p ≤ 0.01) decreased the exchangeable and carbonate fractions and increased iron and manganese oxide bound fraction in comparison to the control treatment. The IR Values increased and MF values decreased with increasing nZVI levels and incubation time, result in a decrease in MF in soils. It is concluded that addition of nZVI in soil significantly could decrease MF of Cd and Pb in contaminated soils.

Tourism as an effective and influential industry in communities has been able to attract the attention of policy makers and planners. This industry is a broad activity that has important economic, social, cultural and environmental impacts, and each can be discussed in its place. The purpose of this study was to design a model of competitiveness of tourism destinations using social networks. In-depth data interviews were conducted using foundation data theory and interviews with experts to identify components related to the research topic. Interviews with experts continued until saturation, with a total of 12 interviews. According to the approach of Strauss and Corbin, three steps of open, axial and selective coding were applied to analyze the interviews. The findings showed that the main categories included tourism infrastructure, tourism strategy formulation, positioning in social networks, quality of tourism services, tourism branding, tourism destination management and tourism marketing.

Potassium is one of essential nutrients for plants and its importance in agriculture is well known. Non-exchangeable potassium that is mainly placed with in layers of K-bearing minerals, such as K-feldspar and mica, is considered as an important source of potassium for plant growth in most soils. Regarding that low molecular weight acids (LMW) play an important role in improving the bioavailability of soil nutrients such as non-exchangeable K (NEK), and the release rate of NEK plays a significant role in supplying necessary K for plants, the purpose of this study was comparison of potassium release kinetic from K-bearing including feldspar, illite as well as phlogopite minerals and choose the best kinetic equation describing potassium release process, influenced by organic as well as mineral extractants.
Material and The experiment carried out in a completely randomized design with three replications. Experiment factors were including extractant type (0.01 mol l-1 oxalic acid, 0.01 mol l-1 calcium chloride, control (deionized water)), potassium mineral type (feldspar, illite and phlogopite) and incubation time (1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48, and 64 hours). Elemental composition of minerals identified by Fluorescence spectroscopy device (S4 Pioneer). Used minerals in the experiment including feldspar, phlogopite and illite were ground and filtered through a 230 mesh sieve. In order to remove exchangeable K, samples were saturated by calcium chloride solution (with a ratio of 2:1), after washing with HCl, samples were dried at 105 °C for 48 hours. 100 mg of washed minerals, was weighed carefully and transferred to centrifuge tubes. Then 20 ml of each of extractants (oxalic acid and calcium chloride 0.01M) was added to the tubes. After 15 minutes shaking, tubes containing a mixture of minerals-extractants was carried out in a controlled incubation chamber for periods of 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, 32, 48 and 64 hours at 25 °C. After each period, samples were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes and filtered using Whatman paper (No. 41). pH and potassium concentration of samples were measured by pH meter and flame photometer, respectively. Data related to potassium release was fitted by zero order, first order, second order, power function, parabolic diffusion and ellovich equations.
Results showed that the effect of extractant type was significant on kinetic of potassium release, so that potassium release amount in samples extracted with oxalic acid was 1.48 and 2.35 times higher than samples extracted with calcium chloride and control (deionized water), respectively. Also, different minerals released various amounts of potassium. K release from phlogopite was 1.99 and 2.95 times higher than feldspar and illite, respectively. The maximum potassium concentration (440 mg kg-1) was seen in phlogopite which was extracted with oxalic acid. So that, amount of potassium in this treatment was 3.15 times higher than control one. Furthermore, the effect of extraction time on K release was significant. So that, at the beginning of incubation period the release of potassium by different extractants was more, but its amount decreased over time and finally continued with a constant speed. Kinetic equation fitting showed that zero order, first order, power function, parabolic diffusion and ellovich equations are able to describe potassium release but second order model cannot justify it. Among these five equation, the power function and parabolic diffusion equations with the maximum coefficient of determination (R2) and the least standard error of estimate (SE), could reasonably describe the K release kinetics, so they are introduced as the best models for data fitting. The slope (b) and interception (a) of ellovich equation indicate interlayer and initial K release, respectively. Oxalic acid and phlogopite had the most amount of interception, it means that the impact of oxalic acid on initial and interlayer release rate of K in phlogopite, is more effective than calcium chloride.
It is concluded that different factors like mineral and extractant type influence kinetic of potassium release and organic extractant have more ability in extracting non-exchangeable potassium from minerals structure. Also, the adjustment of the results of this study with first order, parabolic diffusion and power function equations suggest that nonexchangeable potassium release from minerals can be affected by diffusion process from the surface of the study minerals, indicating that NEK release rate is controlled by K diffusion out of the mineral interlayer.

Anise Hyssop (Agastache foeniculum) is a perennial and aromatic herb plant, belonging to the Lamiaceae family. Its essential oil has antifungal and antibacterial properties and used in food and pharmaceutical industries. To study the effects of foliar application of urea and amino acids on some morpho-physiological and biochemical characteristics of anise hyssop, a pot experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with four replications. The treatments were foliar application of urea (0.5, 1 and 2 g/l), aspartic acid (100, 200 and 300 mg/l), glutamic acid (100, 200 and 300 mg/l) and control (no nitrogen application). The results showed that foliar application of urea and amino acids had significant effects on growth, physiological and biochemical parameters. The highest and the lowest amounts of plant height, leaf number and area, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight of leaves and stems were obtained in 2 g/l of urea and control treatments, respectively. Foliar application of urea and amino acids increased photosynthesis pigments, proline, total soluble sugars, total protein and nitrogen content of leaves compared to control. Total protein, total soluble sugars, proline, leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen content increased as the concentration of amino acids increased. Overall, the findings of this study showed that foliar application of 2 g/l of urea was the most effective treatment for the studied characteristics however amino acids through improvement of growth and physiological characteristics can be used as new sources of nitrogen for plant nutrition.