mohammad amir ahmadzadeh

Iraj Afshar is mostly known as an Iranologist, Manuscript expert and bibliographer; However, a large part of his Iranological and manuscript studies activities is also included under historiographical activity. Like every capable, serious and active history researcher and historian, he used his preferred methods in historical research, and along with his other legacy, he influenced many colleagues of the same generation and subsequent generations in terms of methodology. They learned a lot from him; including how to research human history to achieve a better understanding of the past. For this reason, it is very important to know his methods and tendencies in historiography and historical research. In this article, has been tried to achieve a better understanding of these methods and to give an answer to the question of how Iraj Afshar tried to better understand the reality of Iran's past.

Abul Ḥasan Ali b. Mohammad b. Ḥabib Basri Māwardī was one of the great Šafi'i jurists in the 4th and 5th Hijri centuries, who occupies an important place in the history of political thought in Islam due to the numerous works he wrote on the subject of politics. “A’lām al-Nubuwwah” is one of Māwardī's surviving works written on the subject of proving the prophethood of the Prophet Mohammad (peace be upon him) by referring to his prophetic signs. Considering the fact that this book is one of the biographical works, and also considering the fact that the historical perspective means the historian's way of historical thinking, the present study attempts to find an answer to the question of what was the historical perspective or Māwardī's historiographical thoughts in “A’lām al-Nubuwwah”, and on the other hand, what was the impact of his theological thoughts on his historiography? The authors arrived at these results through a descriptive-analytical approach and, the use of library sources: Māwardī had a historical insight when he spoke about the miracle-based narratives and also presented the history of Prophet’s (pbuh) life. Despite the theological approach to the issue of miracles, he showed his historical insight by paying attention to historical elements (time-place-situation), showing tolerance in knowing the narrator, paying attention to the possibility of the arrival of news as much as possible, as well as criticism and analysis. His theological approach in discussing the miracles of the Quran and the acceptance of infallibility before prophethood was also similar to that of the Muʻtazila. Due to Ash'ari 's opposition to infallibility before prophethood, his theological approach in this work can be considered similar to that of the Muʻtazilites.

The book Ethbāt al-Nabovvat al-Nabī Moḥammad by Ahmad ibn Hussein ibn Harun, known as Al-Muayyed Bellah Haruni, is authored by a well-known Imam of the Zaydi sect in the fourth century in northern Iran. The author lived in a time when the discussion of proving the prophethood of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) had sparked a wave of writings on the subject in the field of prophetic biography. This research examines the historiographical dimensions of Al-Muayyed Bellah Haruni in this book and seeks to understand how his religious identity has influenced his historiography. The findings indicate that despite his religious position as a jurist and Zaydi Imam, he exhibited a significant historical perspective in writing Ethbāt al-Nabovvat al-Nabī Moḥammad. This is evident in his attention to historical elements, the possibility of events occurring, the absence of a chain of narrations, and the substantiation of his analyses. Considering the rational proof of the miracle of the Quran according to the Mu'tazila method, as well as Al-Muayyid Bellah's perspective on the signs of prophethood before the Prophet's (PBUH) mission and the types of miracles attributed to him, one can conclude that his analytical approach in writing this book is influenced by his Mu'tazeli thoughts

The most important part of Iran's economy during the Nasri era was the land economy, because the most important part of the country's per capita income and the government's income were provided from this sector. In this article, land ownership in Lorestan and its changes according to the production methods that dominate the land economy of Lorestan. Nasri means the mode of economic production and capitalist mode of production as well as the conditions of production resulting from them in the land economy of this region have been examined by the method of historical study and an attempt has been made to answer this main question that the conditions of production and what was the ownership of the means of production in the land economy of Lorestan in the Nasrid era in both the mentioned production methods and which exploitation system was the dominant method of product distribution between the owner and the farmer? The results of the research It shows that in this region there were four types of ownership (tribal, private, khalsa and waqfi) in which the predominant method of exploitation was in the case of farm production (shareholding) and this exploitation system is the most important factor in preventing the possibility of The growth and development of production forces has been in the region.

During the constitutional period changes, a new force emerged that and played an important role in the awakening of the people, familiarization with the West, and the publishing of the press, and also thought for a way out of the upcoming deadlocks. Iranian intellectuals came to understand Iran's backwardness through familiarity with the ideas of the new world, and by proposing and publishing new issues in Iranian society, they established different poles of thought that led to the mixing and even opposition of tradition and modernity. The epistemology of the reforms and the explanation of this new reading from thought to the fulfillment of an important precondition is stopped, and that is the knowledge of intellectuals and the fundamental components of their thought. This research, with a thought-oriented approach and documentary content analysis method, deals with the purposeful rereading of the works of Afrasiab Azad, the founder of Hezb Khuda and a traditionalist intellectual of the constitutional and Pahlavi periods, and by evaluating it through the logic of Skinner's contextual approach, In search of an answer to this central question, how is the position of nationalism in the works of Afrasiab Azad and its metamorphosis compared to his contemporaries and contemporaries, and how does this flow contribute to the establishment of the Pahlavi government? Free thoughts are evaluated in the context of the modernist thought of contemporary thinkers.The documents of Afrasiab Azad are available in the sources of purchase documents and in the form of about a thousand files in the repository of documents and national archives. A small number of documents attributed to Afrasiab Azad are available in the Library of the Islamic Council and the Astan Quds Razavi Document Center and have been indexed. An autopsy of a political gathering related to the bread riot in December 1942/Azar 1321 in Tehran has quoted an article about Afrasiab Azad's speech in this context. He has also mentioned the effect of modernization and de-religion in the chapter of westernized plays in relation to the conditions of this art in the first Pahlavi period and the important role of Afrasiab Azad as one of the initiators of the play. The purpose of this study is to put Azad's key concepts in the cultural and discourse contexts from which they were formed with Skinner's method, so that the advantage and validity of his thought can be put to the test. The aim of Skinner's methodology is to enable us to recover the historical identity and genealogy of each such intellectual history text. The guide to the content analysis of the data in this research based on this approach is, on the one hand, the internal logic of the intellectuals' thought system as a whole and a text, and on the other hand, measuring it with the external logic and comparing it with contemporary publications and press - including the magazine Iranshahr, Kaveh and Aindeh- will take place and the focal point is to pay attention to the recognition of opinions and goals, ideas and the thought system of Afrasiab Azad.The findings of the research aim to prove the hypothesis that the association of intellectuals from the intellectual spectrum of Afrasiab Azad led to the expansion of the acceptance of the discourse of authoritarian nationalism and the theorization of the legitimacy of the first Pahlavi government. With the reduction of modern components in the eyes of Azad in the atmosphere of political and intellectual obstruction of the Reza Shahi era, his influential social and political positions declined. In his works and publications, Afrasiab Azad was introduced as an orator, a freedom-seeker and a modernist of the post-constitutional era, who was later introduced as a writer, lawyer and playwright of the political and social genre. He used the ideas of modernism in his opinions to seek transformation along with the tradition and he believed in a form of moderate or reductionist modernism, which at the same time accepted the new concepts of antiquity and nationalism, and religion as well. He saw the base of social mobility and ethnic solidarity in the special political and social conditions of the post-constitutional period. This approach was interpreted and propagated in the service of authoritarian nationalism at the level of the government superstructure and the national unity of ethnicities and religions at the level of the people and the subalterns in order to gain legitimacy. Gradually, the modern ideas were transformed in his opinions and works and with the establishment of Pahlavi I, he only focused on describing and theorizing the existing conditions and the failure of the primary elements. The reduction and transformation of these ideas and accompanying the first Pahlavi government by Afrasiab Azad during the political and intellectual blockage of the Reza Shahi era, turned him into a messenger of the government's official discourse and led to the loss of his influential social and political base and the decline of his role. In the society of writers, a new idea was created.

One of the most important challenges and debates raised in the works and documents of Iran's post-constitutional elites has been the discussion about American economic developments, especially in oil industry. After the initial discovery of oil in Iran during the period of Muzafar al-Din Shah Qajar, we witnessed the emergence of Political elites who gradually wanted to rely on the American model (as a third force) if progress in this field and  to use these methods and appriaches for the development of iran. This  present article is written with a historical approach and based on the interpretation of press texts and unpublished documents, tries to clarify how progressives and media groups managed to convince government officials to take advantage of in the oil industry as a model. Documents and debates  show that Iranians,  following the constitutional revolution the writtings of  the modernists became aware of the prosperity and flourishing of American oil industry and its impact of  the country's economy, thes awarness, in turn caused the scientific and political elites to  realise more  than ever  the ignorance of Iranians in the field  of oil industry and the chaotic situation of  management their underground resources.  In thid way, while adopting  comparative approaches about achievements of America and Iran  began criticized and writing critical texts to influence the Iranian polititians and statemen.  the statemen of iran were affected by the atmosphere of modernist writings and sought to  obtain information and understand the importance of this issue, so  that with the help of their diplomats in America, they took practical steps to emulate and bring  Americans achievements to Iran.

Political psychology is a way to examine the personality of individuals and to find out the reasons for the actions and behavioral reactions of individuals to various issues and matters. In the leading research of Mahdalia III, it is examined and analyzed according to Adler theory and political psychology. According to the obtained data, Mahdalia is known for having three distinct characteristics: a resourceful, powerful, political and local woman, a second woman playing mother roles, and a third Muslim woman engaged in charitable and charitable affairs. Which is examined in three time periods: 1- Childhood and before marriage, 2- The period of his marriage and divorce, 3- The period of the reign of his son Naser al-Din Shah. In this study, the authors try to introduce a different but real face of this woman, who is one of the last powerful Iranian women in the field of politics, emphasizing Adler's theory.In his theory, Adler considers the issue of inferiority as a motivating force in human behavior and believes that it has its roots in childhood and can be studied in three personality types: organ inferiority, cherished and neglected, in people with this problem. In the case of the researcher, according to the tenderness in childhood and then the negligence in the period of marriage and the compensation of the humiliation caused by it during the reign of her child at this time can be examined. According to the research, it seems that Mahdalia's dissatisfaction with life with his wife Mohammad Shah, had an effect on the way he treated Naser al-Din Shah and interfered in government affairs.

Nasser al-Din Shah's interest in the emerging phenomenon of photography, which was the achievement of Western civilization, led to the rise of photography. The first subjects of the king's photography were the women of the shrine and the courtiers, and the first photographers were the king, the courtiers and a number of foreign photographers. The departure of the monopoly of photography from the court became one of the reasons for paying attention to various subjects such as subjects, nature and animals. On the other hand, the Shah's desire to photograph pure and improvised subjects led to a shift to documentary photography. Since then, photography has continued in both portrait and documentary forms. In addition to capturing pure and improvised images, documentary photography was also used in video reporting and journalism. The photographs used in journalism, as well as the photographs taken for the purpose of visual reporting, have been able to find an important citation position over time.The purpose of this research is to use a descriptive-analytical method to explain why documentary photography was used and its applications during the reign of Nasser al-Din Shah. Findings of the research show that Shah's attention and interest caused others to pay attention to photography, especially documentary photography by some photographers. Photographs and albums left over from that period show progress in this area.

At the end of the Qajar period, due to the political weakness of the government, the people of different regions of the country had increasing power. Reza Khan was aware of this issue since he came to power. In order to increase the central power, he had to reduce the power of the tribes. In order to achieve this goal, Reza Khan issued an order to disarm the country's nomads, including Fars. In Fars, there were two powerful Qashqai clans headed by Sault al-Dawlah and Khamsa headed by Qawam al-Mulk. At that time, tribes had gained a lot of power due to the weakness of the central government. They rebelled against the disarmament order, and Reza Shah suppressed the rebellion by killing, imprisoning and taking hostages from the nomadic leaders of tribes. The question of the research is to analyze in a descriptive-analytical way why the disarmament decision was taken by Reza Shah and the consequences of this order in Fars. The findings of the research show that the disarmament government order, which was accompanied by the resistance and rebellion of the people, with the terror it created, caused the greed of the people, but the efforts made by Reza Shah for the disarmament of the nomads and the unity of the country, with his forced resignation in Shahrivar 1940. And his son Mohammad Reza Shah's accession to the throne was stopped. The nomads took up arms again and were able to regain some of their lost power.

The present article tries to examine how translations of European texts in Iran appeared on the historical horizon of Iran and what effects they had on translation of texts in the pre-constitutional period. As far as the translation of European texts, together with the historical developments of Iran in the pre-constitutional period are concerned, there are two dominant views. The first view sees this move as the result of the efforts of some religious preachers and foreign political figures, including Gobineau. According to the followers of this view, the movement of the Orientalists and the representatives of foreign policy apparatuses was for the betterment of society as a whole or it was for religious propaganda and advancing the political goals of their respective countries. The second view maintains that the translation movement is for the insight and liberalism of a number of rulers and chancellors. According to this view, this group possessed an observational or epistemological knowledge of European developments, and they were aware of the historical developments of Europe. Therefore, they turned to translation to adapt new intellectual and cultural patterns and translation helped them experience the outside world. The proponents of each perspective took their stance on this issue; therefore, they failed to well-understand this issue. The relationship between the translation movement and the emergence of developments in this historical era must be considered dialectal; in other words, reciprocal influences. As a matter of fact, translating European scientific and intellectual thought and ideas formed a new historical horizon for Iranians, which paved the way for advancing developments in the Qajar era. Conversely, the quality of changes affected the content and orientations of the translation movement (a thematic typology of translations).

Qajar era society is the closest historical period to the contemporary period to understand the ancient social patterns and forms of Iranian society. Due to its historical longevity and pivotal role in building society, the family is the most suitable option for understanding the social forms of the traditional period. Marriage is the first and most important constructive framework of the family. What types of spouses have been selected in the Qajar period and what functions have each had? And what have been the cultural meanings of each of these types and marriages of the Qajar period? We have discussed it through the method of documentary study and historical analysis. The overall achievement of the discussion is that the choice of spouse was based on the system of kinship, and individuality played a minor role in it. The predominant form of marriage choice was monogamy, polygamy, permanent and temporary marriage with a male focus, and each of these types led to the production and reproduction of the "extended family." Class-cultural homogeneity has prevailed over different types of marriage. Religion and sharia have been the legal basis and guarantor of the survival of the extended family. The rituals and ceremonies of marriage were a reflection of the dominance of collectivist culture over individualistic culture, and the social construction of marriage in the Qajar era had a "biological-natural" form.

Socio-cultural reading is one of the most important approaches in cultural history, which is highlighted in the book "An Introduction to the Cultural History of the Body in Iran". In this article, the methodology and content of the text begins with the question of: how the use of discourse approach in the cultural history of the body has an impact on the authors of the book and their reading of the sources and events of Iranian history and which are its strengths and weaknesses? By using a critical approach and historical analysis, the discussion can be achieved in an attempt to formulate a new history of Iran, provide a different interpretation of the understanding of history, highlight the sociological approach and cultural studies of the body, interpret the cover as cultural, political and religious mentioned the use of literary and illustrated sources with the aim of strengthening the socio-cultural history approach. However, the universal and detailed view as a result of the dominance of the holistic and theory-based approach in the text of the work is impaired and several historical data can be presented that challenge the inference of the authors of the book. On the other hand, the four divisions of the historical periods of Iran into the imperial era, the constitutional era, the modern era, and the religious era in different seasons have serious problems and do not correspond to the periods of Iranian history.

The purpose of this essay is to assess the relationship between translation and cultural transmission in the era of Nasser al-Din Shah Qajar. According to the historical analysis method, it can be said that Iran faced a different situation in the peripheral world in the 19th century; Various political, philosophical, and industrial developments moved east, and translation in this context was meant as a channel of cultural transmission that conveyed the achievement of the origin society to the target communities (Iran and other Muslim societies). But this was not a simple transition, especially with the cultural groups of Eastern societies becoming aware of the nature of European developments and texts resulting from a dual form of "compromise" that persisted for a long time, between translators and some government institutions. There were various criteria for translation selected for translation, the main reasons being internal and external criteria. Internal factors were determined by the effects, norms, and patterns that they presented. This is related to the motivations available for each translator. External criteria also related to the issue of political power and its role in facilitating translations and selecting the type of work.

Socio-cultural reading that is one of the most important approaches to cultural history is highlighted in the book An introduction to the cultural history of the body in Iran. In this article, a review of the methodology and content of the text begins with this question: What effect can the use of discourse approach in the cultural history of the body have on the view of the authors of the book and their reading of the sources and events of Iranian history, and what are the strengths and weaknesses of this approach? Using a critical approach and historical analysis, the achievement of the discussion can be described as follows: Introducing a new formulation for Iranian history, presenting a different interpretation of understanding history, highlighting the sociological approach and cultural studies of the body, interpreting clothing as a cultural-political-religious matter, and using literary and illustrated sources with the aim of strengthening the socio-cultural history approach. However, the dominance of the generalized and theory-based view has caused the various historical evidences that contradict the authors’ claims, and several historical facts can be presented that challenge the authors’ inference. On the other hand, the division of the historical periods of Iran into four eras (the era of empire, the era of constitutionalism, the era of modernity, and the era of religion) in different chapters of the book caused serious problems and cannot be consistent with the issue of periodization in the cultural history of the body. Also, the content of the last three chapters has been analyzed based on a similar structure, and reference to first-hand sources has received less attention.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of Mohtasham Kashani’s tarkib-band verses (composite-ties) on the development of the Shiite literature and Shiite identity in Azerbaijan and Arran. Research

In order to investigate its objective, this paper utilizes the analytical aspect of the library survey as its methodology for reviewing pertinent documents and historical manuscripts. Discussion and Research

The results of the discussion show that Persian literature utilizes the key significances of language (by using elegiac poetic forms) and geography, and turns both of them into its important cultural media for the allegorical promotion of religious teachings. In this sense, Kashani's compositeties can be regarded as religious symbols of Shiite identity and culture in Azerbaijan, Aran, and consequently Iran.

The general use of Kashani’s composite-ties in the Shiite mourning ceremonies, their aesthetic inscription on mosques’ walls, and their translation into Azeri attest to the undeniable significance of his poetry in furthering the Shiite religious identity and culture in the country, especially in Azerbaijan and Aran.

The fourty'th decade of IRAN`s contemporary economic history is known as the golden decade of industrial growth and privatization. One of the industries that had a great progress, as well as the global technology, in this decade was the glass industry. At the end of the decade, The Qazvin Glass Factory eventually became one of the three large Iranian glass factories, which played a role in economic developments. This inductive research, tries to have a survey at the case of the Qazvin Glass Factory, as an example, to answer the question that after the economic crisis of the 3ths, how the government and private sector cooperate to build a glorious decade for the country`s economy. It seems that the new decision makers have realized that the way to rescue is to create a coherent map of the general economy and make opportunities for economic investors. For this reason, they have paved the way for the growth of nongovernmental industries by reforming the rules by recruiting decent people. In the meantime, optimistic and well-trained people use the conditions and played their role as an entrepreneur as well aspossible. In this research, we appliedAnalytical-descriptive method, relying to historical documents, oral history and library resources.

Iran faced a defensive position when confronting the devastating Russian tsarist battles. The present study aims to analyze the reasons of the formation of defensive idea and its dimensions in the narrations of intellectual agents (historians, poets, theologians) living in Fath-Ali Shah's era. The results of this study, that used a historical analysis method, show that reminding readers of vivid memories or archetypes belonging to Iranian territorial models happened in order to expand this honorable historical past and in order to fight decadence and to go past crises, which would both raise the readers' awareness toward external threats and reproduce country-religious symbols, with the intention of emphasizing the necessity of defending the boundaries and borders. This type of multi-faceted actions foregrounded historical awareness-raising as a social praxis in critical situations and as a central signified element in the defensive idea. As a result, numerous cases of religious symbols were integrated in the war against archetypes and everyday realities. Representing a mythical view, historical models, hero-centeredness, using and referring to sacred religious texts, depicting sublime human goals of the Islamic troops each reflect part of dimensions of the defensive idea dealt with and reflected by knowledge sources.

One of the most valuable sources of socio-cultural history in Iran is the study of folk stories of every historical period. According to the political, economic, social, and cultural conditions of the storytellers, they create and discuss the time of their time; among them, the vivid and dynamic traditions and rituals of the period are presented. One of the rituals of Iran, which is abundant in the stories of various historical periods, is a ritualistic view. This ritual, which has survived from ancient Iran, can be seen in oral narratives and various written stories throughout Iran's history. This study, by reviewing several stories during different periods, has classified the well-known elements of the ritualism and, in view of them, has examined the ritual of Qajar era in the story of Amir-arsalan. Finally, it has come to the conclusion that despite the fact that from the time of the formation of this religion to the Qajar period it has been a long time and this religion has been dimmed, but the story of the Armenian Amir, one of the most famous folk tales written in this era, still has signs It is in its place.

Shaikhi's school emerged in the early years of the Qajar era and is based on two columns of news and Gnosticism. This school was initially introduced by Sheikh Ahmad Ehsaee, as an esoteric and gnostic perception of the official Shi'a religion, along with other jurisprudential, verbal, mystical and philosophical schools of Shi'ism. By the passage of time, this school transformed into a cult becase of Ehsaee's way of expressing his idea. However, it is said that this transformation was based on his interpretationof Shi'a text. In this article, we attempted to study this transformation from the social structuration form point of view. The main research question is, " What social mechanism made Sheikh's ideas and behaviors ?" In other words, how the relationship between an idea ad action can help a socio-religious organization form. The findings showed that Sheikh's followers use three major mechanisms in forming their thoughts: defamiliarization, recombination of old ideas, and differentiation regarding the charismatic and individualistic leadership.

Naser-al Din Shah Qajar’s era, from the aspect of political thought and action, involves the position of transition from absolute monarchy to a new style. This transformation became apparent in the format of emerging new subjects and rendering of the modern state and its separation from the court. This paper is being structured and designed through the format of following questions:
What was the discourse of the modern state in Naser-al Din Shah Qajar’s era?
To which task, prepositions of this discourse are referred?
Which subjects are clarified its prepositions?
How did discourse’s strategies form?
What acts set the stage for the continuity of the discourse?
It is indisputable that in 1276 A.H/ 1859 A.D, Naser-al Din Shah by decree, appointed six ministers to the chief of ministries, who were in charge of Shah. For twenty-two years, these ministries had been merging and introducing amendments, until Qajar’s Shah influenced by his foreign travel, issued a decree to the ministers that since then, they are authorized to any state’s affairs such as partial or universal and he would not repudiate their expediency. This change in sovereignty and the pattern of the administration of the affairs, not restricted to the court but also the duties of the king upon the people, was declared. Simultaneously social forces including new thinkers talked about the law and the nation and criticized the court. This incident can be interpreted as a kind of collapse in previous condition, in which has been occurred in chase of forming a group of new thinkers, certainly by the change in their speech toward the court and its impacts spread to it as well.

There is powerful foundation for utilizing psychology in historical analysis, because history is concerned with study of human behavior, experience and action in the past and psychology is concerned with study of human behavior and action in present situations. For this use, we can design two together periods. In the first, Freudian beliefs (psychoanalysis) were used to analyze of personality traits of historical leaders, but, methodological problems of psychoanalysis, lead to psycho genes perspective or psychohistory (often known with deMause). Based on this, changes in parenting and attitudes toward Childs are the causes of historical events. deMause divided history of parenting to 6 historical period and concluded parenting is the most causes of social and historical changes. To this claim, there are theoretical psychological evidences (Vygotsky theory), but still there isn’t empirical support for it. In this paper we critically review both periods and we will recommend some comment for utilizing of psychology in history analysis.

The question of the present article is that what proportion can be established between two branches of knowledge of cultural history and oral history and how they can be used to develop knowledge system in the new historiography? In order to detailed explanation and analysis, for each knowledge, three broad field of ontology, epistemology and methodology can be separated.

By analytical methods and verification sources, we interpreted that the nature and function of government can be analayzed "government as take over" via reorganization of a historical statements. By Referring to historical statements, this approach will prove because the Seljuks in the beginning of his rule paved by sword and dominance on Iran, have not has non-Iranian origin and despite the deployment of Iranian bureaucrats, administrative elite lost their lives in a power struggle.
Design/Methodology/Approach: In the structure of political power and its relations with society and the nature of government in Nizam al-Mulk era can be rotated on the principle of centralization of power mostly nature's owner named Malik- al roqab. The problem of my article is: Why and by affected of which Components created the socio-cultural and political power relations with productive forces of society in the era of Nizam al-Mulk? Discuss the issue and approach research questions based on the pattern of historical sociology. Our goal in this context is relation between reason on the behavior and performance of the state of Nizam al-Mulk with the theoretical approach as a takeover of government affairs. The objective is to evaluate the performance of the network and power relations, and behaviors by examining the behavior of ruling the state of Nizam al-Mulk by using of micro analysis.
Findings: 1. they were dominated a model of production which were based on nomadic life, developed land authorization pattern, dropped the possibility of accumulation of capital and its circulation in spite of economic development and expansion of land under significant. So, there were not stages of evolution and mutations at this point in history. In fact, all of great events that occurred only within a closed circle which was controlled by government. Government was strengthen by adopting and Arbab- Farmhouse in economic, social and political scene. Centralized state caused by Nizam al-Mulk took advantage of the situation to institutionalize its dominance but for transition to constitutional change didnt occur a mutation making 2. At Nizam al-Mulk period, despite of traditional distribution of power in the subsidiary states of Empire reproduced the absolute nature of the state and its model of soverign sustained in the administration scene. The main factor which rebuilds it was the emphysis on Justice Component means preserving the existing balance of power around Sultan. The balance of justice asserts that anyone stay in their place.
Originality/ Value: this article concluded that historical sociology of state and ite relation with social structure and production model at Nizam-al Molk era showed us that some elements prevented in evaloution of economical structure despite of huge action and acts in this sphere. Primacy of justices on freedom have the main role of Prevent the development and mutation.

Al-Falāhḥat al-Andalusiyya, written by Ibn ‘Awwām Ishbīlī (Seville) is the most important medieval work on agriculture. The current analytical and descriptive study intends to cast a new light on Ibn ‘Awwām’s method of evaluating, classifying and editing of agricultural knowledge of his time, and to answer this question: what is the status of Ibn ‘Awwām’s book in the Islamic agricultural knowledge of his age? What influences have it had on its subsequent works? Research results show that the method of this book is comparable with today's books; his research-based method utilizes truthfully theoretical and empirical sciences of his time. His advanced approach is reflected in clear definition of agriculture that is comparable with the definition of this science in the modern era.

One of the issues which concerned in contemporary historical research is neglect of researchers in documental resources and reference. Qajar historical studies because of diversity of sources on the one hand, and changing from dominance of Literary-Historical approach toward interdisciplinary approaches in other side, have been followed to an abduction researchers in historical sources (including historical documents). The problem of this study is to show; what and which are uses of documents as texts and resources for applying in historical research and what methodology patterns can be interpreted for effective analysis in its content? . Method of research is based on historical analysis and practice of interdisciplinary studies for interpreting of documents.
The results of my paper show that, using of historical documents in terms of content identification and application of appropriate patterns can be perpetuated and created a document in historical studies and lead to documental historiography. Thus, It is possible that, historians as the subjects and agents of historical research return to needs analysis and originality of the text. This approach would be effective either in scientific doubt about the dates is known and, or lead to plan more accurately than statements of historical narrative.