mohammad didehban

The main purpose of lighting in offices is to provide effective and comfortable working environments. Mental comfort and health in turn guarantee an increase in user motivation and lead to better performance and efficiency. Providing sufficient and appropriate light in the workplace increases the willingness to work in employees, the operational accuracy and efficiency, and output. It also results on ocular health, better protected eyes and less fatigued nerves work better, and eventually fewer workspace accidents.The purpose of this research is to investigate lighting from the perspective of operational satisfaction and well-being using the case of Shiraz National Documentation Center.In this research, it is assumed that in the space occupied by the users; while using artificial light in the space, they are not satisfied with the amount of natural light and its effective factors. 

In this regard, after using library resources, in the topic of space lighting, field data collection with a photometer and in the topic of employee satisfaction and well-being, a phenomenological and psychoanalytical approach to analyze the unconscious behavior of humans through questionnaires and software analysis in SPSS; Because the brightness of the space alone does not have the ability to express the pleasantness and desirability of the ambient lighting from the users’ point of view. 

According to the results, employees have an average of 50% or higher in terms of satisfaction, well-being and visual comfort. But it does not mean that those who are working in the space without natural light are satisfied with the conditions. According to field observations, these spaces do not even have substitutes for visual compositions and nature themes. In terms of satisfaction, well-being and visual comfort in the female group, the average values are higher than the male group; In the post-graduate class, it is more than other classes and the working position of expert is higher than other working positions.

In the past, architects in many parts of Iran had built traditional public buildings to create a community convenience and comfort. Ab Anbars are good example of this facility structures which they were suppose to collect water in rainy condition and keep it cool for use in dry condition of year espacialy in hot and arid climate. To study amount of radiation and heat absorption 2 Domes of Ab Anbar in Yazd (hot and arid climate) and 2 Domes of Ab Anbar in Qazvin (cold climate) were selected. In order to simulate the domes, they were first modeled in Revit software 2017, and then models were transferred to Rhino 5 software, using the honeybee & lady bug, and with the Energy plus Engine analysis of the received solar radiation and shading were done. In the analyzes, uniformity of the dimensions of the Ab Anbars domes were used, so that the optimum dome can be obtained in terms of receiving solar radiation and absorbing heat in the shadowed area. To equalize the domes, the absorption of the sun's radiation of each dome is divided by the amount of shadowing of the same dome.Radiation absorption in hottest day of the year in hat and arid climate and coldest day of year in cold climate were calculated using Energy Plus software Honeybee & ladybug Plugins. Result shows that amount of radiation is dependent to form of domes. During study day (14,16 and 18 o’clock ) 78, 71 and 64 percent of high rise Domes  is facing radiation while 93,81 and 64 percent of  low rise domes is facing radiation. From this results it can be concluded that high rise domes have better function in hot and arid climate and low rise domes have better function in cold climate in relation to radiation absorption.

The urban environment and homes have been became the main places that people live in and work. As a result, it can have deep impacts on our security. While much of the literature has been focused on physical health, less attention has been paid to the possible psychological impacts of the urban environment. A number of studies have been suggested a connection between the type of dwellings and their mental health, specially in security context. People who live in flats are usually shown to be more prone to mental illness than those who live in houses. One of the ways to create the quality in residential buildings is Security. Security is one of the factors that can create the satisfaction too and according to this introduction; we can expect that the quality level is different in contemporary and traditional houses. The method of this article is based on the Kerry walk's. After that, the researchers make models and validate it by Vikor method. In this article had been tried to identify the factors that cause the satisfaction in urban of Dezful by Kerry walk's method, and based on that, many methods can be caught in designing the contemporary urban of it. Finally, the security that causes the rise of quality in life had been identified and presented.The target of presenting this research was checking the traditional and contemporary building models to have attention to a principle in design of residential architecture with a good feedback for the user’s tranquility. The information of this research is present some solutions for designing a contemporary house. Also indicators of security in ancient Dezful housing are in order to importance including visual and environmental comfort, readability of spaces, household income and outcome, surveillance, confidentiality, dimensions of space, and sense of belonging.

Traditionally, the public has used Ab-Anbars (water reservoirs) in hot and dry areas and also in cold regions of Iran. One of the main elements of Ab-Anbar is the reservoir coverage (reservoir lining), which is made of various brick vaults such as barrel and colombo vaults with different rises and forms. Due to the dry weather in most parts of Iran and insufficient rainfall in more than six months of the year in most places, which has resulted in the seasonality of rivers and the lack of access to water, various arrangements have been established for freshwater supply in dry seasons. The construction of the Ab-Anbar (water reservoir and cistern) is one of the innovative ways to supply drinking water. In this regard, the Ab-Anbar, as its name implies, is used to store water in rainy seasons to be used for the rest of the year. The main structure of the Ab-Anbar consists of an underground storage tank and a dome to cover it. In some areas in Iran, a wind catcher is added to this structure to keep the water cool in summer. The construction material used for Ab-Anbars was a special mortar called Sarooj, which was made of sand, clay, lime, goat hair, egg whites, and ash in specific proportions, depending on the location and climate of the place. Some Ab-Anbars had rectangular storage tanks, and some tanks had a cylindrical shape. This study aims to determine the amount of solar radiation received on the surfaces and heat flow inside the Ab-Anbar domes of Qazvin, which leads to recognizing the most optimal form of reservoir coverage for Ab-Anbars among the studied samples. 

The data, including dry and humid temperature, air, radiation, and current radiation situation of Qazvin city weather station, were prepared over a ten-year period (1996-2006). The library documents also provided the map of the Ab-Anbar domes. In order to conduct the research, four samples of Ab-Anbars with different dome structures in Qazvin city were selected. After that, the domes were modeled in Revit 2016, and the amount of solar radiation received by the domes on the hottest day of the year, at 14, 16, and 18 o’clock, were determined using honeybee & ladybug plugins with Energy plus Engine. COMSOL software, and the CFD airflow analysis, were performed for validation in high-rise and low-rise domes. 

The results of the analyses showed that low-rise domes with large surface contact receive more heat than high-rise domes with a small surface contact, and the area of the domes is effective in receiving the sun radiation. Sardar Kouchak (Little Commander) dome, a low-rise dome, is approximately exposed to its total surfaces and solar heat by 84.3% at 14 o’clock. In comparison, the high-rise dome next to the Grand Mosque is exposed by 52.5% at 14 o’clock. The low-rise dome is exposed by 74.7%, while the high-rise dome is exposed by 53.5% at 16 o’clock. Finally, the low-rise dome is exposed by 62.4%, and the high-rise dome is exposed by 43.2% at 18 o’clock. Therefore, low-rise domes in the cold climate are more efficient in receiving solar radiation than high-rise ones.

The airflow inside the domes was graphically performed for validation using CFD analysis on a hot day. The results are consistent with the outputs from honeybee & ladybug plugins. Low-rise domes can retain more heat than high-rise domes, and the vortex of hot air created in low-rise domes is less than in high-rise domes, which leads to more heat gain inside the dome. Therefore, the most suitable dome for Ab-Anbar in the cold climate of Qazvin are low-rise domes.

Five-petal flower is one of the most used decorative signs in Iranian buildings. Ali Qapu palace and Chehel Sotun palace are two of the buildings which five-petal flowers are used in them in tremendous numbers. Diversity, beauty, production and methods of implementation are considerable in these palaces. The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics and distinguishable features of this motif and its development in these two palaces considering their form, techniques of implementation, and coloring.Therefore, the research question is: What are the similarities and differences among the visual and technical features of the five-petal flower motif in these two palaces? The research method is descriptive-comparative. Data collection has been done through field research, analysis of written documents, and direct observation. The research results show that the use of five-feathered flowers in the two buildings under investigation is important and according to their initial form, they seem to have followed a single pattern. At Chehel sotun Palace special techniques such as: Naturalism, construction, and elegance were used in the design, pattern, and execution. In addition, painting and gilding have also been used widely. But in the Ali Qapu Palace, due to the limited color, variety in technique, execution and size has been seen more.

Every land has its own standards and patterns of organization, geometry and ornaments in architectural designs which demonstrate its specific body. Characteristics of each one of these elements form the concept of body in architecture. The authors try to define the concept of body and criterion of body measurement in a historical era so as to discuss the reasons of changes in one specific geographical area. In addition, this study wants to review the value patterns of past architecture. Quality and value of the structure, quantity and availability of the evidence were influential in selecting the geographical area and the architectural varieties of the study. Consistent with the reasons, Dezful was chosen as a city with its appreciated historical constructions. In this regard, the current study employed a descriptive historical method to survey the influences of time adjustment and variation on the buildings in Qajar and Pahlavi eras. Data were collected through library and field study which were surveyed based on a defined method. The method is based on the background and other models provided by other researches which are all validated by Vikor method. The samples were all from among the registered houses in Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Iran which were also valued by Vikor method. The acquired results which were all analyzed and validated show that the concept of body comprises proportion, ratio of the yard to the whole building, enclosure, function relationship and space relationship, is based on the function of these sections. On the other hand, varieties in construction in Pahlavi era is focused on changes in the size of the yard, proportions, hierarchy of availability, reduction in privacy, space functions and geometric forms. On the whole, the results show that variety in Qajar houses is more than Pahlavi buildings.

Increasing trends in the design of architectural environments in the past, among art and architecture theorists, can be seen as the result of a change in the construction process from the past to the present. One of the methods that helps to read and understand architecture from the past to the present is spatial configuration. Spatial configuration emphasizes the formation of coherent spatial relationships in a set to meet the needs of users and their comfort and convenience. Therefore, using the concept of spatial configuration, we can see the changes that have taken place over time in housing, as well as the evolution of housing from traditional to contemporary in a region and region. To understand and explain spatial configuration, one must look for a suitable method that meets environmental characteristics. In order to quantify and make more tangible understanding of spatial configuration, the method of spatial arrangement is used. It is in this neighborhood over time the historical context of Boroujerd consists of four neighborhoods, including Dodangeh, Sufian, Qadqun, and Yakhchal. Due to its antiquity, Sufian neighborhood is the oldest neighborhood in the city and has the most historically qualified houses. For this purpose, ten houses in this historical context, which includes five Qajar period and the other five are contemporary, selected so that changes in the level of their spatial configuration can be recognized over time. The method of conducting this research is a combination and in fact it includes descriptive analytical methods and logical reasoning. In simple language, this research is divided into two main parts in terms of research method. The first part of the research, which has a qualitative approach, consists of two steps. The first step involves library and documentary studies. In this step, by referring to first-hand sources and documents, the concepts of housing, spatial configuration and spatial arrangement method, as well as the research platform, which is the city of Boroujerd and the Sufi neighborhood, are identified. The second step also includes observation and the harvest is field. In this step, according to the research topic, ten traditional and contemporary houses of Boroujerd Sufi neighborhood have been randomly selected, of which five are related to the Qajar period and five are the number of the period. Contemporary and recent years have been selected. The second part includes a quantitative approach. In this section, the maps of selected houses on different scales are analyzed by space configuration. This method is obtained after modeling the maps in Auto Cad software, and the maps are entered into the UCL Depth Map 10 software. This software calculates the space configuration variables for each part of the house. Slowly and ultimately, using logical reasoning, the results are expressed. The research findings show that in public housing, public and private spaces have interfered with each other and are no longer separable and valuable. The former multifunctional rooms have been converted into single-function rooms that are influenced by individualism and the type of objects and furniture. The entrances do not create privacy as before, and the limited view from the alley into the interior has become a kind of communication space without details. This means that there are many changes in the contemporary housing of the Sufian neighborhood over time.

The use of proportions has always been considered in traditional Iranian architecture, and especially after Islam, because of the creation of an architecture that is far from Individual Interests and the impact that has on the quality of  building conceptual understanding. The purpose of the present study is to examine the proportions in the courtyards of the historical houses of Behbahan city and to express their characteristics in order to provide a true picture of the proportions governing them and to provide a starting point for future research in the field of proportions. According to the studies that have been done so far, the architecture of major buildings and even the architecture of famous cities such as Kashan, Yazd, Isfahan and Shiraz have been used in some way, However, there has been no research on the use of proportions in the traditional architecture of smaller cities. However, examining the suitability of buildings in each area over different time periods can help to complement the architectural information of traditional buildings. And finally, by completing the information, check that the proportions used are the same or different in different regions. And basically what are the reasons of their differences and similarities. That represents a new window into Iranian architecture. The first step in achieving this is to examine the proportions in different areas. The city of Behbahan is no exception, due to its several thousand years history and its role in all historical periods. In addition, Behbahan was once a major commercial city and dock (base) of Khuzestan, Pars and port cities. And its historical texture has more than 40 neighborhoods, with many valuable buildings in terms of architecture. However, less research has been conducted about the architecture and features of traditional houses in Behbahan. And, except in books such as the Book of "Identity of Behbahan", and some travel logs and memories such as " Travelogue of  south iran ", it has not been done in detail as a comprehensive study. Hence the choice for this research. But due to the wars and wreaks that took place in the Khuzestan region, and also the warm weather conditions of the region, and also the lack of attention of organizations, landowners, unfortunately, today few of these historic houses remain, that  most of which belong to The Qajar and the first Pahlavi era. It is necessary to check the proportion in different buildings But since the house is considered as an essential part of any period building and the courtyard has always played a central role in the structure of traditional homes, This research tries to study the proportions in the courtyard of Behbahan houses. In order to answer the main question of this research, "Which of the proportions has been used in the traditional architecture of Iran in the courtyards of Behbahan houses?" To answer the above question, a descriptive - analytic method has been used in this research. Today there are many houses in the historical context of Behbahan that Mostly remained from the Qajar and Pahlavi periods. There were 31 homes available for researchers based on documents available,that 10 were selected.On the condition that in choice of samples for each period, criteria such as appropriate historical value, specific construction period, healthy architectural framework, and no interference, have been taken into consideration. Of these, 8 are listed on the National Heritage List. Firstly, using library studies tools, different types of architectural ratios and architecture of Behbahan houses are studied. Then, by gathering documents and using field studies and the direct presence of researchers in the houses, their general characteristics, including the period of construction, the neighborhood and the components of the houses, were extracted, Finally, the dimensions required for analysis were extracted from maps using AutoCAD software and based on the graphical scale size of the maps. In the last step, using descriptive-analytical method by Excel software and in some cases by geometric analysis, the data is analyzed based on architectural proportions. The results show that, Among the existing proportions used in the Behbahanchr(chr('39')39chr('39'))s courtyards in both Qajar and Pahlavi periods, most of them follow the Iranian gold and square geometry, and the 1.618 golden ratios are less of a concern for architects. In general, the use of √2 and √1.25 ratios is more commonly used in construction and measurement because of its proximity to square form and its simplicity and speed. Some homes may also had been fitted to a part of facade that is more important than other parts or has symmetry such as a porch or three-door and five-door rooms, This confirms the importance and application of proportions in the main spaces of traditional homes. In addition in some aspects, the combination of two proportions is used side by side.

Every art-work has a different perceptual aspect that is related to some issues such as aesthetic perception and knowledge of users. The important point is how users get that and the difference between architectural perception and users that is a controversial issue in modern architecture and cause disagreement between users and designers. According to the importance of vernacular architecture and the need to adapt to its pattern with modern architecture, this paper aimed to evaluate principles of visual Gestalt and aesthetics between users and designers (non-experts and experts1) in the traditional live district in Dezful city in Iran. The methodology of this research is combined with descriptive-surveying methods and field and library studies. So, a semi-structural interview by using a targeted questionnaire was distributed to the experts and non-experts to quantify the differences, and by describing and analyzing these data by SPSS statistical software, the root of the differences between these groups was identified. Due to the analysis of the data, besides searching, studying, and being in that district, two types of questionnaires between users and designers have been used. The result of this study shows that in the ancient city of Dezful, the opinions of experts and users also differ in terms of aesthetic perception so that for users, shape, and context, and experts, symmetry is the first principle. So unexpectedly, it can be argued that sensible visual Gestalt principles, such as symmetry and closure for experts, are of the highest importance, while these principles are of less importance to the user group. The findings of this study made it possible to compare the views and opinions of people and experts. It makes clear the difference between the perception criteria of those who create the landscape and the people who are confronted with and live in the environment.

Urban space can be of great benefit to humans when it meets their expectations, making sense in the form of various environmental, social, physical, economic, and other dimensions. Evaluative images reflect the city’s effective public mental image and provide a useful picture of the perceived quality of the dominant elements of the city. The urban landscape is important because it can act as a source of satisfaction for the people or a remedy for the daily concerns of life. The reshaping of the city must be guided by a visual program, the development of which requires an awareness of how people value urban landscape and its meaning.

This study was conducted to examine Ahvaz citizens’ mental image of the elements along the banks of Karun River using evaluative criteria, such as a sense of relaxation, security, satisfaction, motivation, excitement, and popularity. This paper is an applied research project that has used quantitative and descriptive methods conducted by the recognition-evaluation method (evaluative images). The present study uses a random sampling method in which the female and male respondents are classified equally. The statistical population consists of Ahvaz citizens who were present in the area (residents and non-residents). Respondents were categorized by dividing the area into eight sections. The Cochran model was used to sample and estimate the sample size and to distribute the questionnaire. According to the results of this model, the statistical sample size is 186. The data were collected to evaluate the individuals’ mental image and the degree to which these images were desirable or not (degree of effectiveness) using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 20 Software. The questionnaire structure consists of two parts. People with the same conditions were not questioned. Therefore, the first part of the questionnaire included questions about age, gender, the number of visits to the park, the vicinity of the living space to the park, the purpose of going to the park (e.g., recreation, exercise, work, study and meeting with friends), and the time of going to the park. The second part of the questionnaire were prepared and formulated to evaluate Ahvaz citizens’ mental images of the elements along the banks of Karun River following the theoretical research foundations using the “evaluative mental images” method.

The research findings indicated that the general public agreed on the spaces’ visual attractiveness and unattractiveness. According to the evaluative attributes, Ahvaz citizens create strong positive evaluative mental images from the spaces with different functions and high environmental qualities. In contrast, low-quality spaces create poor evaluative mental images in people’s minds. A poor mental image can be created in the viewer’s mind due to low security levels, low-quality equipment, dark sidewalks, dirt and pollution, insufficient sitting spaces on the river banks to watch the river landscape, placement of the settings in solitude and existence of unknown places (i.e., inappropriate location), and finally insufficient green space in the surroundings. This leads to an unpleasant feeling of space for the citizens. However, among the elements and spaces along the banks of Karun River, the bridges, the beach restaurants, the special scenery (e.g., the botanical garden, the sculpture, and the elements), the children’s playground (due to its symbolic nature), the positive nostalgia in the viewer’s mind, the novelty of spaces and functions, and the contrast with the surrounding environment, have formed a positive mental image in the viewer’s mind.

According to studies, Ahvaz citizens’ mental image is lower than the theoretical average due to the low evaluative attributes of walking and sports paths, riverside, youth hangouts, and green spaces. In other words, these spaces have created a poor mental image in the viewer’s mind. Also, an unpleasant feeling has been created in the citizens due to low level of security and quality of facilities, lack of lighting in the walking paths, pollution, lack of sitting space in the riverside to watch the river landscape, placement of the settings in solitude and existence unknown places (inappropriate location) and finally lack of different green space structure in the surrounding. However, among the existing spaces and elements in Karun riverside, bridges, beach restaurants, spectacular landscapes (botanical gardens, statue, and element), and children playground have created a positive mental image in the viewer’s mind due to being a symbol and sign of positive memory in the viewer’s mind, and due to the novelty of the spaces and function and contradiction with the surrounding environment. According to the research findings, the attributes of each section have been lower than the average and have had poor environmental quality. Therefore, it can be said that the following measures can be useful in improving the citizens’ mental image in Karun Riverside. It can be improved by increasing the quality of the environment, enhancing the quality of sidewalks, creating navigation, increasing the social security in Karun Riverside using proper lighting. Provision of required facilities in various spaces along Karun Riverside, providing adequate sitting places, toilets, pavilions, buffet, and restaurants, and beautifying the area by eliminating the corners and blind spots is also helpful. Increasing the lighting in spaces and paths, improving the quality of green space, and applying green space in different parts and increasing the number of symbolic elements are other effective solutions.

In recent years, Dust haze has been a major health threat in southern and southwestern provinces of Iran, and Children suffer the most from Dust haze. Therefore, it is necessary to design educational centers to prevent the negative effects of walnut Dust haze. Exterior walls and windows are the most important routes for Dust haze to enter the classroom. Therefore, initially using simulation software, in addition to maintaining natural ventilation conditions, architectural elements reduce the amount of Dust haze penetration into the interior. The most important variables in this study are the distance between the walls and the amount of surface area. results show that increasing the distance between the two crusts results in a decrease in the wind flow velocity in this space and the Dust haze particle saturation. Slowing down will only work up to a distance of 200 cm, and then no change in wind speed will occur. Besides, the use of louvers in the inlet wind direction by directing the wind flow to the underside of the space between the two shells and reducing the level of air inlet leads to reduced wind velocity and particle saturation. Examination of the use of variable-angle louvers shows that the proper condition for creating natural ventilation conditions and reducing the penetration of indoor particles occurs when the louvers are angled relative to the 50-degree horizon.

The city of Dezful, especially its old tissues, is very important owing to its location in Khuzestan boundary province; moreover, during the eight years of sacred defense, the city has suffered many damages. Investigating and evaluating the internal and external state of Dezful old text makes it possible to present strategies based on the principles of passive defense to create a sense of security. This research seeks to answer this question: "What are the solutions for improving the old textures of Dezful based on passive defense principles?" In this regard, the research method used is based on the nature of deductive-a posteriori methods and adaptive study method. ArcGIS and Expert Choice softwares were applied and SWOT and AHP techniques were combined to scale the vulnerability. The strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Dezful worn out textures have been investigated and strategies have been presented that are in accordance with the principles of passive defense. The results of the research show that defense strategies are more important than other strategies. Strategies with a weight of more than 0.05 include ten cases, the most important of which are the location of sensitive users with a weight of 0.082 and the improvement of infrastructure networks with a weight of 0.081, and the remaining strategies have a weighing less value. Therefore, there are some solutions for the top ten strategies at the end of the research.

The vernacular architecture of any region is an evidence of its valuable architectural, cultural and historical background. Efforts to identify and introduce this heritage can be the basis for addressing many of the cultural, social, economic, and developmental needs of vernacular settlements and to transfer architectural experiences and cultural techniques to other regions. Unfortunately, despite the rich history of architecture and culture in the geographical area of Iran, many villages have not received the attention they deserve. One of the most important features of rural architecture is to pay attention to the design in accordance with the natural needs of the people and the environment and their daily activities such as the type of living spaces. Architectural examples of the coexistence of living and living spaces in this type of housing are the depth of attention to peoplechr('39')s lives and their needs, which has harmonized the physical space with the story of peoplechr('39')s lives and created it. Such a view of life and attention to needs and harmony with the natural environment has led to the formation of various forms of housing Indigenous architecture is well aware of the originality of life and environmental potentials and has been formed in harmony with it, instead of ignoring the needs of life and combating geographical variables. Rural houses, which are good examples of this type of architecture, have relatively fixed and stable principles that are not easily subject to change, and its changes have taken place internally over relatively long periods of time. Boroujerd County in the north of Lorestan Province has unique rural textures that unfortunately have not been considered despite the valuable architectural texture in the cold climate of the area. Kushki-Sofla village is one of these kinds located in this region, which, unfortunately, despite the valuable texture, has not been considered. Up to now, a high percentage of the village context has been damaged due to a lack of conservation process. According to the necessity of the subject, the purpose of the present study is to identify, introduce and document the local patterns of architecture and structure in the village of Kushki-Sofla, which In order to achieve this goal, the research analyses the existing typology of the village buildings. The principles and rules that are generally seen in the local housing architecture of this village are 1. Flat roof (bed and beam) due to access to wood materials and timber; 2. The granular texture (a set of buildings that are formed separately from other buildings), but has a relatively dense arrangement; 3. Using the semi-open space pattern as transition spaces and the interface between indoor and outdoor spaces; 4. Minimize the external surface against the volume of the building; 5. Mostly there are two-story houses; 6. Observing the spatial hierarchy to enter the houses by rotating the entrance and using the porch; 7. Using the element of the central courtyard as a functional and communication role between other spaces; 8. Using indigenous materials for construction; 9. In general, the residential architecture of this lower Kushki village is simple and without pollution. This research searches through the pattern of vernacular architecture and physical characteristics of rural houses and explores the structural components in the construction with rural housing. In order to collect the required information, the first phase is the library method. In addition, field study observation and semi-organized interview were used for data collection. At the result, analyzes showed that the spatial composition of the village houses consists of a three-sided and four-sided form. In the typology of the architecture of this village, the spatial circulation at the entrance by the corridors and the vestibule, the spaces between the porch and the moonlight, the central courtyard, and the interior space of the spaces are the vernacular features of Kushki-Sofla Houses. They also used canvas materials such as clay, wood, rock and roll, and main building structures for building houses.

Because flexibility makes it possible for people to change their living conditions more optimally during their lifetime according to their changing circumstances and needs. Accordingly, the flexibility of the past has been the focus of designers. Investigating the principle of flexibility as one of the factors in increasing the quality of life in people's lives, considering the rich history of Iranian architecture in this field, is an important and noteworthy discussion. This paper seeks to identify the relationship between components and strategies in order to identify the relationship between the components of flexibility versus the strategies of flexibility. So the answer to the question is, "What is the relationship between the components of flexibility and its strategies according to the characteristics of each of them?" Because identifying the relationship between flexibility components and flexibility strategies is a complex process, this research can serve as a basis for basic research to identify the relationship between flexibility components versus its strategies. This paper uses the causal process method to identify the relationship between components and flexibility strategies in order to answer the question in a few steps by establishing a causal relationship between the material being studied and discussed. The causal process is a kind of logical connection of propositions and concepts, which can ultimately be the result of the connection between propositions and concepts. The basis of any qualitative research is based on the presentation of theory. It is important to take steps to develop knowledge and add to the awareness of people and to create a theory. Three methods are used to create theories: rules 8, based on axioms 9, and causal process 10. The causal process is defined as a set of definite or probable causal propositions that describe one or more processes with a causal mechanism that characterize the effect of one or more independent variables on one or more dependent variables .The causal process is used to create and create different theories in the field of knowledge. In such theories, the theory is first formed and evaluated in a logical system with the help of scientific propositions related to each concept. The causal process, in general, communicates the answers to research questions in a few steps by communicating between the concepts and keywords of the fields of study. Also, the method of collecting information in this research is based on library and documentary studies. Understanding the concepts, components, and strategies of flexibility in architecture is one of the most important parts of the research process. Following this knowledge, it is possible to construct the communicative propositions of the components and strategies of flexibility. Logical communication between components and strategies leads to the construction of causal propositions of communication and the explanation of the relationship between them. In this research, first, the issue of flexibility and its importance is examined and then this word will be explained from the point of view of experts. In the next step, the concept of flexibility will be described according to its components and strategies, and the structural and fundamental principles and characteristics of each of the components and strategies will be stated. In the last step and after the described steps, the components and strategies of flexibility and their relationship expression are evaluated. The results of this study indicate that the strategy of building systems as well as service spaces is the same component of flexible segregation and aggregation; Acceptable is the same as the equipping strategy for using space flexibility.

Due to the dryness of the weather in most parts of Iran and the lack of sufficient rainfall in more than six months of the year in most places, resulting in the seasonality of rivers and the lack of access to water, various arrangements for fresh water supply in the dry seasons has been established. The construction of the AB ANBAR (water reservoir and cistern) is one of innovative ways to supply drinking water. In this regard, AB ANBAR, as its name implies, is to store water in watery seasons and use it during the rest of the year. The main structure of the AB ANBAR consists of an underground storage tank and dome to cover it on the ground. In some areas in Iran a wind catcher has been added to this structure to keep water cool in summer.The construction material used for Ab Anbars were special mortar called Sarooj which was made of sand, clay, lime, goat hair, egg whites and ash in specific proportions, depending on location and climate of the city. Some Ab Anbars had storage space tanks that were rectangular and some of them had cylindrical shape. In order to study the thermal energy potential in the Ab Anbars of Yazd city and the amount of radiation and shading received on the surface of each dome, using the Energy Plus simulation software, thermal analysis was carried out to determine the effect of the dome form on the amount of received sunlight and shadow On the surface of the Ab Anbar dome. The calculations were carried out by selecting several samples of Yazd valued Ab Anbars, based on the form diversity and the type of dome arch. In order to simulate the domes, they were first modeled in Revit software 2017, and then models were transferred to Rhino 5 software, using the honeybee & lady bug, and with the Energy plus Engine analysis of the received solar radiation and shading were done. The amount of received sunlight on the surfaces of the Ab Anbars dome in Yazd is different, and the shape of the dome has a strong relationship with the amount of received radiation. The amount of solar radiation received in the HAJ NASIR dome with an area of 75 square meters is 102906 kW / m2. This amount of solar radiation on the surface of SAHRAIE DASTI dome with an area of ​​137 square meters is 198697 kW / m2 and Get more radiation than HAJ NASIR dome. Another dome sample is BARSOIEH in TAFT with an area of ​​317 square meters is the largest dome among the studied cases. The dome receives 523597 kW / m 2 radiation. The Yazd HAJ GHAZI dome is 133 square meters and receive 215,712 kW / m2. The last one is Dome of SHAH VALLI in Taft, with a total area of ​​194 square meters which absorbs 286,159 kW / m2 radiation. The results of these analyzes shows that the highest amount of solar radiation received from the dome of the studied water reservoirs is BARSOIEH in TAFT dome with the amount of 76046 KW / m2, and the lowest amount of radiation received by Sun is in HAJ NASIR reservoir dome with the amount 102906 kW / m. According to these results, HAJ NASIR dome is the most suitable dome in the hot and dry climate of Yazd and, in heat absorption in shadow area of domes, the largest shading is in dome of BARSOIEH in TAFT. But the point that should be considered in the analyzes is the area of ​​the dome of the Ab Anbars in the Yazd climate, which is, of course, as far as the area of ​​the domes is high, the amount of absorption and shadow of the sun will be greater. For this reason, in the analyzes, uniformity of the dimensions of the Ab Anbars domes were used, so that the optimum dome can be obtained in terms of receiving solar radiation and absorbing heat in the shadowed area. To equalize the domes, the absorption of the sun's radiation of each dome is divided by the amount of shadowing of the same dome, the number obtained indicates the relationship between the amount of radiation and shadow on the dome. That is, greater number shows greater amount of radiation absorbed in that dome comparing shadow casted by the dome. The results show 6 for SAHRAIE DASTI dome, 7 for BARSOIEH in TAFT, 8 for HAJ GHAZI, 11 for HAJ NASIR, and finally the highest number were 12 for SHAH VALLI in Taft. This results shows that the lowest radiation intake is in SAHRAIE DASTI dome and the highest radiation is in SHAH VALLI in Taft, it can be concluded that the most optimal AB ANBAR dome for the Yazd city climate is the dome of SAHRAIE DASTI.

Geometry is one of the most important elements in iranian architecture. Geometry is used in planning, drawing and decorating. Among outstanding components were ornaments used in many parts of houses. The realisation of ornaments in Iranian architecture is dependent on geometry, with geometry also generating variety in ornamental decorations. The ornaments used in the architecture of Dezful is usually made of bricks, and can be found in several parts of a building as secondary surfaces with astonishing diversity. The aim of this study is the documentation of geometric patterns and their underlying generative context in Dezful houses, answering research questions on the way. The research method is a combination of field studies and historical-interpretive methods, with data collected through library studies and personal observations. The data analysis method is based on Vikor method which opens a new scope on ornaments studies. Case studies are based on relevant traditional façades selected through data analyses based on Vikor and Entropy methods. The paper concludes that ornaments are diverse, and on top of their beauty, they have functions such as providing comfort for passers, increasing area in upper floors, ventilation, shading and thereby shielding against heat, protecting “Xowun”s from rain, and creating hierarchies.  In order to assess ornaments, the paper suggests, one can use the type of the ornament, its ratio, proportions, connections and layouts, as criteria.

The importance of urbanization in the Sassanid period is enormous, and urbanization has been very important in this period. Unfortunately, archeological research on the architecture and urbanization of this period is still in its preliminary level, and despite the archeological activities that took place in Iran, historical sources are the most important documents used in the recognition of the Sassaniad architecture and urbanization. In the few studies that have been done, a number of cities in this period have been neglected. The research methodology in this study is comparative in which case studies are evaluated in Sassanid context and urbanization style. Initially, using library studies such as the study of books and articles, the history of architecture and urbanization of Jundishapur and other cities of that period were collected. Then, using maps and aerial surveys, the urban patterns of the samples are examined and analyzed based on the Sassanid urbanism. In researches carried out in the city of Jondishapur, the history of the city of Jondishapur and the study of the university and its hospital have been addressed. The Sassanid city, like the Persian city of the Achaemenid state, is based on religious beliefs influenced by a worldview. The city usually ends in a fence wall that has four gates, which itself reminiscent of the direction of the four elements of the ancient world conception. This part of the city was later called Sharistan. Eastern sources, consider about the conquest of the city of Antakiyeh by the Iranian kingdoms. But only two Shahs, Shapur I and Khosrow I, after the conquest of this city in case of the fascination and characteristics of that city, would have created a city pattern near their capital. The city of Jondishapur is one of the most important centers of the reign of the Sassanid dynasty and there are many valid documents to prove this. The problem in some references is to investigate the possibility of existence of this city before the Sassanid period. One of the most important issues in the city’s location is paying attention to factors such as abundant water, fertile soil, suitable climate, and lack of flood and seismicity. On the other hand, the issue of adjacency of this area to the cities of Elamite is also noticeable. In historical studies, Jundi shapur city describes with Seven Streets (Eastern East) and eleven Crossed Streets (Northern South). The width of the longitudinal streets was wider and was about 10 to 12 meters long. All of the city’s pavements were paved or brick floored. The city has various districts and each section has public facilities. The whole city has a sanitary water system from the Dez River. Gundi Shapur urban sewage had developed and was unique in its kind.Urbanism and its main structure have undergone many changes during each period with regard to the climatic, social and economic conditions. As mentioned in the article, the governing structure of urban planning in traditional Iranian cities can be divided into eight general categories. These structures not only relate to the conditions of the construction site, but also to a large extent of other factors; even those with other countries, have been very influential in shaping them. The Sassanid style of urbanization was initially along the Parthians’ urbanization. But a new style emerged and called the Roman hypodamus style (fifth century architecture). This is called “grid” style. Looking at same aged cities similar to the ancient cities of Jondishapur (cities of Ivan Karkheh, Neyshabur, Bishapur and the city of Antioch) and the study of urbanization and urban structure, it is concluded that during this time period (The kingdom of Shapur I and Shapur II) the “Hypodomous” chess shaped urbanization method has been used. The grid shaped city form considerd for the two quite the opposite targets: One is to ensure central control and expression of legendary perfection, and the other to realize a society in which individuals equal rights. Jundishapur City is a compilation of the architecture of ancient civilizations. This is a special style that has been implemented since the 5th century BC in the cities of Rome and Greece and it is the rectangle form of urban planning with wide and direct streets, regular crossroads and parallel alleys, which also have one and sometimes two or three floors buildings across. At last, it can be said that the form and structure of city is a clear aspect of Sassanid urban planning which had political, social and economic consequences in the community. Studying city development and using the thoughts and decisions of people living in cities are important issues. It can help the authors to recognize other cities of this period, especially those cities with little archaeological evidence.

Architecture is designed to answer people's cultural and environmental needs. every part of society affects this architectural design. Islam's emphasis on privacy and veil causes has led to domination and great effect of these two factors on all social and cultural dimensions - architecture being one of its manifestations. Privacy not only exerts other criteria to traditional housing, but is also considered as the most important factor of housing construction.
The main objective of present study is to understand the level and importance of privacy in the Qajar period housing architecture and traditional houses of Dezful city were chosen as a case study. Dezful is known as an era with religious people and very bonded to Islamic principles from the very past. Privacy is one of the main features in traditional houses of this city, the issue examined in this article. The main research question is: "what are the essential factors and elements of forming privacy in traditional houses of Dezful city in Qajar era? The research method is descriptive-analytical which applied was delivered based on library studies in the field and regard to privacy, urban architecture of Dezful and Qajar era and accompanied by field studies with direct observation of traditional houses of Dezful. Eight indexed traditional houses – which were chosen by Non Probability Sampling method - were studied and analyzed in this study.
The results indicate that space is divided and separated in two “indoor and “outdoor” spaces in traditional houses of Dezful; and the division of private and public spaces of the hos, using loggia, central and connecting and interface corridors, room portals and waiting rooms, controlled openings and low height thresholds and similar solutions have led to forming and creating privacy in Dezful traditional houses. What’s more, architects have formed and created the private territory by creating various movement levels to circulate in spaces, creating interface spaces to prevent any direct access to the household’s environment and various architectural solutions and arrangements.

The present study uses a descriptive-analytic research method and studied the architectural features of two periods: Ilkhani and Safavid, by studying the maps, architectural drawings and documents related to the mosques of the two periods, and their analysis and comparison. In the library studies section, various historic printed documents have been used to collect information about the architecture of Safavid and Ilkhani mosques. This article focuses on the physical features of the architectural characteristics among the eleven examples of the Ilkhani mosques compared to the same number of mosques in Safavid period. It is obvious that addressing all aspects of the architecture features of their works and comprehensive analysis is beyond the scope of an article. Therefore, this research compares these mosques from the perspective of number of elements and plan elements, their location in the plan and also the shape and geometry used for these components of the architectural plans. Analyzes and comparisons show that the spaces of the Safavid mosques are wider than the mosques in the Ilkhani period and also a similar functional model has been used in both Safavid and Ilkhani periods. There is more diversity in geometry design of the mosques of Ilkhani to Safavid mosques. In other words, during Safavid period, the diversity of geometry is decreasing with an increase in mosque spaces. Also, during the period of Ilkhani, the emphasis has been given to the vertical axis (height) and we will see that during the Safavid period, the dome was given more importance, while it was more important in the northeastern ilkhani period. During the period of Islam, the emphasis has been given to vertical axis (height). But in Ilkhani period the emphasis is given to Shabistan spaces.
In this research in order to select a the case study of mosques, the ages of Ilkhani and Safavid were first studied and their kings in selected periods were analyzed according to their governing years and their building activities. Then the eleven case studies were chosen on the basis of the dispersion of construction, built time and building importance. The mosques of the Safavid period have been chosen from the city of Isfahan, but the mosques of the Ilkhani period were not restricted to a particular city due to their diversity and dispersion. In the next step, the information needed to analyze the plan, facades, sections and the three-dimensional perspective was obtained from the existing maps of the Ganjnameh books and documents of Iran cultural heritage organization. Then, the analysis and comparison of selected mosques applied on the basis of perspectives of the diversity of spaces, location of the spaces in the plan, shape of the spaces and their buildings dimension. After identifying the case studies, the architecture characteristics of Safavid studied, Safavid period has led to many ups and downs that have been based on the king’s interest in art and architecture, as well as the king’s merit in governance. King Ishmael first began the Safavid kingdom in 907 AD (1492 AD) in Tabriz. Because of his interest in art and culture, the greatest artists of the time came to his court and by his order architects commissioned to build new buildings across his kingdom.
For Ilkhani architectural characteristics, this could be said that Ilkhani architecture did not initiate in Iran until Holaku kingdom in Maraqeh city. Before Holaku Iran was under attack of Mongolian invasion. After he started building construction in country, the maps of the pillars and types of buildings maintained their traditional and Seljuk style, but the proud and ambitious of Mongolian kings were about to reach beyond what was already present in Iran. As a result, the attention of Ilkhanis was inspired by their renowned Iranian ministers, on cities such as Tabriz, Soltanieh, and Isfahan. In these periods not only some past architectural monuments were resorted and conserved but also some precious architectural workswere started and completed such as the altar of the Isfahan mosque which founded by the Iranian Minister, Al-Ja’i Tito, Mohammad Sawi. In this period, Tabriz and Soltaniyah were the political, social and cultural centers of Iran. In the result, distinctions of architectural characteristics of Ilkhani and Safavid mosques could be categorized in five divisions: The wider and vastness spaces of the Safavid mosques to Ilkhani mosques, applying a similar functional template in both Safavid and Ilkhani periods, emphasizing on the vertical axis in architectural monuments in Ilkhani period relative to the Safavid period, importance of indoor places such as Shabistans in Ilkhani architecture and the importance of dome and dome-house places in Safavid architecture

In an urban built environment، on the one hand people behave based on their spatial cognition of the environment; spatial behavior in interaction with the environment depends on the spatial cognition. On the other hand many researches have also pointed that spatial configuration as the relational characteristics of the physical elements of environment، influence on the spatial cognition. Based on the methodology proposed، this paper is an attempt to explain and understand the properties and relationships between spatial cognition and spatial configuration of the built environment in the three old Mohallas in Dezful. Spatial cognition by employing of cognitive maps through sketch mapping and interview associated with survey questionnaire for evaluation of the cognitive representations and the concept of legibility has been studied، and spatial configuration by space syntax method for measurement of syntactical properties including parameters of global integration، local integration، connectivity and interpretive parameters، intelligibility and synergy all in all have been studied. In order to achieve the research objectives، analytical / descriptive methods with obtained maps and methods of statistical correlation between the quality parameters of spatial cognition and spatial configuration quantitative parameters have been used. Also، The concept of legibility، as the quality interpretive of the parameter associated with the properties of spatial configuration has been investigated، and the familiarity with environment is also considered as a moderating variable. Externalization Cognitive data، determination of the quantitative spatial properties Dezful’s built environment and to explain relations between them as important findings of this research are considered. To examine the proposed methodology with a variety of analytical capabilities، while offering recommendations for future research include investigation of other achievements.