mohammad soltanieh

Planning a social system requires drawing the logic governing the mutual relationship between the soul, the character, and the community, Ummah. Without considering this logic, one cannot have a proper understanding of the essence and identity of the individual and society. This article attempts to plan a conceptual network of terms across different levels of individual and social life, addressing the logic governing human relations with oneself, among individuals, and within society. The data was collected through library research and analyzed using a descriptive-analytical method to answer the question of the essence of the logic governing the three elements: the soul, character and the community. Based on the findings of the article, 'reason' and 'purification' constitute the logic governing the relationship between a person and oneself. Capacity and intellectual measure which manifest in character, constitute the logic governing human interactions. Imamate constitutes the logic governing the community and Succession, Khilafah, constitutes the logic governing the reciprocal relationship between the soul, character, and the community.

In this paper, after a brief investigation of the history of chemical engineering in Iran and the world, the published papers related to chemical engineering education in the Iranian Journal of Engineering Education, on the occasion of its 25th anniversary of publication, were reviewed. In educational part of the present work, the novel educational methods such as remote education, e-learning, game-based education, virtual reality education and the outcomes of these methods are discussed. In addition, from the research perspective, the latest directions of chemical engineering such as stimuli-responsive polymeric micelles, drug delivery, cancer therapy, antimicrobial active packaging films, active food packaging, advanced electro spun nanofiber yarn-based textiles, wound healing applications, advanced technologies for water and wastewater treatment, application of nanomaterials and ionic metals, green and renewable energies, and the applications of artificial intelligence in chemical engineering were reviewed. From the foresight vision and considering the global changes such as environmental challenges, limited world resources, the novel areas of chemical engineering and its future, with emphasis on chemical engineering education, have been investigated. With progresses in many interdisciplinary areas such as energy and decarbonization, water, food, air, human health and medicine, it is being expected that great changes occur in the education of chemical engineering.

The problem of mutual relationship between social factors and types of knowledge, which is called "social determination of knowledge", is the external objectivity of knowledge from a social point of view or the impression and identification that different types of human knowledge receive from social factors. The components of this mutual relationship include depth, degree, level, dominant factor and subject. Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai believes that apart from obvious, present, general theoretical knowledge and some general practical knowledge, the rest of knowledge is under the influence of biological, environmental, unseen and social cultural factors that this effect is contingent and does not even reach the stage of causation. The main focus of these epistemological developments is the credibility, especially the post-social credibility, which is completely socially determined. Max Scheler proposed the form and content of knowledge, which considers the content immune from social determination and considers only the form of knowledge to be socially determined. Of course, Tabatabai and Scheler both believe that there is no causality between the community and knowledge and the influence of the community is only to the extent necessary. According to Scheler's opinion, spiritual and real factors jointly determine knowledge. Of course, only the three forms of knowledge of religion, philosophy and science are targeted for determination. Therefore, the extract of Tabatabai's theory goes back to the discussion of validity and Scheler's theory of the form and content of knowledge.

Max Weber's approach as a sociologist is classified in the category of sociological micro-approaches, and his explanation of various phenomena is an objective co-explanation. Paying attention to the individual and explaining based on considering the position of the individual in the society has shown itself even in his opinion about the development of religion in the society. This article is written with the aim of understanding the criticisms obtained from the point of view of Morteza Motahari about Max Weber's views on the issue of the development of religion. It is written in an exploratory, descriptive and critical method, has reached this finding that religion is not a phenomenon with the origin in atheism, humanism or society, so that due to the changes and transformations of conditions and time, it needs to evolve and conform to the conditions. Comprehensiveness and compatibility of religion with reality are two basic elements for religion that prove it doesn't confront substantive changes. Also, the nature of religion has not changed in the course of history so that religion needs to be completed. The elements of all divine religions are the same, and no change has been made in these elements, so as to create the suspicion of change, transformation and evolution in religion. The Qur'an's point of view regarding the development of religion is an integrated point of view. That is, from the beginning of the creation of the first man to the last creature, this religion has been accompanied by Allah almighty with the aim of ensuring the happiness of the this world and the afterlife world with man and human society, and since the goal is the same, religion has also been comprehensive of this goal from the beginning until now.

Based on Max Weber's view as a sociologist of religion, it may be possible to claim that most of the world's great religions do not have a logical origin; Not only is it not heavenly, it is also not earthly. In other words, they try to consider religion as an irrational phenomenon. But from the point of view of martyr Motahari as a Muslim thinker, the root and origin of religion is supernatural. If its purpose and goal is to appear in nature, it is for this reason that religion must be reduced to human language and understanding in order to bring man to real life. Religion is a matter with divine foundations that does not have a real existence that has gender and season. In other words, the heavenly essence of religion cannot be known based on the earthly and debatable theories of sociologists of religion; Rather, dealing with the essence of religion and then knowing and distinguishing authentic religious phenomena from non-authentic ones will be possible only through the person of religion. Therefore, the effort is to present the variable of this article, i.e., the origin of religion, by using the exploratory method and descriptive-analytical approach, with direct reference to first-hand documents and references, in a clear way and based on the foundations of Shahid Motahari. In order to achieve the desired result, by describing the data and documents, analyzing and comparing them, an attempt has been made to present a desirable and acceptable result.

The first monotheistic religion has descended to [the people of] the earth with the landing of the first human being on it. But over time, changes and developments occurred in the internal and external layers of this religion. Studying the central point of these changes is an important issue that should be looked for in terms of the extent of societies’ involvement in this issue, as a result of which earthly interpretations of religion were presented, or it can be looked for elsewhere to avoid degrading the essence and identity of religion.This article, part of which is descriptive, explains Durkheim’s point of view on the issue of the evolution of religion, and in the other part, which is analytical and critical, aims to understand the view of Allama Tabatabai (RA) on the evolution of religion, in order to present Durkheim's social point of view regarding the origin and development of religion to Allama’s perspective, and to examine the problems and criticisms directed at Durkheim by him.It has been reached that, contrary to Durkheim's opinion, who defined religion according to contemporary requirements of mankind, and viewed these changes as being in the field of the essence of religion; Allamah Tabatabai belives that the basis of religion is the same from the time of the Prophet Adam until the emergence of Islam as the last heavenly religion. The content of all heavenly religions is monotheism, but it has manifested itself in different forms, whether it was strict or lenient, according to the requirements of time and place, people’s understanding, social norms, political relations, etc.; In other words, the laws have been differed, but the religion was one fixed religion. Islam is comprehensive of all the past shar'ias, and has achieved all of their goals through its comprehensiveness..

 The use of new methods of pregnancy has raised many questions. One of these issues is the situational effects of embryo donation as one of the new methods of childbearing. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of the status of embryo donation based on the attitude of Imami jurisprudence.

 This research is of analytical-library type. The keywords of fetus, donation, confidentiality and breastfeeding in the Shiite tradition and the expressions of Shiite jurists have been analyzed based on jurisprudential-principled criteria. The author of the article has not reported any conflict of interest.

 New problems should not be created for parents to solve the problem of childbearing. Therefore, assuming the attribution of embryos donated to sperm and ovum owners, other topics such as intimacy, marriage sanctity, guardianship and breastfeeding were examined. How this child is a mahram with the recipients of the donation, marriage with the causal mahram, guardianship over this child are issues that are directly related to lineage. . Therefore, because the actual lineage of the child goes to the owners of the sperm and ovum, the intimacy of this child with the recipients of the fetus and the guardianship over this fetus is created by other means such as priority in breastfeeding in order.

 After embryo donation, certain rights and duties such as the sanctity of marriage, incest of the child, coercive guardianship of the father and paternal grandfather, etc. are created. These rights are created as a right for the parties under the title of status effects of donation, which is based on how the fetus is assigned to its donors and recipients.

The use of modern methods of pregnancy has raised questions in various fields and has created many issues in the field of the rights of both parties. One of these issues is the study of the parentage of the donated embryos, which is an important jurisprudential-social issue. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to understand and analyze the parentage of donated embryos and to examine their attribution to recipients of donations, based on the Shia jurisprudence.

This study is an analytical library-based. The keywords of fetus, donation and lineage in Shia narration and expressions of Shia jurists were investigated, and carefully analyzed based on jurisprudential-principled criteria. The author of the article did not report any conflict of interests.

In the use of modern artificial insemination techniques, how the newborn is assigned to donors is a sensitive issue. The findings showed that according to the Shiite jurisprudence, the real lineage of the child is related to the owner of sperm and ovum and the claim that due to the fetus owners’ withdrawal (due to donating it to the embryo banks or donating it to an infertile couple) they cannot claim the attribution of the child to themselves, is not is not acceptable because genealogy is not negated by withdrawal.

If the existence of a relationship between father, mother and infant is correctly proven, rights and duties such as sanctity of marriage, custody, maintenance and upbringing of infants, forced guardianship of father and paternal ancestor, alimony, inheritance between children fathers, mothers, relatives, etc., are forcibly created under the effects of lineage in the form of a right for the parties.

The expressive miracle of the Qur'an is one of the aspects that all Muslim scholars have accepted as an important aspect of the miracle of the Qur'an since the beginning of Islam. In recent times, orientalists have also conducted extensive studies in this field; Some have praised the fairness of the language and others have tried to tarnish it by asking questions to question the book's revelation. In this research, focusing on George Seal's problems in this field, the suspicions have been examined and criticized. The aim was to extract the answer to the doubts raised from literary books and commentaries, and then to defend the literary miracle of the Qur'an and its revelation. To this end, the collection of suspicions and George Seale's views on it are first mentioned; in a summary, the answer is given. It seems that the unfamiliarity of the perpetrators with the structure of the Qur'an, which is a spoken (spoken) rather than written (written) structure, has been the source of many of these doubts. However, many of these problems, due to the speech structure of the Qur'an and its gradual decline over twenty-two years, are in line with the audience and represent the peak of the rhetoric and eloquence of the Qur'an.

Target:

 If we analyze the impact of theoretical-practical discourses on the occurrence of the 1979 revolution in Iran with the logic of discourse analysis, we will find several discourses, some of which are influenced by Western traditions and some of which are more influenced by Islamic tradition. In this article, by drawing the discourse conflicts between the two discourses of Iranian Marxism-Communism (centered on the People's Mojahedin Organization) and the discourse of political Islam (centered on the thoughts of Imam Khomeini), we show how in one historical course, the discourse of political Islam has overcome another.

Discourse analysis with Laclau and Mouffe's approach is significantly relevant to the subject of this article and has been used.

Following the discourse of Iranian Marxism-Communism, three periods of 1344-1350 (Islam and armed struggle), 1350-1354 (ideological battle and failure in revolutionary action) and 1354-1357 (disconnection of reality with the outside world) and in the discourse of political Islam The three periods of 1342-1349 (shiite authority), 1349-1356 (Velayat-e Faqih) and 1356-1357 (victory of the Islamic revolution) have been identified.

The study of the above discourse conflicts shows that although the first discourse took revolutionary and militant action earlier, but due to the lack of deep connection with the historical and intellectual contexts of Iranian society, on the eve of the Revolution, it did not establish a close connection with the reality of that; in contrast, it was the discourse of political Islam that, in a historical course, was able to achieve its dominant discourse and, therefore, formulate the discourse of the Islamic Revolution in Iran.

The Qur'an has spoken about binding laws, which are expressed as "Sunan"(traditions), which are called "Social Sunans" in the social sciences.According to the social view of the Shahid al-Sadr, society is composed ofthree elements: nature, man and the relationship between them, and thisrelationship is what is expressed as istikhlaf (Representation of God) basedon the Quranic principles of the Shahid al-Sadr. The problem of this researchlies in understanding the type of human relationship with other human beingsbased on the theory of istikhlaf in the relevant verses in Surah al-Anfal,based on a descriptive-analytical method and with the aim of determining themodel of human communication and relations in human society based on thetheory of istikhlaf. According to the verses of Surah al-Anfal, this problem canbe divided into the communication at the micro level (family system) as wellas the communication at macro level.The results of the research indicate the type of communication with the childand the reconciliation of the relationship among people, as the best examplesof the family communication at the micro level; also, giving charity topeople, reconciling hearts, and creating peace, as the best examples of thecommunication at the macro level. Man's relationship with other human beingsat the micro level or intra-family relationships as the smallest social unit,should be based on the fact that a man's child and wife may be a meansof testing him, and the relationship of a man with them should be based onistikhlaf (the merit of the wife and the child to accept the position of divinecaliphate) in actual form. Helping others and giving them charity, reconcilinghearts and creating peace are among the things that increase the level ofsocial solidarity of human communication with other people on a macro level.All these relations must be based on the theory of istikhlaf and on the basisof creating love for all human beings in order to prepare them to attain thepurpose of creation, which is to achieve the position of caliphate and representationof God Almighty on earth.

The social tradition is the usual and common manner that is normally current among the people. These traditions often carry on and are repeatable, expressing the rules governing social phenomena and social life and relationships among individuals or groups. This article has been written with an analytical and theoretical approach aiming at extracting the method of the Qur'an in changing the social traditions incompatible with the teachings of the Qur'an, by focusing on Allameh Tabatabai's point of view. By presenting methods such as motivation based on two factors of choice and awareness, the Qur'an has considered public acceptance the basis of change in society, and by changing attitudes, intellectual lines, and scientific and practical inclinations, it has made man in accordance with social divine values. This article deals with the issue of Qur'anic method in changing traditions belongs to the Age of Ignorance. The findings of this article indicate that the Holy Qur'an's method in changing social customs and traditions to eliminate false beliefs in society, changing people's intellectual infrastructure based on monotheism (Tawhid), resurrection (Ma'ad), realism and moderation, elimination of discrimination and extension of social justice, and expanding noble manners. The result of the Qur'anic method was to reform the fundamental vision of the first Islamic society and shows that this type of change is possible in all societies.

The property of the person goes to his heir after his death, but the financial rights of the deceased will also be inherited or not? To answer, the source of the financial rights must be determined, whether it is a contract between the parties, such as a right of pre-emption, or an Iqa' (Unilateral act), such as a right of Tahjir (Revival of property), or a law, such as a right of copyright. The criteria for distinguishing financial rights from non-financial rights are the tradability of these rights and the ability of converting them to money. Some rights, including pre-emption rights, options and copyright, are transferred to the heir unanimously, such as the deceased's property. However, for rights such as benefit and tolerance, there is disagreement between jurists and legal experts that whether they can be passed to the heir or not. The most important reason for inheriting these rights is the reason. This present study, which has been compiled with the aim of understanding the view of Imamiyah jurisprudence and Iranian law on inheritable financial rights, has been done in a descriptive-analytical method and data has been collected through a library filing method. Another issue is whether the transfer of some financial rights to the heirs is accepted, should all the heirs together exercise this right or can some of them exercise this right? Given the multiplicity of viewpoints, the financial right is apparently a single right and will be enforceable if all the heirs request it.

The use of new methods of pregnancy has created many issues in the field of both parties' rights that the study of its obligatory effects is one of them.   The purpose of this study is to understand the obligatory jurisprudential effects of embryo donation based on Shiite attitude and remove the ambiguity of Article 3 of " the Law on How to Donate Fetus to Infertile Couples". This study has been done by collecting library data and with descriptive-analytical method and also by relying on first class Shiite books searched the key words such as embryos, donation, custody and inheritance in them. Due to the attribution of the child to the owners of the sperm, obligatory rights such as custody, alimony and inheritance are established between the child and the owners of the sperm; However, in Article 3 of this law, the legislator has "considered the duties and responsibilities of the couple who received fetus donating and the child born are the parents in terms of maintenance, alimony and respect, such as the duties and responsibilities of the children and the parents." While the child is attributed to donors and does not mention an important issue such as inheritance. Therefore, the law should be change and explain how to assign duties to recipients of fetus.

Montesquieu is one of the experts who has greatly influenced other thinkers and even politicians. In his book, The Spirit of Laws, he enumerates various social functions for religions. The researcher in the present study seeks to explain Montesquieu's theories with a critical approach and using the library method.Some of the conclusions he has reached in his studies of religion include the compatibility of moderate government with the religion of Christ and authoritarian rule with the government of Islam, the relationship of Catholicism with the monarchy and Protestantism with the republic, the need for morality to agree with the law. It is religious and ... which is mentioned in the text of the article.What Montesquieu enumerates as the social functions of religion reflects his reductionist or instrumentalist view in the two areas of reducing the truth of religion to its function and reducing the transcendent goals of religion to the world.Also, his analysis of Islam seems to be incomplete and based on the behavior of oppressive rulers and caliphs during Islamic times. It should be noted that the bias and interference of religious interests in explaining matters is also one of the criticisms against him.

The NixMn1-xFe2O4 oxygen carrier is synthesized through the chemical precipitation method to be applied in the Chemical Looping Steam Methane Reforming (CL-SMR) process. The Response Surface Method (RSM) is adopted based on the Central Composite Design (CCD) model to evaluate the effect of the independent variables on the responses’ functionality and to predict the best response volume. The variables: reaction temperature (550-750°C), Oxygen Carrier (OC) loading rate (0.1-0.9), steam per methane ratio (S/C) (1.5-3.5), oxidation-reduction cycles’ count (1-9), and the responses consisting of CH4 conversion percentage, CO/CO2 molar ratio, and H2 production yield are assessed. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) results indicates that reaction temperature and the OC type are the most effective, while the oxidation-reduction cycles’ count is the least effective on CH4 conversion percentage and H2 production yield. By implementing the optimized results in laboratory conditions, it is revealed that the Ni0.6Mn0.4Fe2O4 OC at operating conditions at 650°C, S/C=2.5, and 9 redox cycles, the best response to the CH4 conversion percentage, CO/CO2 molar ratio, and, H2 production yield with 99.6, 15.7, and 77.6, respectively. The improved stability and functionality of the OC reveal that during the 24 redox cycle the self-supported Ni0.6Mn0.4Fe2O4 OC is of high stability, high CH4 conversion percentage means, and high H2 production yield. The OCs samples are characterized by applying FT-IR, XRD, FESEM with X-ray spectroscopy EDX, BET, and TGA.

Globalization is a natural process that has emerged in the direction of all-round scientific, cultural, social, political, economic and industrial development. Globalization as an opportunity can provide the best opportunity to introduce and spread Islamic culture; Of course, subject to benefiting from all its capacities, the most important of which is the growth of people's awareness and the explanation and dissemination of the teachings of Islam by the followers of the original and pure Muhammadan Islam.The purpose of this article is to identify and present the capacities that Islam has in the field of intercultural communication for globalization. Because understanding these components requires a deep understanding of the Islamic worldview, and given the level of effectiveness of the issue that will endanger the world's governments, it is necessary to base these components on the ideas of a ruling Islamic jurist. Let's get it.Imam Khomeini with regard to the establishment of an active Islamic government in the social arena, the best figure to recognize these components.In general, the findings of this article, which deals with this issue through a descriptive-analytical method, emphasize that the globalization of Islam as a comprehensive, rational and natural culture based on rational, Qur'anic and narrative arguments is conclusive and provable.Islam is a comprehensive and universal system that can create the grounds for universal acceptance and guarantee its dynamism based on the original rational and spiritual principles and values.

Iran is considered as one of the biggest burners of associated gas. Due to the importance of reducing the emission of pollutants from associated gas in flare systems, in this study we use advanced decision-making methods to select the optimal technologies for recycling associated gases that are currently burnt. The model has three objective functions, including minimum return on investment and maximum reduction in carbon dioxide emissions and qualitative target functions considering a combination of sustainable development criteria. In the developed model, we assess important flared gas recovery technologies including NGL units, gas injection into pipeline, LNG units, GTL refinery units, production of gas hydrates (NGH), CNG units, injection of gas into reservoirs to increase oil production ( EOR), electricity generation using gas turbines, steam turbines and combined cycle and fresh water production. Our sample includes five oil wells in an oil region in southern Iran. The results show that in the optimal case, the investment undetakes pays for itself in 1.1 years and produces a reduction of 810740 tons of carbon dioxide per year.

In this study, the hydrodynamics of the gas dispersion in an aerated vessel equipped with a newly designed impeller (ASI impeller), a combination of the pitched blade turbine and the Scaba impeller was investigated. The performance of the ASI impeller was compared with the performances of the pitched blade turbine and the Rushton impeller. The non-invasive Electrical Resistance Tomography (ERT) technique was used to assess the gas dispersion inside the mixing vessel. The effects of the volumetric gas flow, and impeller type and speed were investigated on power drawn, gas holdup, and mixing time. An analysis of the experimental data indicated that the ASI impeller exhibited a minimal effect of the gassing on the power drawn compared to the pitch blade and the Rushton turbine. Measured data on gassed power consumption indicated that the ASI impeller was about 45% more efficient than the Rushton turbine and 20% more than the downward PBT under the general operating conditions in bioreactors for gas flow rate about 1 vvm. Also, this impeller showed a higher amount of gas hold up and lower mixing time compared to the two other studied impellers. A dimensionless correlation for the relative power consumption as a function of flow number and Froud number was developed for the aerated agitated tank. Also, a dimensionless correlation was introduced to compute the overall gas hold up as a function of specific power consumption and superficial gas velocity for the gas-liquid agitated system. The overall conclusion from this study demonstrated that the axial-radial ASI impeller is a good energy-efficient impeller for the aeration system and bioreactors based on the results from the investigation of the data in terms of the power consumption, gas holdup, and mixing time.

Green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts is a new method to develop environmentally safe nanoparticles, which can be used in numerous applications. In this study, TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized from tetra-n-butyl orthotitanate using the vegetal surface active substances extracted from Glycyrrhiza glabra plant via sol-gel method. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV/DRS), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The morphology of the TiO2 powder was characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the results indicated that TiO2 particles were nanospheres with a diameter of 60-70 nm. The photocatalytic activity of titania was investigated using the photodegradation of methylene blue, and acid red 88 and coumarin 30 solutions under UV irradiation. The results indicated that the photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 nanoparticles that was carried out by the degradation of MB solution was higher than AR 88 and coumarin 30. Moreover, the same photocatalytic effects on different dyes was not observed for the same size titania nanoparticles.

In this research, the adsorption of sulfur compounds from propane and butane streams (real gas from Assaluyeh) using faujasite-type zeolite in constant pressure and temperature was studied. Zeolite NaY was synthesized in order to specify the effect of NaY size on adsorption of sulfur compounds. The synthesized samples were characterized by XRD, FE-SEM and BET analyses then three different sizes of NaY zeolite (60nm, 800nm, 2400nm) were selected to specify the effect of the particle size on the sulfur compound’s removal performance. The outlet gas streams were characterized using a potentiometric method (UOP212). Breakthrough curves were plotted for each stream; moreover, the breakthrough curves were modeled using BDST (bed depth service time) model and Yoon-Nelson model in order to determine the effect of adsorbent’s size, type of inlet gas and the amount of sulfur compounds on the parameters of Yoon-Nelson and BDST models. After making a comparison between the results from breakthrough modeling, it was concluded that for BDST model, decreasing the size of NaY zeolite increased the adsorption capacity index while the proportionally constant model was being decreased; however, in Yoon-Nelson model, decreasing the size of NaY zeolite increased time to %50 of breakthrough curve and decreased the proportionally constant model.

Bioethanol is a second generation biofuel that has recently received attention due to limited fossil fuel resources and air pollution cause of fossil fuels. In this study production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic material of corn fiber in a membrane bioreactor was investigated. Acid pretreatment was used to increase the fraction of cellulose to 41%. The strain of saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as yeast. In most previous works the experimens have been performed in batch systems, whereas in this study simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) were performed in a continuous ultrafilteration membrane reactor, where the product is removed to prevent the inhibitory effect of the product on bioethanol production yield and enzyme deactivation. Experimental design and optimization was carried out by Design Expert software. The optimum conditions were determined to be: temperature (38.5°C), agitation speed (631.2 rpm) and surfactant concentration (0.08%v/v). Under these conditions the predicted ethanol yield was 87.8% and the actual experimental value was 84.2%.

dramatic effect on poor and it has marginalized people all over the world, reinforcing existing vulnerabilities and deepening inequalities. The populations, whose rights are poorly protected, are likely to be less equipped to adapt to climate change effects.Climate change and human rights are further intertwined because of the potential climate change and it exacerbates existing threats to International human right laws. Also it is well placed to address that challenge and highlights some of the human and equity dimensions of climate change. The introduction provides an overview of human rights concerns raised by climate change. Method is aLegal analysis and descriptive manner. Many of the content of the documents describe the content of human rights and the UN Security Council. This Paper lays out some of the legal questions that are implicated in the emerging debate on climate change and human rights and suggests ways which international human right laws could be approached in order to promote clarity in the discourse of human rights and climate change. In this work some strategies have been proposed for dealing with these existing gaps. It is expected that analyzing these gaps and determining the international community duties and commitments (governments and international organizations) can result an efficient management of this crisis and prevent the outbreak of chaos across the globe

With the increase of carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere, the quick emission reduction methods, i.e. carbon capture and storage/enhanced hydrocarbon recovery (CCS/EHR), have been introduced in recent years. While using CO2 for enhancing the recovery of oil reservoirs has been the subject of several studies in the past decades, it has not been fully studied in the gas reservoirs, mainly because of high recovery factor of gas reservoirs and mixing of the reservoir gas and CO2. In this work, the process of carbon capture and storage/enhanced gas recovery (CCS/EGR) in one of the south Iran gas reservoirs was studied. After the sensitivity analyses of different parameters with an optimum design of experiments (DOE) method the significant parameter was selected and optimized using genetic algorithm (GA) considering the net present value (NPV) as the objective function. This study shows that in addition to the production of residual reservoir gas, injecting CO2 in the gas reservoirs under optimized conditions (appropriate injection pattern and operational condition and pure CO2 injection) results in the storage of considerable amount of CO2, and thereby preventing it from being emitted in the atmosphere. Therefore, as the gas reservoir recovery and revenues of clean development mechanism (CDM) increase, the process of CCS/EGR becomes economically and environmentally profitable.

Development of kinetic model for new fuels requires optimization of rate parameters of chemical reactions and for this purpose, genetic algorithm (GA) has great capabilities. Since the GA population and breeding parameters (e.g. population, crossover probability, and mutation probability) deeply affect the approach to the optimum point and convergence rate toward it, in this paper the effects of those GA parameters in the optimization of a valid kinetic model for combustion of methane/air, as base mechanism, within perfectly stirred reactors studied and then by using statistical analysis the optimum GA parameters have been determined. The mutation probability has the greatest effect with the optimum value of 0.001and then population stands in the next place with optimum value of 16. In order to validate the optimized model, it was used in the simulation of a premixed flame where concentration profile of selected species match perfectly with those of the original model.