mohammadjavad kharazifard

The high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases among dental clients requires sufficient knowledge in this regard. For this purpose, we aimed to develop a valid and reliable questionnaire to assess the awareness of cardiovascular diseases among final year dental students.

After designing 38 questions, four areas were identified and to determine the validity, 7 specialists from the departments of Community Oral Health (2 people), Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases (2 people), Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery (2 people) and Cardiologist (n=1) evaluated the validity indicators and then to measure the reliability. The final form was distributed among 24 senior year dental students two weeks apart using the test-retest method and kappa statistics were calculated.

To determine the total validity of the instrument, the S-CVI value of the general agreement approach was 94.73% and in the mean approach was 87.84%. Also, the I-CVI values ​​of each question were above 0.70. Finally, out of the first 38 questions, 4 questions were removed due to lack of simplicity and the kappa coefficient of the remaining 34 questions, except for three questions, was obtained above 0.61, the middle of the total kappa coefficient was equal to 0.77.

With regard to desirable validity and reliability indices, it seems that this questionnaire is a useful tool to assess the awareness of dental students about cardiovascular diseases.

 End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) is a severe nephrological condition that can lead to permanent kidney damage. Therefore, early disease diagnosis is key to preventing casualties. The gold standard method of diagnosis tends to evaluate changes in sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, urea, creatinine, and parathormone hormones in blood after dialysis. However, serum evaluation is not always possible or easy for patients. Therefore, saliva evaluation has been proposed in recent years as an alternative.

 The current article aims to evaluate metabolite in the saliva of ESRD patients.

 In this descriptive-analytical study, 29 ESRD patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment were selected. Their saliva and serum samples were taken. The number of biochemical factors, including sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, urea, creatinine, and parathormone hormone, was measured with an autoanalyzer device and related kits. Finally, the correlation of parameters in serum and saliva was examined using the Pearson test.

 The results showed a significant positive relationship between the levels of sodium, urea, and creatinine in serum and saliva samples (P < 0.05). On the other hand, there was no significant relationship between the serum and saliva levels of potassium, calcium, phosphorus, and PTH (P > 0.05).

 Due to the significant correlation between some prominent biochemical factors in saliva and serum after hemodialysis in ESRD patients, saliva could be considered a non-invasive diagnostic fluid for monitoring kidney disease in the future.

This study aimed to assess the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of the whole pomegranate fruit on Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) and its clinical effect on dental plaque formation in 8–10‑year‑old children.

This study was conducted in two phases of in vitro and clinical trial. In the in vitro phase, the antibacterial effect of 50%–50% hydroalcoholic extract of whole pomegranate fruit on S.mutans and L.acidophilus was assessed by the disc diffusion test. In the double‑blind cross‑over clinical trial phase, 14 children between 8 and 10 years were randomly assigned to two groups of 38% pomegranate mouthwash and 0.12% chlorhexidine (CHX) after assessing their baseline dental plaque by oral hygiene index‑simplified (OHI‑S). The children were asked not to use any other plaque control measure during the study. Their OHI‑S score was measured again after 5 and 14 days using disclosing tablets. Data were analyzed by t‑test and paired t‑test at 0.05 level of significance.

The hydroalcoholic extract of pomegranate showed a positive antibacterial effect on S. mutans and L. acidophilus. However, its inhibitory effect was significantly lower than that of 0.12% CHX (P < 0.05). None of the tested mouthwashes inhibited plaque formation, but pomegranate mouthwash and CHX decreased the OHI‑S score by 34% and 36%, respectively (P < 0.05), with no significant difference between them (P > 0.05).

The whole pomegranate fruit hydroalcoholic extract showed significant inhibitory effects on S.mutans and L.acidophilus. Furthermore, 38% pomegranate mouthwash had a comparable efficacy to CHX in the reduction of dental plaque.

Facial asymmetry is one reason orthodontic patients seek treatment. This study assessed the effect of mandibular asymmetry on facial esthetics and treatment needs perceived by laypersons, orthodontists, and maxillofacial surgeons.

In this descriptive cross‑sectional study, the frontal image of a model was captured and symmetrized from the facial midline using Adobe Photoshop software. The mandible was rotated 0°–8° with 1° intervals. Images were presented to 41 laypersons, 39 orthodontists, and 29 surgeons using an online questionnaire. The observers rated each image’s esthetics with a 0–100 Visual Analog Scale and determined their treatment need by choosing one of the following three choices: No need for treatment, needs treatment, acceptable, but better to be treated. Analysis of variance for repeated measurements model. The regression method, Kruskal–Wallis analysis, was used for statistical analysis and the level of significance was set as P < 0.05.

The images with 0° and 1° rotation received the highest esthetic rates among all three groups, while the images with 8° rotation were the least attractive ones. Furthermore, the image esthetic ratings significantly affected their treatment need. Mandibular asymmetry diagnosis threshold was 1° for orthodontists, and 3° for both laypersons and surgeons. The treatment need threshold was 5°, 6°, and 7° for surgeons, orthodontists, and laypersons, respectively.

The esthetics of images decreased when mandibular asymmetry increased. Treatment need was also related to increased asymmetry. Orthodontists were the most sensitive group in diagnosis, while surgeons were the most sensitive ones when it came to treatment.

Recently, MTA-based sealers have been introduced to achieve biological properties and tissue compatibility and high sealing strength. However, few studies are available on the effect of bioceramic-based sealers, including CeraSeal, on fiber post bonding strength. This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of the type of endodontic sealer on the bond strength of the fiber post to the root canal in a laboratory environment at the Faculty of Dentistry of Azad University of Tehran in 2021.

 In this laboratory and in vitro study, a total of 30 maxillarysingle canal anterior teeth that were extracted due to periodontal reasons were included in the study, Cereseal, MTA Fillapex, Ah plus sealers were randomly placed in 3 groups of 10. The canals were filled with gutta-percha (Ariadent, Tehran, Iran) by cold lateral compression method. The samples were kept at 37°C and under 100% relative humidity for 7 days. The gutta percha was removed from the root canals by piezoreamer number 2 so that at least 5 mm of gutta remained at the end of the canals. Then the space of the post was prepared for the RTD fiberpost by special drills, and at the end the fiberposts were cemented using panavia f2 dual cure resin cement.24 hours after placing the samples in incubator, a diamond disk was used to prepare 1 mm thick cross-sections from the coronal third of the samples in disk form. Finally, the bond strength was measured by push-out technique in each tooth piece with the formula P=F/A. For data analysis, one way Anova test was used in SPSS version 22 software.

 The results showed that there is a significant difference in the bond strength of the fiber post to the root canal based on the type of sealer. The bond strength of the fiber post to the root canal in AH plus sealer was higher than MTA fillapex and Ceraseal sealer (P < 0.0001), but there was no significant difference in the bond strength of fiber post to the root canal in MTA fillapex and Ceraseal sealer (P= 0. 5).

 The bond strength of fiber post to root canal in epoxy resin based sealers is higher than MTA and bio ceramic based sealers.

This study investigated the photobiomodulation effect of an 810-nm diode laser in adjunction with topical anesthesia on pain perception during infiltration anesthesia of primary maxillary molars in children.

This double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 64 children (aged 5-9 years) requiring extraction or stainless steel crown for their primary maxillary molars. The patients were randomly allocated into two groups (n = 32) of laser and control. In the laser group, the injection site (buccal and palatal mucosa) was irradiated with an 810-nm laser (200 mW, 5.2 J/cm2) after 20% benzocaine topical anesthetic application, while the control group received a placebo laser following topical anesthesia. The pain intensity experienced by children during needle insertion into the buccal and palatal mucosa was determined using a visual analog scale (VAS) and modified behavioral pain scale (MBPS).

According to the results of the VAS and MBPS, no significant difference was detected in pain scores between the laser and control groups neither in the buccal nor in the palatal mucosa (P > 0.05).

Photobiomodulation therapy with an 810-nm laser with the current setting adjunct to topical anesthesia did not promote significant additional effects on the pain intensity.

This study compared the diagnostic efficacy of VistaCam iX infrared camera, visual inspection, and bitewing‑radiographs for the detection of primary occlusal caries of permanent teeth.

In this in vitro experimental study, 80 extracted human premolars were evaluated. The occlusal surfaces of these teeth were demineralized by immersion in a demineralizing agent. Then, the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS II), bitewing‑radiography, and Proxi head of VistaCam iX were used to inspect them. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for each diagnostic modality. Data were analyzed using SPSS. Twenty‑five at P < 0.05 level of significance with one‑way analysis of variance and Games–Howell test.

Bitewing‑radiography had significantly lower sensitivity than ICDAS II and VistaCam (P < 0.05). ICDAS II was comparable to VistaCam, with no significant difference in sensitivity (P > 0.05). ICDAS II had a significantly higher PPV than bitewing‑radiography and VistaCam (P < 0.05). The sensitivity of bitewing radiography was significantly lower than that of ICDAS II and VistaCam (P < 0.05). ICDAS II was comparable to that of VistaCam with no significant differences in sensitivity (P > 0.05). ICDAS II had a considerably higher PPV than bitewing‑radiography and VistaCam (P < 0.05). The NPV of ICDAS II visual inspection was significantly higher than that of bitewing‑radiography and VistaCam (P < 0.05). The ICDASS II and VistaCam had a repeatability coefficient of 47.4%. For bitewing‑radiography and VistaCam, this value was 44.2% and 83.4% for ICDAS II and bitewing‑radiography.

Visual inspection seems to be superior to bitewing‑radiography and VistaCam in detecting primary occlusal caries of permanent teeth.

Statement of the Problem:

 The success of root canal therapy depends on root canal irrigation, disinfection, and sealing of root canal. Wettability and roughness of root dentine surface are important factors in root canal disinfection and sealing.

This study aimed to assess the effect of chloroform application on roughness and wettability of the root canal walls in endodontic retreatment.

This in vitro experimental study evaluated 70 sound extracted human anterior teeth. The specimens were then randomly assigned to 7 groups as follows: Chloroform (group 1), 1g gutta percha+chloroform (group 2), 2g gutta percha+ chloroform (group 3), 1g gutta percha+ 1g sealer+ chloroform (group 4), 2g gutta perch+ 2g sealer+chloroform (group 5), 1g sealer + chloroform (group 6) and 2g sealer + chloroform (group 7). One drop of distilled water was placed on each tooth to measure the contact angle and wettability. Photographs were obtained of an area measuring 50×50 µm2 in three directions under an atomic force microscope to measure the roughness. The tooth blocks were exposed to the abovementioned mixtures for 10 min, and then rinsed with saline. The roughness and wettability of each sample were measured before and after treatment. Data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test.

The roughness of all groups significantly decreased following treatment, except for groups 1 and 4. The contact angle increased in all groups after treatment (except for the chloroform group), which indicated decreased wettability. The roughness and the contact angle have shown no correlation.

Application of chloroform for removal of gutta-percha and sealer in endodontic retreatment decreases the roughness and wettability of dentine.

Statement of the Problem:

 The risk of debonding of the orthodontic eyelets due to blood contamination from the impacted tooth is a clinical problem that orthodontists face routinely.

This study aimed to assess the effect of hemostatic agents (Viscostat clear and Astringedent X) on shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic eyelets bonded with conventional (Transbond XT) and universal adhesive (GC-G Premio bond) adhesives.

In this experimental study, 84 freshly extracted bovine lower incisors were randomly divided into 7 groups namely TBXT, Blood, SEP, VISCO + TBXT, VISCO + SEP, ASTX + TBXT, and ASTX + SEP groups. In the TBXT group, teeth were etched with phosphoric acid gel, and then, the Transbond XT primer was applied and eyelets were bonded with Transbond XT. In the blood group, first, contamination with blood was done followed by the same procedure as TBXT. In other groups, the teeth were etched with phosphoric acid and based on their group allocation, Transbond XT primer (in TBXT groups), GC-G Premio Bond (in SEP groups), ViscoStat Clear gel (in VISCO groups), or Astringedent X (in ASTX groups) were applied. The SBS was measured for each group and the adhesive remnant index (ARI) was determined.

The mean SBS was 20.79 MPa in VISCO+SEP group, 19.2 MPa in the TBXT group, 16.06 MPa in the SEP group, 15.43 MPa in VISCO+TBXT group, 9.39 MPa in AST-X+TBXT group, and 1.62 MPa in the blood group. The SBS of ASTX+SEP, blood and TBXT+ASTX groups had significant differences from the SBS of the control group (p< 0.05). The ARI score of 0 had the highest frequency in the blood group.

Due to the high coagulative effect of Astringedent X and acceptable SBS of Astringedent X in combination with GC-G Premio bond, this combination can be recommended for exposure of impacted teeth that are at high risk of blood contamination.

Empathy reduces the inherent anxiety of dental care procedures and can increase the patient's satisfaction with the services provided. On the other hand, The absence of positive empathic attitude in dental practitioners is one of the most important issues in dental care services The aim of this study was to determine the attitude of undergraduate dental students and interns toward empathy and association factors in Islamic Azad University of Tehran - dental branch in 2020.

In this cross-sectional study, 274 people of dental undergraduate students and interns of Islamic Azad University of Tehran - dental branch were chosen. For data collection, demographic and the Persian translation of Jefferson empathy questionnaire were used. SPSS version 16, one-way ANOVA and correlation coefficients were used for data analyses.

255 approved questionnaires were returned. Among the factors studied, three factors (age, gender, previous clinical activity) had statistically significant impact on empathy. Age was inversely related to empathy score (P = 0.02) and empathy score was higher in women than men and this difference was statistically significant (P = 0.034). Students with more previous clinical activities scored higher empathy numbers (P=0/004). Other factor's impact on empathy were not statistically significant (P>0/05).

This study found that The average score obtained by students and professional assistants seems to indicate that they have acceptable levels of ethical commitment. Emphasis is placed on ethical policies to increase empathy.

Statement of the Problem: 

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) constitutes more than 90% of oral malignancies. The main risk factors of OSCC include cigarette smoking and alcohol. However, since not all smokers or alcohol drinkers develop this disease, other factors have also been suggested including genetic characteristics of every person to be implicated in the probability of developing OSCC.

Our aim in this study is to investigate the possible relationship between fingerprint patterns and the probability of developing OSCC.

In a cross sectional study, we had 140 patients in 2 groups as OSCC and cancer free. Fingerprints were recorded by fingerprint scanner device. The fingerprint patterns were categorized into three major groups and four subgroups. Groups were tested by chi-square.

The relationship between the main fingerprint patterns and incidence of OSCC became significant (p= 0.037). The frequency of the main pattern of Arch was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (p< 0.05). Considering the main patterns of Loop and Whorl, no significant difference existed between the two groups. Furthermore, the frequency of subtype patterns of Double Whorl and Central Pocket Whorl was significantly higher in the control group than in the experimental group (p< 0.05).

Since dermatoglyphics is contingent upon genetic variations, fingerprint can be used for investigating the susceptibility of people in developing different diseases, though further studies are required in this regard. This method is in no way a substitute for gold standard methods for diagnosis.

Selecting the appropriate education evaluation method and the effects of this choice according to different fields of medical sciences, is one of the current priorities of medical education. Therefore, the aim of this study was to design a checklist for evaluating the practical skills of dental students and to get compared with the global ranking method.

A checklist was developed for the assessment of clinical skills of the practical pediatric course according to an action research method. 32 students were evaluated by the checklist method and 32 students were evaluated by the conventional global rating method (sampling was based on available sample).  Faculty staff and students’ satisfaction regarding the two methods were reported by a 6-scaled measure and statistically analyzed by Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test. The students' scores by the two methods were subjected to paired t test for comparison.

The students were more satisfied with the checklist method (P=0.003). The faculty staff considered a greater ability of the checklist method to differentiate between the students (P=0.03). However, in terms of ease of use and suitability, most faculty staff preferred the traditional method (P=0.02). In other cases, there were no significant differences in the views of students and faculty staff towards the two methods.

In the present study, both Checklist and global rating methods were valuable for evaluation, although due to the greater satisfaction of students and faculty staff with the developed checklist method, the possibility of identifying the weak points leading to decreased scores and better assessment of capabilities, this checklist can be used for evaluation instead.

According to the importance of primary stability on dental implant success and osseointegration, we intend to check and compare the stability and crestal bone loss rate between osteotomy technique and conventional implant insertion techniques.

In this study, 26 implants in anterior segment of maxilla in 13 patients were evaluated. The implants were TBR system (Toulouse, France) with 3.5 diameter and 10.5-12 mm length. The implant stability level was recorded immediately after surgery and 3 months later with Ostell mentor. The periapical radiography was taken immediately after surgery, 3 and 6 months to assess crestal bone resorption. Paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed Rank test used for data analysis.

There were no statistically differences between the two treatments techniques in terms of stability (P>0.05). The mean crestal resorption was higher for the osteotomy technique 3 months after implant insertion (P<0.001) but there were no significant differences after 6 months (P=0.678).

Within the limitations of the current study, it can be concluded that the osteotomy it can be considered as a treatment technique in insufficient bone width.

Small chipping or fracture of ceramic restorations may be repaired by composite resin instead of replacing the restoration. This method is faster and cheaper compared to restoration replacement. Several strategies have been suggested to obtain a high repair shear bond strength (SBS). This study aimed to assess the efficacy of some new ceramic surface treatments (laser and universal adhesive) to enhance the repair bond strength of composite resin to ceramic compared to the conventional method.

This in vitro study evaluated 80 IPS Empress Esthetic ceramic plates in eight groups (n = 10). The ceramic surface was polished with 320‑grit silicon carbide paper under running water, rinsed with water spray for 10 s and dried. The samples were then divided into two subgroups for mechanical surface preparation with hydrofluoric (HF) acid and Er:YAG laser (2 W, 200 m J, 10 Hz, 10 s). Each group was divided into two subgroups for use/no use of silane. The conventional or universal adhesive was then applied on the samples in each subgroup. Composite cylinders were bonded to the ceramic surface using plastic tubes. The samples were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 h and subjected to an SBS test. Data were analyzed using one‑way ANOVA (P < 0.05).

The interaction effect of variables on SBS was significant. Maximum SBS was noted in HF acid + silane + conventional adhesive group (mean: 12.0481 MPa). Minimum SBS was noted in the laser + conventional adhesive group (mean: 2.5766 MPa). Surface treatment with HF acid yielded significantly higher SBS than laser (P < 0.001). The interaction effect of conventional/universal adhesive and use/no use of silane on SBS was statistically significant.

The repair SBS was higher in groups treated with HF acid compared to laser. Ceramic surface treatment with HF plus silane plus conventional adhesive yielded a higher SBS as well as HF plus Universal adhesive. Thus, the application of silane as a separate step can be omitted in the repair of ceramic restorations with universal adhesives.

One of the main reasons for the failure of root canal treatment is the incomplete knowledge of the root canal system.With respect to the complexity of maxillary molars root canal system, and the possibility of the relationship between the buccolingual width of the mesiobuccal root and root canal morphology in maxillary molars, the aim of this study is to determine this relationship with cone‑beam computed tomography (CBCT).

This in vitro study carried out on 311 CBCT scans. Maxillary first molars (n = 311) were evaluated in three sagittal, axial, and coronal planes. For each tooth the number of canals, presence of second mesiobuccal (MB2), buccolingual width of mesiobuccal root at the cementoenamel junction (CEJ), and mid‑root level, and type of canals according to the Vertucci’s classification were determined.

The results showed that 49.1% of first maxillary molars had 3 and 50.8% had four root canals.The most common canal type in the mesiobuccal root wasVertucci’sType I followed byTypes II, IV, andV.The prevalence of MB2 in the Iranian subpopulation was 50.1%. In maxillary first molars with MB2, the buccolingual width of mesiobuccal root at the CEJ and mid‑root level (P < 0.001) was significantly greater than the corresponding values in other one without MB2.

The results showed that the buccolingual width of mesiobuccal root in maxillary first molars at the CEJ level and mid‑root was correlated with the number of root canals.

Perforation impairs the prognosis of endodontic treatments, so, timely and accurate diagnosis is important. For this purpose, various radiographic diagnostic tools have been studied to select the method that has the least complications and helps in making the most accurate diagnosis. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) and intra oral digital radiography phosphor storage plates (PSP) in detection of strip perforation in endodontically treated teeth.

In this experimental study, 124 extracted mandibular molar teeth were selected. Standard access cavities were prepared, then cleaning and shaping in mesiolingual canal were performed by Protaper Gold rotary instruments to size F2. Next, the teeth were randomly divided into four groups (n=31 per group). Control group was left with no perforation while distal wall of mesiolingual canal in other three groups were perforated using Gates Glidden #2 and 3 in 1-3 mm below the furcation region in three ranges; 0-0.5, 0.5-1, and 1-1.5 mm. Electronic Digital Caliper was used to confirm the accuracy of the size of perforations. Obturation was performed in mesiolingual canals employing sealer and gutta-percha by lateral condensation technique. The teeth were then randomly placed in bovin ribs. PSP and CBCT images of all samples were examined by two oral radiologists and data were analyzed in SPSS.

The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of PSP were 90.8%, 88.7%, and 90% and those of CBCT were 95.7%, 72.6%, and 90%, respectively. Sensitivity of CBCT was found to be significantly higher than that of PSP (P<0.01), while specificity of PSP was significantly higher than that of CBCT (P<0.01).

CBCT is the most reliable technique when it is not possible to detect strip perforation in filled root canals by conventional periapical digital imaging systems.

Dental educational curricula are under constant modification and improvement. However, designing a comprehensive, efficient, and flexible curriculum is still challenging for the authorities. An efficient curriculum should obviate the educational needs of students and promote their knowledge and expertise for future practice. Time planning of clinical rotations is highly important for optimization of the learning process. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of two different timing models of clinical rotations, namely four versus two rotations in each semester.

A total of 74 dental students and 54 faculty members of Tehran University of Medical Science that experienced both rotation models for two consecutive years (2018 and 2019) participated in this study. A questionnaire was designed to assess different aspects of the two timing-models.

A one-sample t-test indicated that students' and faculty members' mean perception were significantly better regarding the two-rotation program.

This study indicated that changing the time planning of educational rotations can affect different aspects of education.

For decades, the white coat has been the uniform of medical professionals. Recently, medical professionals show interest to use alternatives. We aimed to evaluate the perspectives and preferences of children and their parents regarding dentists’ attire and gender.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 4-to 6-year-olds and their parents referred to dental clinics of Tehran School of Dentistry in 2018. Parents completed a questionnaire on demographics and dental fear, and both parents and children were asked about their preferences regarding the gender of dentist and the color of the dentist’s attire. Statistical analysis was performed by the logistic regression model.

Totally, 148 children (mean age of 5.42±0.71 years, 48% girls) and their parents participated in the study. Most of the participants (81.2% of the children and 68.0% of the parents) preferred colored coats compared with white coat. More than half of the parents preferred a female dentist for their children (56.5%) while most children preferred a male dentist (54.8%). Boys preferred a male dentist as well (P=0.01). The children were reluctant to go for a dental visit and preferred to be visited by a dentist of the same gender as themselves (P=0.041).

Wearing colored coats by dentists and giving a chance to choose the gender of dentist in polyclinics may increase the children’s cooperation in pediatric settings.

Intraoral manipulation is performed during endotracheal intubation for general anesthesia, which can traumatize the soft and hard tissue in the oral cavity and cause postoperative pain and discomfort. Dental trauma is the most common complication of intubation. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of dental complications due to intubation in patients hospitalized in Imam Khomeini Hospital during 2018-2019.

A total of 805 patients presenting to the Cancer Institute of Imam Khomeini Hospital for preoperative anesthesia consultation were randomly enrolled. A dentist interviewed the patients and performed a comprehensive clinical oral examination, preoperatively. The patients underwent clinical oral examination by another dentist, postoperatively.

No significant correlation was found between dental trauma (tooth fracture, tooth mobility or soft tissue injury) after intubation with age or gender of patients. According to the Wilcoxon test  and McNemar-Bowker Test, the rate of mobility before the intubation was significantly different from that after the intubation (P=0.000). Maxillary central incisors, maxillary left canine and mandibular right and left central incisors had the highest rate of fracture.

Mobile teeth before the intubation are at higher risk of avulsion and aspiration during the procedure. Patients with primary temporomandibular joint disorders are more susceptible to post-intubation trismus.

Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) commonly occur in sport clubs. The knowledge and performance of fitness trainers play an important role in management of such injuries. This study sought to assess the effect of an educational pamphlet on knowledge level and performance of fitness trainers about TDIs in Tehran in 2018.

In this interventional study, a pamphlet was designed to enhance the knowledge level of fitness trainers. Ninety-five fitness trainers were randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control (n=49 in the control group and n=46 in the interventional group), and were requested to fill out a valid and reliable researcher-designed questionnaire about TDIs before and 1 month after pamphlet distribution. The questionnaire consisted of three domains of demographic information, knowledge questions, and performance questions. The results were analyzed using SPSS 25 via the Chi-square test and repeated measures ANOVA considering the intervention as the between-subject factor.

The knowledge score of fitness trainers about TDIs was not adequately high in the intervention or the control group before the intervention. After the intervention, the performance of participants improved in both groups. This increase was significantly greater in the intervention group (P=0.035). There was no significant difference between the two groups in the knowledge domain (P=0.185).

Educational pamphlets can effectively enhance the knowledge level of fitness trainers about TDIs. However, the magnitude of this effect was not significant in our study. Future studies are recommended to compare the efficacy of educational pamphlets with other educational tools.

Dental implants are a prominent scientific breakthrough and are frequently applied for replacement of the missing teeth. From the clinicians’ point of view, long-term studies are essential to find out the predictability of dental implant systems.

In this retrospective study, 1,626 patients who received 4,389 Dyna implants in a private office between 2013-2019 were evaluated. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 25 for Windows. P values less than 0.1 were considered significant for regression analysis.

Dyna implant
ts (4389) placed from 2013 to 2019 were evaluated in this study. One-hundred and thirty-three (3.03%) implants failed during the healing period or recall visits. Eighty-nine implants (2.03%) failed immediately and 44 (1%) failed after 3 months.

The present study showed that the Dyna dental implant system had high implant survival, and it had all the survival criteria similar to world-class dental implant systems.

This study aimed to determine the self-declarative performance of general dentists in prescription of analgesics and antibiotics for patients requiring root canal treatment (RCT).

In this cross-sectional study, 400 general dentists participating in the 55th International Annual Scientific Congress of the Iranian Dental Association (2015) were randomly selected, and requested to complete a questionnaire about their performance regarding prescribing analgesics and antibiotics for patients requiring RCT. The frequency and percentage of answers to each question were calculated and reported.

The most commonly prescribed analgesics included ibuprofen (100.0%), Gelofen (100.0%), Novafen (68.5%) and acetaminophen (24.8%). After RCT, dentists prescribed ibuprofen (100.0%), Gelofen (98.3%), dexamethasone (35.3%), Novafen (27.3%) and acetaminophen/codeine (15.8%) in decreasing order of frequency. Antibiotic prescription was minimum (48.5%) for cases with painful (moderate or severe) irreversible pulpitis (vital tooth) before the treatment and maximum for cases of pulp necrosis with acute apical periodontitis, edema, and preoperative symptoms (moderate or severe) (97.3%). For non-allergic patients, the most frequently prescribed antibiotics were amoxicillin 500 mg (93.3%), cefixime 400 mg (81.3%), amoxicillin/metronidazole 250 mg (71.8%), co-amoxiclav 265 mg (36.3%) and injectable penicillin (0.5%). For allergic patients, dentists prescribed clindamycin 300 mg (84.0%), cephalexin 500 mg (15.8%), azithromycin 500 mg (13.5%), and erythromycin 500 mg (10.8%). Sex and graduation date had no significant effect on the results (P>0.05).

Antibiotic prescription is excessive by general dentists, and their performance regarding the proper and logical prescription of antibiotics in RCT should be improved.

Medication related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a chronic condition of the oral cavity resulting in mucosal ulceration and exposure of underlying necrotic bone, and the ensuing secondary complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and osteonecrosis of the jaw related to bisphosphonates.

This was a case-control study. The samples were 20 patients taking bisphosphonates, that 10 of them were with MRONJ and 10 were non-MRONJ. Clinical examination of patients was performed to diagnose jaw osteonecrosis. Demographic data of the patients were recorded including age, sex, type of drug, duration and cause of drug intake, and measurement of serum vitamin D levels. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.

In the patients without MRONJ, the mean age was 60.60 (±14.975) years, and in the patients with MRONJ, the mean age was 68.30 (69.92) years. As a whole, of the 16 female patients in this study, 10 cases (62.5%) were non- MRONJ and 6 cases (37.5%) were suffered by MRONJ. All of the male patients presented with MRONJ. In control group mean of vitamin D was 63.990 ng/ ml (±29.796) and in case group mean of vitamin D was 29.510 ng/ml (±23.723). The serum level of vitamin D (25-OHD) was significantly higher in control group than in the case group (p=0.010).

According to our result, there were statistically significant relationship between age, sex, type of drug, vitamin D level, and MRONJ (p>0.05).

Fractures of the facial bones and jawbones could cause functional problems along with social and cosmetic problems. Various factors (including road accidents, assault, falling from height, sport injuries, and getting hit by a hard object) could cause these fractures. Collecting and reporting accurate epidemiologic data regarding the facial fractures are major steps toward planning preventive measures. The aim of this study was to collect the epidemiologic data regarding maxillofacial fractures in two referral centers (Shariati and Sina hospitals) in the city of Tehran.

The study was a cross-sectional retrospective investigation. All the necessary data were collected from the patients’ files and analyzed using SPSS 25.

The present study pursued data of 454 trauma admitted patients in oral and maxillofacial surgery wards of Shariati and Sina hospitals in 1397 and 1398. These data showed that a number of 374 patients of all patients were men and the other 80 were women. The ratio of male patients to female patients was 4.5:1. In 290 of cases (64%), the fractures occurred as combined fractures and in 164 cases (36%), the fractures occurred as single fracture. These fractures happened mostly in the mandibular bone and in mandibular body, and the least of these fractures happened in Orbit. This study showed that there was a significant relation (with 95% confidence level) between the mandibular body fractures and mandibular angle fractures. This study also showed that there was another significant relation (with 95% confidence level) between the mandibular angle fractures and LeFort 2 fractures. In addition, this study also showed (by using k2 exam) a relation between the etiology of trauma and the number of fractures.

This present study showed that the maxillofacial fractures happened mostly in men much more than women. If we put motorcycle accidents and car accidents in a group together called road accidents, the most common etiology of maxillofacial fractures is road accidents. The results showed that the most fractures happened in the age range of 15-25 year old.

Statement of the Problem:

 Adequate compressive strength is an important characteristic for an ideal liner.

This study aimed to assess the compressive strength of several commonly used liners.

This in vitro, experimental study evaluated 120 samples fabricated of Dycal, Calcimol LC, Vitrebond, Activa Bioactive, and TheraCal LC (n=24) liners according to the manufacturers’ instructions. The samples were fabricated using a cylindrical stainless steel mold with 6±0.1 mm height and 4±0.1 mm internal diameter. Half of the samples in each group (n=12) underwent compressive strength test immediately after completion of their primary setting while the other half (n=12) underwent compressive strength test after 24 h. During this period, the samples were immersed in deionized water (grade 3) and incubated at 37±1°C and 100% humidity for 24 h. The compressive strength was measured using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test.

The compressive strength of the five liners was significantly different (p < 0.05). Calcimol LC showed maximum compressive strength both immediately after setting and after 24 h. The compressive strength at 24 h was significantly higher than the primary compressive strength in all groups (p < 0.05).

Within the limitations of this study, it seems that Calcimol LC, Activa Bioactive Liner, and TheraCal LC have adequate compressive strength and can be used alone to provide adequate support for the restorative materials.