mohammadmahdi hosseinzadeh

Floods are among the greatest threats to social security and the sustainable development of society. They can cause widespread devastation, resulting in loss of life and significant damage to personal property and critical public infrastructure. The purpose of this research is to zone and estimate the flood risk of the Dinevar River using the Australian Standard Method.Flood simulation was conducted using the HEC-RAS (version 6.1) one-dimensional hydrodynamic model. Geometric data were processed in GIS using the HEC-GeoRAS extension. The peak discharge for different return periods was calculated using HyfranPlus software and the Gamma distribution. After modeling and extracting flow parameters (velocity and depth), flood risk zoning was performed based on the Australian Standard Method, which uses the product of two parameters: depth and flow velocity (D*V).According to the river's morphology, it was divided into three sections. The results of the model indicate that in the first section, the flood zone did not expand significantly. However, in the second and third sections, the flood covered extensive rural areas and agricultural lands during the return periods of 25, 50, and 100 years. The majority of the region falls within the H3 and H4 risk zones, highlighting the urgent need to prioritize flood management and risk reduction strategies in future planning efforts.

Alterations in river systems are inevitable and affect theenvironment. Rivers have played a very important role in creating and maintaining life on theearth since a long time ago. In other words, rivers are vital for sustaining life and ecosystems,providing essential freshwater for irrigation, drinking, and industry. However, humaninterventions including changes in land use patterns, construction near rivers, exploitation ofwater resources, and flood and storm management have significantly impacted on these crucialenvironmental systems. They can actually alter the spatial distribution and velocity ofgeomorphological processes such as sediment transport, erosion, and deposition, consequentlyleading to significant changes in river morphology. Therefore, assessing their morphologicalquality is important for their management and restoration. In this study, morphologicalassessment from the upstream to the midstream of the Talar River as a pilot has been conductedusing the Morphological Quality Index (MQI) to evaluate the morphological status.

First, Talar River was divided into two landscape units, three segmentsand 23 reaches based on the hierarchical approach and according to the physiographiccondition. Then, geomorphological functionality, artificial structure and Indicators of channeladjustment have been assessed by MQI which includes 28 parameters.

The results obtained from 28 MQI parameters in 23 reaches showedthat about 15% of the reaches have a "good" condition; almost 35% have a "moderate"condition, and more than 50% have "poor" and "very poor" conditions. Based on the assessmentalong the Talar river, the areas that are in the urban area due to the large amount of agriculture,urban development and road crossing have poor and very poor morphological quality class, andthe areas that are in the forest area are natural and have good morphological quality. Also, theresults of the assessment indicate that the average quality class of the investigated reaches is in"moderate" conditions.

The results show that most reaches of Talar River requires urgent measures for itsrestoration. In addition, although the MQI method can be appropriate and effective tool indiagnosing hydromorphological challenges. However, it is not still enough for an integratedmanagement and restoration, and it should be integrated with other indices regarding humanpressures i.e. water quality, hydrological and biological pressures.

The newly emerging and rapidly evolving technology of Unmanned Aerial Systems (UASs), covering a wide range of devices and enabling photogrammetric applications from user-driven platform, presents new possibilities for research in geomorphology by obtaining spatially accurate geographic data. The low-level altitude of flight allows researchers to obtain imagery at high levels of detail, which is necessary for a detailed analysis of even fine fluvial forms of the dynamic river channels or landslides. After the early 2010s, the use of UAVs equipped with an RGB camera has become widely applied in geomorphology. It has expanded the capability of low-altitude aerial photo shootings and subsequent SfM photogrammetry. The basic principle of SfM photogrammetry is the same as the conventional photogrammetry, but SfM enables automatic alignment of many (hundreds to thousands) images thanks to automated detection of numerous tie-points, and then produces dense point cloud and rasterized DEMs, as well as orthorectified mosaic images. One of the advantages of SfM photogrammetry is its flexibility across camera platforms. conventional aerial images, and ground-based images are commonly used platforms to 3D models by SfM.

The Vaz watershed is located in the northern slope of the Alborz Mountain range and in the south of Chamestan city, which in terms of political divisions, this basin is located in Noor city of Mazandaran province. First, using the library method, international and domaestic scientific literature was studied in order to examine the background and different methods of using UAVs in river studies and to prepare a study framework. After imaging, it was processed in Metashape software (Metashape 1.5.5) and orthophoto image and digital elevation model (DEM) were extracted in centimeters in order to prepare cross-sections and check the morphometric and hydrological characteristics of the river.

The lateral changes of the Vaz River were studied across 2 different sections of the river. The first level of analysis included building an elevation model based on imagery provided by UAVs and processed in Metashape software, with a pixel resolution size of 4.6 centimeters. Through measuring cross sections of the channel at different flows at the edges and bankfull discharge of the channel, data was acquired. This data included active depth and width of the channel, cross sectional areas, average depth, hydraulic radius and width to depth ratio. These data could be combined with hydraulic data to calculate flow velocity, discharge, stream power, shear stress and other parameters which enable the quantification of river processes. In the statistical comparison of 2 reach at channel edge discharge, some parameters such as cross-sectional area, hydraulic radius, flow velocity, maximum and average channel depth, width-to-depth ratio, channel width susceptible to flooding, channel depth ratio, discharge and Froude number, decrease at the downstream section comparing to the upstream section. However, shear stress and specific stream power of the river increase in the downstream. At the bankfull discharge of the channel, all parameters except specific stream power of the river decrease comparing to the 1st section. The specific stream power increases at the 2nd section. Afterwards the research investigated the change in cross sections across the 2 sections. At the upstream, sand mining, road construction across the channel and construction of a secondary channel had changed the composition and material of the right banks of the river. At the downstream, dam construction, had changed the flow and sedimentation regime of the river.

The data acquired from UAVs enables extraction of relevant morphometric and hydrological data regarding the channel and its transverse sections, due to geometric precision and high resolution. The high precision of this data provides an appropriate alternative for field works such as mapping and surveying with different cameras. Orthophoto images prepared using UAVs have enabled the more accurate identification of geomorphic features and landforms. According to data acquired from the 2 different sections of River Vaz, it was demonstrated that upstream and downstream sections are not similar and variation in morphometric characteristics causes difference in hydraulic characteristics such as flow velocity, shear stress and specific stream power. These varieties have led to different geomorphic forms at the studied sections.

River ecosystems face numerous human pressures that can lead to certain impacts on the environment. However, there is limited information available regarding the prevalence, spatial patterns, mutual impacts, and simultaneous occurrences of these pressures. In this study, we aimed to identify and assess various types of human pressures at different scales within the Talar River catchment. In this regard, a total of 43 sites within the Talar River catchment were selected for investigation. We employed a comprehensive approach by selecting 30 key indicators that represent major human pressures on river ecosystems. These indicators were combined to create a pressure index. The findings revealed that 93% of the studied sites experienced land use pressure, indicating significant human modification in those areas. Additionally, 69% of the sites were subjected to connectivity pressure, 88% to morphological pressure, 86% to water quality pressure, and 41% finally exhibited hydrological pressure. Importantly, our analysis also revealed complex interactions between multiple human pressures. Approximately 8.4% of the sites were affected by two distinct human pressures, while 2.3% experienced three overlapping pressures. Moreover, an overwhelming majority (92%) of the sites were impacted by combinations of more than three human pressures, emphasizing the cumulative impacts of all pressures. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive and systematic consideration of multiple factors when undertaking integrated river basin management and restoration efforts. In other words, effective management and restoration strategies should account for the different scales within the catchment and address the specific combinations of human pressures present.

Considering the importance of the subject, in this research, the factors affecting the hydrological changes of the Taleghan River have been investigated. Descriptive-analytical methods have been used in this research. The most important data of the research included Landsat 5 and 8 satellite images, the SRTM 30-meter height digital model, Taleghan synoptic station climate information, and regional discharge information. Also, the most important tools used in the research were ArcGIS, ENVI, and SPSS. According to the subject of the study, this research has been done in several stages. In the first stage, the evaluation of land use changes, in the second stage, the evaluation of changes in climatic elements, and in the third stage, using IHA indicators, has been paid to evaluate the hydrological changes of the Taleghan River. The results of this research have shown that during the years 2000-2017, the average temperature of the region has increased and the area covered by snow has decreased. Also, under the influence of population growth, the use of artificial areas has increased and the use of gardens and pastures has decreased. Also, the total results of this research have shown that the discharge of the Taleghan River under the influence of natural and human changes, in terms of all IHA indicators, has had a significant decreasing trend. Also, among the stations in the region, the Glink station, which is located downstream of other stations, has faced more changes, which can be considered as the result of human activities and climate changes.

A flood is a natural disaster caused by heavy rainfall, which causes casualties and damage to infrastructure and crops. Trend of floods in the world increasing due to climate change, changing rainfall patterns, rising sea levels in the future, and in addition, population growth and urban development and human settlements near river have caused floods to become a threat to humans. One of the most important and necessary tasks in catchments is to prepare flood risk maps and analyze them. In recent decades, researchers have been using remote sensing techniques and geographic information systems to obtain flood risk maps in an area. Due to the numerous floods that have occurred in the Neka river catchment, it is necessary to conduct a study entitled zoning of flood sensitivity in Neka river catchment for more effective management in this area.

Study area: Neka river catchment area with an area of ​​1922 Km2 is part of Mazandaran province in terms of political divisions. This basin is between 53º 17´ 54 º44´ east and 36 º 28 ´to 36 º 42´ of north latitude. The highest point of the basin is 3500 m (Shahkuh peak) and the height of the lowest point of the basin in the Ablo station is about 50 m and at the connection to the Caspian Sea is -27 meters. The seven sub-basins of this basin are Laksha, Golord, Burma, Metkazin, Kiasar, Alarez and Sorkh Griyeh. Geologically, the basin is mostly of calcareous and marl formations. In the south and southwest of Neka River, the rock material is mostly clay and calcareous marl, which makes this basin has a high erosion potential To study the flood zoning of the area using a multi-criteria decision model, 1: 25000 maps of the surveying organization and a digital elevation model with a resolution of 12.5 meters (Alos Palsar) were extracted. In order to study the flood risk in Neka river, 4 criteria of height, distance from the river, land use and slope have been used. In the present study, modeling and preparation of flood risk zoning map in 4 stage including descending valuation, normalization of each class, normalized index weight and integration of criteria has been done by the following linear weighting method. Performing linear weighting operations depends on the weighted average of a number of selected parameters in the opinion of the expert. According to the weight assigned to each criterion based on the expert opinion, each of the criteria was multiplied by the assigned weight and at the end the criteria were added together and the final zoning map was obtained.

In this study, using a multi-criteria decision-making system model, a flood risk zoning map in the Neka river catchment was prepared. According to the weight assigned to each criterion based on expert opinion, the final risk probability map has a value between 0.02 to 0.2, which is ultimately divided into 5 classes in terms of flood risk. Value range 0.02 to 0.06 component of very low risk zone, range 0.08 to 0.11 component of low-risk zone, range 0.11 to 0.13 component of medium-risk zone, range 0.13 to 0.16 component of high-risk zone, and finally domain 0.16 to 0.20 components of the area with very high risk potential have been obtained. According to the final divisions in the flood risk zoning map of the catchment area, a safe area means areas where the probability of flooding is very low and close to zero, and in contrast, the area with a high and very high risk potential for flooding has the probability of high-risk floods. According to the final flood risk zoning map, about 982 Km2 (51%) has high and very high vulnerability, as well as about 510 Km2 (26.69%) has medium vulnerability in Neka catchment area.

The results obtained from the model indicates that the highest risk of flooding points are located in the western parts of the Neka catchment area and the end of the catchment area that reach the city of Neka. According to the research findings, the most important factors in increasing the risk of floods were the slope in this area and the distance from the drainage network. According to the results of the model, a large area of ​​the basin is a component of high risk zone, that means the Neka river watershed has a high potential for floods. Evidence and documented reports show that the Neka river Basin has experienced several floods in the last two decades. The major part of the occurrence of floods is due to the natural conditions of the basin, thus it is necessary to reduce flood damage by changing the locations of various land uses based on flood vulnerability maps. Using multi-criteria decision making method can be used to prepare flood risk zoning maps in basins that do not have hydrometric data; It is also a more cost-effective method in terms of time. One of the important issues in the final result of this model is due to the weight of the layers, which should be used by experts, who are familiar with the region and this method and adapt to field evidence.

Bank erosion is one of the geomorphic processes caused by natural and human factors. This phenomenon, as one of the types of water erosion, can create several geomorphic effects in the river. The increase in river erosion also causes the instability of the river and as a result changes the type of flow, changes the pattern of the river and changes the course of the river. So far, several methods of rapid geomorphic assessment have been used to investigate river bank erosion, and one of the most common and widely used in these assessments is the Channel Instability Index (CSI). The aim of our study was to know the applicability of the channel stability index to identify erosion-sensitive and unstable banks in the Qaleh Rudkhan Fooman river in Gilan.

Qaleh Rudkhan river is located in the west of Gilan province in Fooman city. This river originates from the northeast heights of Sote village and flows into the Caspian Sea after traveling 40 kilometers from the Qaleh Rudkhan area. The area of the basin is 347.76 Km2. With the aim of studying the bank erosion and stability of the river bank of Qaleh Rudkhan, a part of the river path with a length of approximately 5 km was selected in near the city of Fooman. In this area, 8 reaches were determined based on river conditions (pattern and morphometric differences) and its sensitivity to bank erosion. Then, mapping of cross_sections, Channel morphometry, grain measurement of the bank sediments, state of compaction and stickiness of sediments, and examination of the vegetation characteristics of the bank and flood plain were carried out for each reaches. In eight reaches, using the channel stability index, the streambank erosion situation was investigated. In this model , the primary bed material ,bed/bank protection, degree of incision, degree of constriction, streambank erosion, streambank instability (percentage of mass movements), established riparian woody- vegetative cover, occurrence of bank accretion and stage of channel evolution model are scored.

Based on the findings of the channel stability index (CSI) on the left and right banks of Qaleh Rudkhan river, it showed that the index values ranged from 18.5 to 25.5. Based on these values, reaches one, two, three and four are in a very unstable state (high instability) in terms of channel stability, and reaches five, six, seven and eight are in a medium instability state. Based on the relative score method of bed sediments, bank protection and riparian vegetation are the most important factors affecting channel stability. Based on Pox-Whisker Plot diagram, the status of three variables of degree of incision, the available evidence of bank erosion, percentage of mass movements and occurrence of bank accretion are different in different reaches and as a result of these factors, the sensitivity of the river bank of Qaleh Rudkhan to instability is different.

The results of this research show that the three variables of the primary bed material, bank protection and established riparian woody- vegetative cover are the same in all reaches and are considered important factors affecting the stability and river channel stability. Based on the above findings streambank instability, occurrence of bank accretion, degree of incision and stage of channel evolution model are variable factors in each reaches, which cause differences and changes in the intensity of river bank erosion and river channel.

The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency lists sediment as the most common pollutant in rivers, streams, lakes, and reservoirs defined bank erosion as a natural geomorphic process or disturbance that occurs during or soon after floods. By producing sediment load, it causes pollution and reduces the quality of drinking water. In addition to that channel enlargement, bank instability, degradation of physical habitat and numerous other geomorphic responses accelerate the process of bank erosion Bank degradation is the result of a process that combines the erosive power of water and the effect of gravity. Bank erosion is one component of the natural disturbance regime of river systems and is integral to long-term geomorphic evolution of fluvial systems and ecological sustainability. Bank erosion is, therefore, a desirable attribute of rivers. In this study, Near bank stress (NBS) Rosgen shore for a part of Mereg Mahidasht river has been investigated. Mereg River Due to its location at high altitudes, high length and variable width, its meandering pattern and flood nature have been prominent features of this river. To suffer from general and localized erosion during floods and to reduce possible damages in the future by examining the erodible points

In order to conduct erosion studies, first a digital model of the altitude of the region, a 1: 1000 map of the region that covers the river and part of the flood plain has been used. The first stage was preparation of input data in ArcGIS using the HECGeoRAS extension. HEC-GeoRAS helps in creation of the data needed for the HEC-RAS model and the transfer of data between ArcGIS and HEC-RAS. The next stage was done within HEC-RAS (5.0.3) using the river geometry prepared in the previous stage. The final stage consists of analyzing the results from the HEC-RAS model within ArcMap. Three input parameters must be specified: stream geometry, flow data, and the model plan to create the flood and inundation maps of the Mereg river in HEC-RAS. In order to create the river geometry for HEC-RAS, elevation data were needed. High resolution digital elevation model was obtained from 1:1000 topographic map that was prepared by Navandish Water Processors Consulting Engineers Company Company. The HEC-GeoRAS extension was used to set up the necessary features that would be needed for the HEC-RAS model (i.e., stream centerline, bank lines, cross sections, etc.). In addition to elevations, Manning’s roughness coefficient values were applied to each cross sections using Cowan method. 44 sections of different river sections were selected and measurements were performed in HEC-RAS environment. And then , for bank stability from the Near bank stress (NBS) Rosgen NBS method is used. Two Rosgen methods have been used: (ii) Ratio of radius of curvature to bank-full width & (iii) Ratio of near-bank maximum depth to bank-full mean depth

According to the morphology and meandering pattern of the Mereg River, the total reach is 28 km and It is divided into four reach.
First reach: To study method of Near bank stress. In the first reach, 12 cross sections have been selected. In the first part, the river has a radius of curvature of 1.39. Bank Erosion of the Mereg River was low to severe in the first period.
Second reach: the average slope of the Merege River channel was 0.34%. The value of the radius of curvature is 1.64, which is considered as a meandering river. In this reach, 12 cross section have been selected to measure the degree of erodibility. Most arches were highly erodible.
Third reach: The slope of the canal in this part is 0.2%. The Mereg River has a radius of curvature of 1.7 and has a meandering pattern. And the rate of erosion of the shore in this section is estimated to medium or less.
Fourth reach: The number of cross section studied in the fourth reach is 5 and this reach of the river has a radius of curvature of 1.2 and has a straight pattern. The rate of bank erosion has been low and medium. 

Comparison of the two methods used to analyze the erosion of the Mereg River shows that the risk of erosion in all arches in the range of the river has been high erosion. And the reason is the intensification of hydraulic stress in these reaches. In the second and third reaches, the average bank erosion is calculated as medium to high. The reason for this is the reduction of the slope, which according to the longitudinal profile of the Mereg River, the average slope was 0.23%. In addition, there is a decrease in vegetation, an increase in the pattern of river winding and change of use and conversion of lands around the river to agricultural use in these periods.
Comparison of the results obtained from different methods of estimating the risk of erosion with field observations showed that Ratio of near-bank maximum depth to bank-full mean depth in the river Mereg Mahidasht was closer to reality and It is suitable for checking the degree of erodibility of the bank.

Changes in river pattern is one of the most important issues of river engineering that affects the activities and construction structures along rivers.Changes in the parameters of the meandering can be due to changes by humans, changes in the hydrological regime of the river, ecological changes or due to geomorphology of the region.Knowledge and understanding of the morphological changes of meandering patterns and the natural dynamics of river systems are very important for the purposes of planning, urban planning, dam construction, erosion and sedimentation, road construction and protection and reconstruction of river channels.By studying the amount of changes in river parameters, especially the length and width of the channel in a region, the future of the meandering patterns and rivers can be predicted.Channel form is a good initial guide to determine the morphology and channel form changes in alluvial rivers.In fact, the most obvious feature of a river is its planform or geometric form.A river plan is called a planform, which shows the characteristics of a channel and a floodplain in an alluvial river.The term river pattern describes the planimetric (two-dimensional) shape of rivers.In the new classifications, channel patterns are classified into straight, meandering, braided, and anastomosing.The purpose of this study is to investigate the trend of morphological changes in the Nekaroud River from the city of Neka to where the river joins the Caspian Sea for a period of 35 years between 1364 to 1399.

Neka river originates from Alborz mountains in the southern part of Gorgan city and passes through the southern part of Behshahr and flows into the Caspian Sea.The area of Neka Basin is 1902 km.The Neka River is 130 km long in the mountains and 39 km long in the coastal plains.In this study, the Neka River with a length of 39 km in the coastal plain from Neka to the Caspian Sea has been studied.At first, Nekaroud was divided into three parts: upper, middle and lower part and the changes were studied separately and together.With this method, the amount of displacement, change of dimensions and pattern of bends were determined.Using the method of historical changes, the river route map related to different periods based on aerial photographs of 1985 (National Geographical Organization of Iran) and satellite images (from Google Earth) of 2006 and 1399 has been digitized in GIS software.In order to study the changes of the river in three time periods, from three indicators including morphometry which includes (channel length, arc radius, central angle, wave amplitude, wavelength), morphology which includes (different models of lateral migration including retraction, new meander,migration, confined migration, cutoff, growth, meandering change, double heading) and morphodynamics (transect method) have been used.Finally, the changes of the left and right sides of the channel in the studied statistical period were statistically tested in SPSS software.

The results of the study of satellite images and aerial photographs show that the values of the curvature coefficient, the central angle, the angles of the arcs along the river have decreased from the upstream to the downstream.Based on these morphometric characteristics, the river is classified into three parts including the developed meandering pattern, the undeveloped meandering pattern and the almost meandering pattern in the third reach.Although the morphometric values of the channel show that the Neka River has changed,however, the statistical test in the section with a developed meandering pattern showed that no significant changes were observed in the right bank during two different periods.There were no significant changes in the left bank of the river during 2006 and 2016.The study of Yemani and Hosseinzadeh (2013) on the Talar River and Yemani et al. (2014) on the Babol River had similar results. In these studies, similar to the Nekarud River, at the beginning of the river's entry into the coastal plain, i.e., the alluvial fan  section (the first part of the Nekarud), there is more instability and changes are still taking place during large floods; However, in the second and third periods, due to human intervention and protection, the channel deepened and finally, the main river was divided into several branches in order to transfer water to the rice agricultural lands, which caused the degree of instability and changes in the channel pattern in the four The last decade is at a minimum.

According to the studies, it was found that the Nekarood River has had limited changes in terms of morphology, morphometry and morphodynamics during 35 years.Changes in the bed of the Nekaroud River during 2006 to 1399 have been decreasing. The reasons for these conditions are the existence of large-scale cultivation around the river and the protection of the river bank, the creation of storage dams and water diversion in the middle part of the coastal plain and the construction of dams on this river (Golord Dam and other dams).With the construction of these dams, many changes were made in hydrological parameters such as flow velocity and discharge. Also, the amount of erosion and the amount and method of sedimentation have changed.

River canal changes are natural river processes and part of the systematic functioning of rivers that cause the destruction of agricultural land around the river and damage to human facilities and roads. The purpose of this study is to investigate riverbank erosion using Oklahoma Ozark streambank erosion potential index (OSEP). Qaleh Rudkhan watershed is located in the west of Gilan province in Fooman city. This river originates from the northern slopes of the Talesh Mountains and after leaving the mountains in the Fooman region, enters the Gilan Plain and finally flows into the Caspian Sea. In order to investigate the erosion of the river bank, a part of the river with an approximate length of 5 km near Fooman was identified and in 8 reaches, the parameters in the Oklahoma Ozark streambank erosion potential index (OSEP) were examined. In this method, eight factors of bank height, bank angle, percentage of bank height with a bank angle greater than 80 degrees, evidence of recent mass wasting, unconsolidated material, streambank protection, riparian woody-vegetation cover and stream curvature are scored. According to the results of relative score, streambank Protection and Riparian Woody-Vegetation Cover have been the most effective factors in the instability of the left and right shores in Qaleh Rudkhan river. In general, it can be said that instability has prevailed in the banks of Qaleh Rudkhan river, which is due to human intrusion and occupation in this part of the river.

The annual loss of soil in the world is about 75 billion tons. In Iran, soil erosion is one of the most important environmental problems, and in Iran's catchments, soil erosion increased by 800% between 1951 and 2002. The significant decrease in the performance of Iran's catchments due to a large amount of erosion indicates the increasing necessity of monitoring and following up on this destructive phenomenon. Dendrogeomorphology is a technique that has been very successful in describing and determining geomorphological processes. Dendrogeomorphology is a very flexible method to assess soil erosion and can be used as a data source to determine the reliability of data obtained from direct estimation techniques. The purpose of this research is to investigate the state of sheet erosion in the Nachi watershed using the dendrogeomorphology technique on the oak tree's protruding roots as the region's dominant species. Considering the limited nature of such studies in Iran and the very fragile situation of the studied area, and the risk of filling up the reservoir of Zrebar Lake, which is very important from the point of view of the environment, it is necessary to study the situation of sheet erosion and soil wastage and sediment trans.

In order to achieve the research objectives, after collecting and preparing the primary information, including written information, statistical data, maps, and pictures, a preliminary area survey was carried out, and sampling sites were selected. The samples were prepared according to the program, based on the status of the catchment (according to the land use of the catchment and the direction of the range, the desired work units were selected in places with exposed roots). Based on this, different samples were taken in two different forests, agriculture uses, and western, eastern, and southern directions. All the samples were prepared from the oak tree species, which is the absolute majority in the study area. Finally, 64 samples were selected from the collected samples that could analyze the growth rings' anatomy. Discs harvested from the roots were used to reveal the vegetative rings of the discs by polishing and cutting the surfaces. Using a sanding machine, it was gradually polished with different grades to clear the growth ring border. Then, the disks were measured in the laboratory to determine the first year of root emergence and to determine the width of vegetative rings using a Lin-Tab 5 device equipped with a binocular microscope and specialized T-Sap chronology software with an accuracy of 0.01 mm.

This research showed that in the Nachi catchment, surface soil erosion in agricultural use (average erosion rate 2.43 mm per year) compared to forest use (average erosion rate 0.6 mm per year) is about 4 times. The results of the statistical tests also showed that the type of land use affects the average annual surface erosion rate in the studied basin. Also, this study found that different geographical directions do not affect the average annual surface erosion rate of the Nachi catchment. Comparing erosion values in agricultural and forest use shows the importance of natural covers' protective and important role in preserving the soil and preventing its erosion and wastage. Various studies in the world and Iran have shown that in recent decades, there has been an increasing increase in land use changes, that these changes have the basis of increasing runoff and affecting the amount of soil loss, comparing erosion in the agricultural area with the forest area, showing the protective and important role of the covers. Natural and forests have a valuable role in preserving the soil and preventing erosion and wastage of soil.

The results of this research reveal the necessity of paying more attention to studies on the possibility of modification and change of land use in these areas. The change in land use and the negative effects caused by human interference are not only in the basin itself but also in places outside the occurrence of erosion in the form of accumulation on high-quality agricultural lands, pastures, water storage sources, and irrigated canals. Also, the creation of pollution by sediments and heavy metals and accompanying chemicals, especially the threat to the very fragile ecosystem of Zrebar Lake, is more evident today than ever before. It is suggested to use another method parallel to this method in future works to validate the obtained erosion rate. In future studies, sampling should also be done from the northern slopes for a more detailed investigation of the effect of the slope directions on soil erosion.

Rivers face many morphological and ecological changes over time, and these changes are important in environmental and development planning. The Taleghan River in Alborz Province is one of the rivers associated with many morphological and ecological changes in recent years, and for this reason, this issue has been addressed in this study. The data used in the research included library information, information obtained from Google Earth images, information obtained from field visits, as well as the 12.5 SRTM digital elevation model. Research tools also included ArcGIS and Google Earth software, as well as RQI (description and assessment of environmental conditions in riverine areas) and MQI (morphological quality index) models. This research has been carried out in two general stages. In the first stage, the environmental conditions of the studied periods have been evaluated using the RQI method, and in the second stage, the river dynamics of the periods has been investigated using the MQI model. The results obtained from RQI method have shown that intervals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 with 46, 67, 69, 64, 44 and 43 points, respectively, have a poor status and intervals 7 and 8 They also have an average position with 74 and 76 points, respectively. Also, the results of the evaluation of the dynamic condition of the river have shown that intervals 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 with coefficients of 0.188, 0.156, 0.156, 0.117 and 0.242, respectively. Very poor morphological dynamics, interval 6 with a coefficient of 0.453 in terms of MQI index has a weak dynamic state and also intervals 7 and 8 with a coefficient of 0.477, have the highest coefficient and in terms of geomorphological dynamics have more dynamics than the other intervals.

Humans alter river systems directly and indirectly. Construction of bridge and culvert is one of the anthropogenic interventions which take place. Road-stream crossing (RSC) is essential to be installed on the river lines for roadway transportation, while incorrect and structurally poor RSCs often negatively influence the geomorphology and ecology of river systems. Culvert and bridges can increase stream flow velocity, shear stress, turbulence of flow, degradation and aggradation, development of deep scours, channel braiding and downstream bank erosion. Jones et al., 2000; Wemple et al., 2001 & Blanton and Marcus, 2009, previously worked on the impact of roads on fluvial geomorphology with changing floodplain’s form and function. The difficult issue in survey study is gathering, up-to-date and easy to use data with high accuracy, therefore short-rang photogrammetry was used in this research.

In this investigation, the effect of bridge on river system was analyzed in Jurband village in Mazandaran province. Documentary references, remote sensing (UAV) and survey are 3 methods used. Longitudinal and cross-section profiles were drawn on digital elevation model. The model was generated from UAV with high resolution (pixel size: 4.6 cm). Longitudinal profile was obtained from survey along 400m from upstream to downstream and 8 cross-section sites were selected for detailed study in upstream (U) and downstream (D) of river channel (on bridge section, 25m, 50m, 100m, 200m).

The channel slope is smooth rend. After bridge cross section, the channel bed has collapsed at a rate of 8m gradually. In investigated reaches, all of cross sections had no change in width index except in 25U section. According to coefficient of variation index, parameters were 18.47% upstream and 2.8% in downstream. Maximum depth was in bridge cross section (1.40m) and in 200D (1.18m). The minimum amount of depth maximum and mean was in 25D (respectively 0.74m and 0.37m). There was a significant difference in W/d ratio in upstream to downstream, about 22m decrease in downstream. Cross-section area varies from 25D (65.7m) to bridge section (79.26m). The significant difference of bank-full area was 42% in all selected reaches. According to information, amount of flow velocity altered from 38.1 m/s in bridge cross-section to 18.4 m/s in 25D cross-section. Also, the maximum and minimum rate of Froude number and power stream were obtained at 25D and bridge cross-section respectively. Sinuosity index (SI) of cross-sections were equal with 1 except in 200U (1.30) , 50D (1.20) and 200D (1.10).

  Based on The principle of flow continuity, it can be stated that the amount of discharge was the same in reaches and variation in channel parameters is due to bridge construction. Because of scour in upstream over the time, altitude differences has changed in river bed and bank side between 3-4 m. After bridge construction, degradation in upstream has stopped due to local bed level foundation but sedimentation and widening of channel has increased about 2-3 meter lower than bank side. Nevertheless, degradation and scouring has increased in downstream and bed collapsing has occurred up to 8m after bridge section.

River channel changes, bank erosion and sedimentation are the natural processes of the alluvial rivers that destroy the agricultural land and damage to human installations around the river. In the present study, the CAESAR model was used to assess the changes of the Kaleibar Chai River in order to measure the variation of 3 km of its main channel.CAESAR is a cellular automata model for river system evolution. CAESAR  is a cellular model  that uses a regular mesh of grid cells to represent the river catchment studied. Every cell has properties of elevation, water discharge and depth, vegetation cover, depth to bedrock and grain  size.  It  is  based  upon  the  cellular  automaton  concept,  whereby  the repeated  iteration of a series of  rules on each of  these cells determines  the behaviour of the whole system. CAESAR has a set of rules for a hydrological model, hydraulic model (flow routing), fluvial erosion and deposition and slope erosion  and  deposition.  For  every  model  iteration,  cell  properties  (e.g. elevation) are updated according to the rules, and the interaction between an individual cell and its neighbours. For example, the amount of fluvial erosion in a cell may depend upon the depth of water in the cell and the slope between that cell and its neighbours.For modeling, the input data such as topography (DEM), daily discharge (year 2012) and sediment grain size were prepared and then channel modifications were simulated. Channel changes were identified before and after the simulation by plotting profiles of each cross-sections and were analyzed sensitive to erosion and sedimentation.Six cross-sections were selected before and after simulation. Results showed that the channel geometry has changed. The width and depth and form of the channel have changed. And only the mean depth of the channels was changed in sections 1, 2, 6 and 4. The erosion was dominated in the cross- sections 1, 2, and 3 (the initial part of the main channel). Then the sedimentation was dominated in the cross- sections 4, 5 and 6.

Rivers have a lot of complexity and diversity in different environmental conditions, and various natural and human factors affect rivers and change their hydromorphological conditions. In fact, hydromorphological degradation is one of the most important types and causes of river changes which happens due to human interventions and consequently the adjustment of the river channel. Several methods have been developed to study the hydrogeomorphology of rivers. One of these methods is the morphological quality index, which has been proposed as a new protocol to assess the morphological quality of river flow. The present study aims to classify hydromorphological quality of the Haji-Arab River (which is located in the west of Bouin-Zahra city) by Morphological Quality Index (MQI). In this study, two main phases and three sub-phases are used for each phase and applied to eight spans. Various indicators such as: functionality index, artificiality index and adjustment index have been applied on this river. The results show that the amount of MQI in the studied intervals was between 0.82 to 0.74%. Among these, the maximum value was in the spans of 1,2,3,6 with a score of 0.82, while the minimum value was in the span of 8 with a score of 0.74.  In terms of quality, Haji-Arab River is on a good class and has good conditions. The functionality index in this river was zero, which was the result of non-intervention of human in the river. Therefore, it is suggested to protect Haji-Arab River appropriately by proper management.

Floods are the most common natural hazards, the recurrence of which is increasing and the associated risks in urban and rural areas are of global importance, although their importance is not well understood for developing countries. The aim of this study was to zoning the flood risk of Dinevar River in Kermanshah province. Therefore, the HEC_RAS numerical model was used to simulate the flood and was used through the HEC-GEORAS. Using SMADA software, the peak flow rate was calculated and the flood zone with different return periods of 2 years, 10 years, 25, 50, 100 and 200 years is simulated area and with the help of digital depth model Water and land use layer, the amount of damage was calculated using the equation of depth function and damage in the return period of 25 years, 50 and 100 years. The results of this study show that the area of flood expansion zone in the return period of 25 years is 40.34 square kilometers, in the return period of 50 years is 43.51 and in the return period of 100 years, 44.28 square kilometers is endangered in terms of damage. 25 years is considered a baseline flood that shows significant damage, covering all farms, but floods affect parts of farms at lower returns. But it is controllable, while 25-, 50-, and 100-year-old floods have completely endangered many rural centers and farms. 50 years has been an average of 85% more, which requires flood control for sustainable management.

The concept of urban life quality in the process of urban development is a missing link in all aspe cts of urban life. One of the solutions of decision makers and urban managers to develop citizens life quality is to use urban regeneration approach.The Region 15 with 7 areas has been selected as a case study to assess the residents quality of life in (social and cultural, economical, physical, environmental, managerial). Data were collected through a questionnaire method, and statistical analysis was performed through software (Spss and Pls).The statistical population is the citizens of study area., and was completed 384 questionnaires. Then all collected data were tested by path analysis, factor analysis, t-test single sample, and focal correlation. According to the research findings, the most impact of regeneration indices is the physical dimension with an average index of 3.11 and also, in lifes’ quality indices is the physical dimension with an average index of 2.90. In analyzing the effects of regeneration components on quality of life components, the most effect of regeneration with physical dimension consist components "access to services" with β = 0.44, and "buildings" with β = 0.25, and "access to urban highway and urban connections roads" with β = 0.17, ranked first to third, respectively. Therefore, only a number of development measures have been done in the physical part of this region, but it has not led to the improvement and promotion of citizens ‘life’ quality to the desired level, and this has caused dissatisfaction among residents.

One of the methods used in river surveys is river classification. The main aim of the classification of the river is simplify the processes of hydrology and sedimentation, and ultimately predict river behavior. So far, rivers have been categorized from different perspectives and the basics of these categories are including topography, slope, flow discharge, river age, and pattern in the plan. The first classification Recognized by Davis in 1899. Davis classified the rivers according to their evolution and modification into three groups of young, mature, and old. Leopold and Welman (1957) divided the form of alluvial rivers based on the sinuosity coefficient and the ratio of width to Depth into three straight, meandering and braided groups. A descriptive classification by Shumm (1963) presented based on two factors of river stability and sediment transport. The objectives of this research are to identify the factors affecting the bank erosion of the Kaleybarchai River, identifying the damages incurred in the construction and banks of the river, runoff and preventing possible floods. In this research, the river classification system is based on the Rosgen method, which is presented by the American researcher Rosgen (1994) to the river engineering community. The Rosgen method is the most complete and comprehensive method provided so far and includes many of the features of previous systems. Rivers are living beings that constantly change their beds and banks, and this causes the river to undergo major changes over time. In addition, human activities, such as the utilization of riverine material and river modification, will cause the river to be moved.

To evaluate the classification of the flow pattern in the Kaleybarchai River, the Rosgen model has been used at levels I, II, III. A reach of 3 km between the two villages of Pazhagh and Gheshlag was determined, and then 8 cross sections were selected in this reach. To simulate the river and extract the required parameters from geological maps, topography, land use and ARC GIS software was used. After determining the river reaches, based on field observations and topographic maps, classification in level I and level II were carried out in 8 cross-sections at the Kaleybarchai River, which are based on the slope, curvature coefficient, bankfull width, mean flood plain depth, flood plain width and bed material.

After crossing the river route with field observations and then analyzing data and general calculations, 8 cross sections from the entire river course were extracted in all of the studied river and all the parameters required for classification and geometrical identification of the channel wrer calculated.In order to obtain the average size of channel material, 16 samples were taken at river in different reaches and were analzed in the laboratory (Table 2). According to the obtained data, the highest percentage of particles along the river were average sand with 26.6% and cobble up to 14.7%, which were evaluated for the Rosgen classification, according to the results, the total of river is in groups B and C.To determine the channel type at level I, after obtaining the slope of the Kaleybarchai River in the study area, four sections of the river were in type B and four sections in type C.

Discussion and conclusion

Based on morphological indices, sediment content and flow conditions, two different types of channels including B and C were identified in the study area and evaluated level according to the Rosgen in level I, II and III. Morphological study of type B in relation to the evaluation of the correspondence and efficiency of the Rosgen model showed that their dominant morphology consisted of narrow valleys with relatively low widths and moderate slopes and relatively stable banks.  Type C has meandering and high sinuosity, valleys with floodplain and point bars in low slope. The high instability of the river bed in the reaches of 3, 5, 7, is a threat to the agriculture land land and surrounding buildings. Due to the fact that the braided rivers are not stable and the flow and position of the sedimentary islands and the width of this rivers are constantly changing, it is necessary to manage and organize the operations in this section with regard to the morphological variables and Flow conditions. The results of the Kaleybarchai River assessment based on the Rasgen classification system at level I, II and III showed that the Rosgen system present good the patterns of the channel in the Kaleybarchai River and, consequently, the effective parameters in the classification and separation of the channels. In this way, there are differences in the quantities and the parameters due to the specific conditions of the factors affecting in the locality.

Flood is a common natural disaster that causes immense damage to the natural environment, construction and casualties worldwide every year. The control factors of the flood are power, magnitude, and frequency, duration of the flow and changes of cross-sections. In this research, the quantitative fringe of Gamasiyab River (located in the Kermanshah province) has been investigated using DLSRS model. The DLSRS is the first mathematical model for calculation of quantitative fringe according to the rules and regulations of the country. First, the cross-sections were extracted by the HEC-GeoRAS extension in GIS software. Then the quantitative fringe of Gamasiyab River has been calculated for 130 cross-sections by five indexes including discharge (25 years return period), location of the river, stability of the bed and bank, flow regime and social tension. The results of the model show that the quantitative fringe was 3 to 13 meters on average in different reaches so that the highest value of the fringe in the Gamasiab River was in the reach 1 and the lowest was in the reach 11. Also results show that this model was not suitable for all of the rivers in the country and it is suitable for the rivers that have different stream orders. Therefore the results of this model will not be acceptable for the Gamasiyab River (the stream order of this river is 5th). This model is suitable for the rivers which have bare and non- proprietary riparian.

The importance of Quaternary period in morpho-climatic interpretations is due to severe and consecutive climate changes, erosional processes and their environmental and socio-economic consequences. In the study of Quaternary nature and statues, chronology of erosional processes and river sediments provides an appropriate framework to determine the environmental, tectonic, climate and anthropogenic changes. Rivers, as one of the features in terrestrial landscape, are sensitive to changes that regulate their forms against a wide range of internal and external forces over time. River sediments are significant and long, although disconnected, archives of earth landscapes evolution as well as many Quaternary sedimentary sequences that reflect the reactions of drainage systems to changes in sea level and past environments.
Material and Saqqez River basin with an area of 865 square KMs is located in northwest margin of Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. From a morphological point, middle parts of the study basin are largely constituted of Cretaceous clastic and volcanic rocks. They have a mild topography accompanied by low-lying hills and flat erosion levels. In this study, the physical and chemical analyses have been used to investigate the characteristics of Paleo-sediments of Saqqez river basin. First, a profile was selected as a study profile; recognition of the sedimentary characteristics of this profile was possible in field research based on genus, color and position of layers. Buried paleosol, carbonate layer, fluvial sediment (conglomerate), unconsolidated sediment, flood-plain deposit, exhumed paleosol, and recent sediments are the most important layers in the profile. Samples were taken from each of sedimentary deposits and 20 samples were collected finally. Thin sections were prepared from the samples for the analyses of mineralogy, point counting, physically tracing of sediments and recognizing the type of the carbonate cement. In laboratory, the thin sections were investigated using polarizing microscope in two modes of Plain Polarized Light (PPL) and Cross Polarized light (XPL) for the purpose of determining the samples’ shape and type of sediments. Point counting of the samples was done through visual method and microscopic interpretation. Carbonated samples were chemically staining using Alizarin Red-S solution to distinguish between the types of carbonates. Isotopic compositions of oxygen were measured in isotopic laboratory of Geoscience School of Ottawa University (Canada). Generally, 10 samples were used to oxygen isotope analysis. Isotopic compositions of the samples have been reported according to common scale of δ as part per thousand. The measurements analyses precision has been reported according to vpdb standard as ±0.1 per thousand.
Physical investigations about the components of sediments and identifying the source rock of clastic sediments revealed that sediments nature are including fluvial sediments affected by pedogenic (sandy carbonate mudstones, sandy mudstones, sandy gravely sediments, conglomerates and micro conglomerates), coarse-grained fluvial deposits (unconsolidated sediment), and flood-plain deposits (silty sand and gravely muddy sand). Volcanic, metamorphic (Schist) and sedimentary (Shale) rock fragments are formed as the main components of sandy carbonate mudstone. Clastic grains of the volcanic and metamorphic rock fragments, such as slit, are the major components of sandy mudstone. Given the sandy gravely sediments, the main components are coarse rock particles including a variety of volcanic and metamorphic rock fragments (such as different types of schist and slit). The sandy parts are made up of Quartz and Feldspar. The conglomerates are mainly composed of rock fragments and monocrystalline Quartzes. The results of point counting phase show that with the igneous fragments in the samples the frequency of volcanic grains are much higher; also in the metamorphic fragments the frequency of Schist is too higher in comparison with other metamorphic fragments. Chemically staining of carbonate samples using Alizarin Red-S revealed that calcite composition for carbonated matrix in the samples of the study profile is the Sparite carbonate. The crystals of Sparite calcite have usually fine zoning that is resulted from small changes in the amount of iron and manganese.
A glance at dispersion of the lithological units across Saqqez River basin indicates that rock unit of Schist is located either near main channels of rivers or downstream the basin where river terraces (conglomerates) is formed. Accordingly, the hydrological and topographical conditions of the basin are organized in a way that the transport of schist rock fragments to downstream might have occurred via the main channels, thus, increase the frequency of Schist; as it is proved in the present study by the point counting of conglomerate rock fragments. Using the zoning pattern in the calcite in a sequence and a regional scale it would be possible to create the cement stratification which, in turn, contributes to reconstruction of the basin hydrology in a major scale. Sparite calcite indicates a more negative amount of O18 than the string calcite which reflects its deposition in a higher temperature. Therefore, Sparite cement of the study profiles from Saqqez River could be indicative of the hot and humid weather at the time of their formation. Also, the results of oxygen isotope analysis prove this claim. The amounts of carbonates δO18carb has varied from -8.9 to -8.18 which shows the minor changes of these values. Given the low values of δO18carb in the analyzed samples, vaporization has relatively taken lower amounts of O16; thus, most probably the study profile carbonates have experienced a wet condition in Saqqez River.

Extraction of water from underground sources is on the increase, especially from basins stored by non-strengthened alluvium, sediments and from shallow areas of the sea. This results in sinking on the surface and leads to ground subsidence. In recent years, the Minab Plain, like many areas of Iran has faced drought, which has led to more uptake of subterranean water; this lowers the underground water level and results in sinking which appears on the surface as a sinkhole following subsidence. A field study of this sinking phenomenon involves the following procedure: Firstly, the analysis of the drought occurrences in the area including features of water table, sediment and bedrock. Secondly, the consideration of exploitation of the subsurface water; and finally, identification of the different forms of subsidence in the area from the information acquired above. Statistics from the Sheikh Abad rain-gauge station (covering a period of 27 years) were used for this investigation. Data on precipitation are presented with the decimal method and the standard precipitation index, an index that shows any decrease of climatic rainfall in the area. This data shows that in recent decades there has been less than normal rainfall and that the area has undergone a period of intense drought. In most parts of the plain new alluvium was formed at a depth of 2-3 meters from the surface, the sediment of which often constitutes large grains, which gradually changed to form finer sediment in the form of sand, silt and clay containing salt-water. Therefore, it can be said that with increasing depth, the sediments become tinier (smaller) with an increase in salinity. All of the wells in this area have settled on washed silt sediment and have a high density around the rivers of the Minab area. Because of recent droughts and the drying up of the water supply canals of Minab dam, the digging of wells has increased from 164 in 2002 to a current figure of 607 dug wells. Critical factors related to occurrences of subsidence, are that the existing alluvium covering with the varying thickness up to 150 meters has formed small-grain, silt clay-silt loam soil, which has increased surface subsidence following extraction of underground water over the past two decades.

Suburbia or informal resident in many of countries and world societies is a urban composite and social discussions. Two types of urban suburbia can be distinguish, the first derived from imbalance and cities internal disease, and other derived from rural elements invasion (Shokohi,1355). Study area is Bandar Abbas city, which has the total area of 5323/5 ha and located in north of Hormoz Strait. In1385, Bandar Abbas city has population of 379301 people. Case study is Nayband sector, which is located western (eastern south) of the Bandar Abbas city. Nayband sector divided to southern and northern parts by Emam Khomeini BLV. Khaje Ata sector located west of the southern Nayband. Southern Nayband separated from Khaje Ata sector by Shahid Chamran BLV. In order to recognition of Economical – Social and Skeletal properties of the Nayband sector, we studied of demographic and families units properties and then studied correlation of family economical and social conditions with skeletal indices of sector. Results showed that: Correlation many of skeletal indices with skeletal state in Nayband sector are direct and positive significant, and according to this can decision making. For example, with improve of family economical condition, can expect to which suburbia sectors attained to relative stable. Correlation studies between of social and skeletal discussions showed that great difference exist between this discussions and Nayband tendency to without homolateral.

The application of geological data in view of the recent advances in Paleoflood hydrology is essential as a complement to conventional hydrological approaches. The utilization of geological data such as sedimentology, stratigraphy and their combination with other sciences, such as geomorphology and hydrology, have been particularly considered due to the existence of ambiguities in the mere use of applied statistics in flood studies. These data provide information from rivers without a hydrometric station. It is also possible to obtain longer information from hydrometric stations by using these data. The most important methods that are considered in this approach are: river flow regime method, Paleolithic Standard Indexes, river flow potentiality method, and botanical methods.

Population increase and the illogical use of the natural resources of special forest cover have led to natural hazards. The study area is located in the northern Alborz in Chalos, Noshar, Noor and Amol cities and in Mazandaran Provice. In this study, we used the digital numbers from the landsat satellite TM and ETM+ data for two different dates (summer of 1988 and 2000). First of all, remote sensing images and the processing techniques were used in this study. Then, the images were analyzed using the NDVI index and Tasseled Cap transformations and, finally, the change detection process was studied. This research was analyzed using the trend of total land cover changes, thematic changes in each one and the forest cover area. The findings revealed that the forest cover area that, at the two different dates, it comprised 2719 Km² (total 5121 Km²) and the greatest changes in area had taken place between the two periods in the semi-crowded forest region. Local changes occurred in about 32 percent of the distribution of forest area. Investigations also mentioned show that there are vast changes in the spatial distribution of quantity accumulation, estimated on average at about 3.2 percent.

Mass movements zoning is one of the methods that can help to identify critical areas in terms of slope stability and to use the zoning map obtained in sustainable development planning (Karam, 2002, p. 25). The Sanandaj-Dehgolan route is considered as one of the main routes and of highest traffic in the Kurdistan province, whose transportation system in the mountainous area is threatened by mass movements. This road in the mountainous section has an unsuitable situation due to high slope of hillsides and high altitude of the area as well as the inappropriate location of the road and the consequent unsustainability of the slopes. The present study aims to determine the effective factors and elements in creating these movements using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and, based on the effect of each of these factors and elements, weigh them, and ultimately map the zoning of points sensitive to movements, and this zoning map is based on a combination of hypsometric layers, slope, slope direction, vegetation, soil type, lithology, distance from fault, distance from the road, distance from the village, drainage network density, temperature, precipitation, as well as land units and land use. Accordingly, the range was divided into four risk classes. The map was divided into four classes including very high (8.7 km2), high (28.9 km2), average (41.3 km2) and low (​​6.5 km2) areas of risk.